議論文圖畫議論文提綱：1、描述圖畫2、利弊/原因/例子3、觀點(diǎn)/措施建議2013年6月英語四級作文題目Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandthenexpressyourviewsontheimportanceofdoingsmallthingsbeforeundertakingsomethingbig.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.看圖作文的解題思路應(yīng)用1.審題（認(rèn)真閱讀寫作提示）：漫畫信息

“expressyourviewsontheimportanceofdoingsmallthingsbeforeundertakingsomethingbig”確定寫作主題：做任何大事前都應(yīng)該從小事做起（一屋不掃，何以掃天下。）作文提綱（結(jié)構(gòu)）第一段：簡要描寫圖畫內(nèi)容（who,what,when,where…）:父子之間的對話，兒子關(guān)注核廢料處理（disposalofnuclearwastes）,父親認(rèn)為要從小事做起（emptythedustbinfirst）；DoingBigThingsStartsfromDoingSmallOnes

Asisvividlyrevealedinthepictureabove,theboyexpresseshisworriesaboutthedisposalofnuclearwastes,whilethefathertellshimtoemptythedustbinintheroomfirst.Thepictureremindsusof

anoldChinesesaying—Ifyoudon’tliketodotrivialthingslikecleaningyourroom,it’simpossibleforyoutoundertakeanyimportanttask.

Undoubtedly,thesymbolicmeaningsubtlyconveyedinthepictureshouldbethatitisvitalandnecessarytodealwithtrivialthings.Doingsmallthingswellmayhelpusdevelopthegoodqualitiesneededinundertakingimportanttasks,whichlaysasolidfoundationforourfuturedevelopment.Smallthingswouldoftenmakethedifferencebetweensuccessandfailure.Wesurelyknowthatthewantofahorseshoenailmaycauseakingdomtobelost.Therefore,themostimportantthingtosuccessliesindoingeverytrivialthingwell.第二段：解釋圖畫深刻含義（揭示主題）并加以解釋和說明論證第三段：給出自己的看法（總結(jié)全文，強(qiáng)調(diào)正確的做法）。

實(shí)現(xiàn)做大事的目標(biāo)，不僅需要有雄心壯志（thegreatambition）,還需要有從小事踏踏實(shí)實(shí)做起的實(shí)踐精神（thepracticalspirit）.

Inoneword,toachievegoalsneedsnotmerelythegreatambition,

butalso

thepracticalspiritofdealingwithtrivialthings.Onlyinthiswaycanwemakethehighestsucess.2013年12月英語四級作文題目（1）Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.YoushouldstartyouressaywithabriefaccountoftheimpactoftheInternetonthewaypeoplecommunicateandthenexplainwhetherelectroniccommunicationcanreplaceface-to-facecontact.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.“DearAndy-Howareyou?YourmotherandIarefine.Webothmissyouandhopeyouaredoingwell.Welookforwardtoseeingyouagainthenesttimeyourcomputercrashesandyoucomedown-stairsforsomethingtoeat,Love,MomandDad.”范文一Astothispictureabove,aninterestingdialoguehappensbetweentheparentsandtheirchildontheInternet.Theparents,sittinginfrontofacomputer,say“...welookforwardtoseeingyouagainthenexttimeyourcomputercrashes...”Funnyasitshows,thepicturenaturallyleadsustobeassociatedwiththeimpactoftheInternetonthewaypeoplecommunicate.Itisnodoubtthatface-to-facecontactisinevitablyimpairedbyelectroniccommunicationbyInternet.

Somesuggestthatthenetbringsaboutchangesininterpersonalcommunication.Withthenet,wecouldcontactpeopletoshareagreatdealofinformationfromanywhereatanytime.What’smore,wecouldlearnalargeamountofknowledgefromdifferentpersonsonsuchanopeningflat.However,othersinsistthattheinternethasabadinfluenceoninterpersonalcommunication.Evenworse,somepeopleareaddictedtosurfingthenetsomuchastoisolatethemselvesfromtheirfamiliesandfriends,(whichisnotbeneficialtofurtherinterpersonalrelationshipandpromotethefeelingofharmony).

Frommypointofview,everycoinhastwosides.Whenweenjoythebenefitthatthenetbringsus,weneedtorealizethatthevirtualnetcouldnevertakeplaceoftheface-to-facecommunicationamonghumanbeings.Afterall,weallliveinarealworld.Therefore,itisadvisableforustohaveamorefacetofacecommunicationwithourfamilies,friendsandacquaintancesinreallifeinsteadofmerelythroughtheInternet.圖表議論文提綱：1、描述圖表2、利弊/原因/例子3、觀點(diǎn)/措施建議2012年12月英語四級作文題目Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionentitledEducationPaysbasedonthestatisticsprovidedinthechartbelow(Weeklyearningsof2010).Pleasewriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.范文一Whatisshowninthechartaboveisthatthosepeoplewithhighdegreeearnmorethanthosewithlower.Forexample,staffwithmaster’sdegreereceiveabetterpaymentthanthosewithbachelor’sdegree,accordingtoasurveyofthepaymenttotheemployee.Thesesurveyindicatesthateducationdegreedoeshavearelationshipwithearnings,contrarytotherecenttheoryofuselesseducation.Recently,thereisaheateddiscussionaboutthesignificanceoftheeducation.Somepeopleholdaviewthathighereducationisuselesssincecollegeeducationcannotmeshwiththesocialneeds.Somethinkthathighereducationisnecessaryifyouwanttogofarinbothyourstudiesandlife.Nowthatsurveyhasprovedwhichpartiswiser.

Asforme,Idefinitelysupporttheviewthateducationisnecessaryforpeople’slife.Readingcannotonlymakemesurvivewellinthissocietywithfiercecompetitionbutalsohelpmemakesenseoflife.Ipursueforitformywholelife.范文二Fromthechartabove,wecandefinitelygetaconclusionthatthemoreyoulearned,thehigheryoursalarywouldbe.Thefiguresinthechartdeniedtheclaimthatknowledgeisuseless.Howeverquiteafewpeoplestillholdtheopinionthatahighereducationdoesnogoodtoabetterjobsincethattherearemanyuniversitystudentswhocannotgetanidealjob.WhatIwanttopointoutisthatthereismorethanonefactorthatcontributestothefailureoffindinganidealjobforthosewhogotahighereducation.While,thosewhofailedtogetabettereducationwillhardlysucceedingettingagoodjobbecausetheydidn’tgettheknowledgesystematicallyandscientifically.Astheproverbgoeslikethis,Knowledgeispower.Educationpays,soonerorlater.理解型議論文提綱：1、解釋話題2、利弊/原因/例子3、觀點(diǎn)總述2011年12月英語四級作文題目Directions:You'reallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledNothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillbycommentingonthehumoroussaying,"Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld.I'vedoneithundredsoftime.“You'dwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.范文NothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWill

Aswehavereadfromabove,quitting-smokingseemseasy,butinrealityitisrarelyachieved.Thereissomethinginterestinginthisparadox,justbecausesworddoesnotwearthestoneasdrippingwaterdoes.Theabilitytodosomethingoverandoveragaininashorttimemayimplyits

easiness,butinalongrun,alifetimemaybe,thingsturnouttobequitetheopposite.As

isoftenthecase,onemayhaveobtainedallthetoolsandopportunitiestoachievesomething,butintheendtheystillfailduetothewillshortage.

Sohowcouldweavoidthedilemma?Hereistheprimeconditionofsuccess:willanddetermination.Focusyouenergy,thoughtandmindexclusivelyonthebusinessinwhichyouareengaged,hangoninthereandbepatient,for,asEmersonputit,noonecancheatyououtofyourultimatesuccessbutyourself.解決型議論文提綱：1、描述現(xiàn)象2、措施建議3、個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)闡述/例子（兩個(gè)提綱，第三個(gè)自行發(fā)揮）

2010年12月大學(xué)英語四級考試Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledHowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.1.目前不少父母為孩子包辦一切2.為了讓孩子獨(dú)立,父母應(yīng)該……HowShouldParentsHelpChildrentoBeIndependent?范文一Nowadays,

there’sanincreasingnumberofhouseholdinChinathathasanonlyonechild.MostofparentsLoveandcareforchildrensomuchthatchildrenhaslesschancestodealwithproblemsbythemselves.Consequently,childrengetusedtodependingontheirparentsineverythingandlackofabilitytosolveproblemsindependently,whichisbadfortheirgrowing.Therearesomeeffectivewaysforparentstohelptheirchildrenbeindependent.Tostartwith,parentsshouldgivetheirchildrenmorechancestoexperiencetheworldandlifearoundthem.Thustheirchildrencanenhancethecapabilitytoovercomethedifficultiesandhandleproblemsindependently.Inaddition,parentsshouldofferenoughhelpwhentheirchildrenneedsomeinstructionsandadvices.Inthisway,theydependontheirparentsinarightwayandcansolveproblemsindependentlywhentheyfacethesameonenexttime.Lastbutnotleast,parentsshouldallowtheirchildrentomakedecisionsindependently.Childrenwouldimprovetheabilitytodealwiththeproblemstheyfaceintheirlife.Fromtheabovediscussion,Istronglybelievethatparentshouldhelptheirchildrenbeindependentbyinstructingtheminaproperwayratherthanplanningandconsideringeverythingforthem.It’schildrenwhodecidetheirfutureandfate,soitwouldbebeneficialforthemtoliveindependentlywithsomeproperinstructionsoftheirparents.范文二TodayinChina,manyfamilieshaveonlyonechild.Sothechildrenareusuallydoteduponbyallfamilymembers.Graduallysomeofthemgetusedtodependingontheirparentsandfamilymembers,asaresulttheylacktheabilitytofacetheirlivesbythemselves.Therearesomewaystohelpchildrentobeindependent.

Firstly,thechildshouldhaveachancetoseetheworldaroundhimindividuallytounderstandthattherearevariouspeopleandcompetitionsintheirlives,andlearntofindhisrightpositioninthesocietyonlybyindividualefforts.Secondly,itisimpossibletoaskachildnottodependonparentsatonce.Theparentsmaygivethechildenoughhelpandspacetomakehimfeelcomfortable.Achildneedshelpfromtheirfamilies.Becausewithoutanyhelp,thechildmaylosehisfaith.Thirdly,parentscanhelptheirchildrenmaketheirowndecisions,whichcanchallengehisabilitytodealwithproblems.Achildshouldbepraisedwhenheissuccessfulorencouragedwhenhefails.Tobeindependentisvitalforthechildren,becausenoparentscangowiththeirchildrenforthewholelife.Onlyanindependentpersoncanliveandenjoyafullandmeaningfullife.普通議論文提綱（1）：1、社會現(xiàn)象2、利弊/原因/例子3、觀點(diǎn)總述2012年6月英語四級作文題目Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledExcessivePackagingfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.1.目前許多商品存在過度包裝的現(xiàn)象2.出現(xiàn)這一現(xiàn)象的原因（及后果）3.我對這一現(xiàn)象的看法和建議OnExcessivePackaging范文一Nowadaysthephenomenaofexcessivepackagingofgoodsareprevailinginoursociety:clotheswrappedintissuepaper,placedincardboardboxandfinallywrappedinwell-designedplasticbags,importedbottlesofgrapewinepackedinwoodenboxes,fruitsputinhand-wovenbaskets,mooncakeseveninaluxuriouspackage,tonamebutafew.

Thereareseveralcausesofexcessivepackaging.Thefirstreasonisthatalargenumberofcompaniesbelievethattheycanattractcustomers’attentionandstimulatetheirpurchasingdesirebyover-packagingtheirgoods,thusgainingmoreprofits.Ontheotherhand,quiteanumberofconsumersmistakenlyholdthatthemoredelicatethepackageis,thebetterthequalitywillbe,thusencouragingexcessivepackaging.

Inmypointofview,excessivepackaginghasdisastrousresults,includingthelossofpreciousresources,excessiveconsumptionofwaterandenergy,andsoon.

Tosolvetheproblem,it’snecessarytotakethefollowingmeasures.

First,lawsandregulationsmustbemadetorestrictexcessivepackagingofcompanies.Inaddition,weneedtoraiseconsumer’sawarenessthatexcessivepackagingdoesn’tequaltohighqualityandadvocatepackagingrecycling.范文二Ibelievethatyouarefamiliarwiththephenomenonof“ExcessivePackaging”.Takingalookaround，wecanfindexampleswithease：asmallcomputerispackedinathickandheavycarton，clothesareputtedinawell-designedplasticbagsandmoon-cakesareusuallyplacedindelicateboxes.

Whatarethecausesofthisproblem?

Ontheonehand,toearnmoreeconomicgains,aconsiderablenumberofmanufacturesusuallywraptheirproductswithunnecessarybutappealingmaterialsaimingatattractingcustomer’sattention,arousingtheircuriosityandthenstimulatingtheirpurchasingdesire.Ontheotherhand,quiteafewcustomersbelievethatthemoredelicatethepackageseems，thesuperiorthequalitywillbe.Thethoughthasalsoencouragedthetrendofexcessivepackaging.

Tochangethissituation,Ithinkweshouldtakethefollowingmeasures.

First,lawsmustbemadeandimplementedtoimposerestrictiononexcessivepackaging.Moreover,apubliceducationcampaignshouldbelaunchedtoarousecustomers’consciousnessthatpackagingdoesn’tequaltoquality.Onlyinthiswaycanweputanendtothistrend.普通議論文提綱（2）：1、觀點(diǎn)A2、觀點(diǎn)B3、個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)2006年12月英語四級作文１．許多人喜歡在除夕夜觀看春節(jié)晚會２．但有些人提出取消春節(jié)晚會．３．我的看法．范文一

TheSpringFestivalEveningGet-TogetherhasbeenheldinChinaforovertwodecades,whichseemstohavebeenanindispensablecompanyduringthetraditionalNewYear’sEveforagreatnumberofpeople,whoappeartobeaccustomedtoenjoyingthesightsandsoundsofabrilliantfeast,whilegatheringwiththeirbelovedfamily.

However,anincreasingnumberofpeoplehavevoiceddifferentopinionstowardsit,asmorediverselifestyleshaveemergednowadays.

Someprefertogotoafancyrestauranttoenjoyagourmetmeal;someintendtogoonavacationtoanincrediblyexoticdestinationforanovelandthoroughrelaxation;othersmayhaveevenmorepost-modernnotions,likegobunging,hiking,orcyclingforentirelynewdifferentexperiences,forgettingallabouttheSpringFestival.

Tome,theEveningGet-Togetherissupposedtobeheretostay.Itmaynotremainamustforallpeople,butitcanbringusastrongsenseoffestivityandserveasanalternativeamongthevarietyofholidayactivities.Besides,withsuchagathering,familymemberswillhaveaperfectopportunitytoenjoymorefunandhappiness,fornowadaysmostpeoplearesoengagedintheirdailybusinessesthattheycanrarelyfindanyextratimetostaywiththeirfamily,which,ifnotproperlyadjusted,mightaddfurthertothealreadyworseningsituationofthevaluesofChinesefamilies.例文TheapproachoftheChineseLunarNewYearposesanationalissueconcerningthenecessityofholdingtheCCTVSpringFestivalGala.Itsestablishedstatusisbeingchallengedbyagrowingnumberofpeople,especiallybyyoungergenerations.Itisincreasinglydifficulttocaterforalltastes.Someindividualsdeemthatitshouldbecanceledorreplacedbyotherprograms.

TheseyoungpeoplefocustheirattentiononotherformsofcelebrationinsteadofimmersingthemselvesinTV.Despitethat,themajorityofmid-agedpeopleandseniorcitizensupholdtheimportanceofthetraditionalperformance.Themoststrikingfeatureofthisgalaisitstraditionallycloselinkwithordinarypeople'slives.MostofpeopleviewthisgalaasanannualstapleonthetraditionalChineseSpringFestivalEve.Theyallhavearestlessnightandgluetheireyesonthetelevision.Iamnotsupportiveoftheviewthatthegrandgalashouldbeabandoned.Undoubtedly,itplaysavitalroleinthecelebrationofChineseNewYear.Toincreaseitsappealandmeetyoungadults'need,theupcomingperformanceshouldinvitesomebignamesincludingsuperstarsfromHongkongandTaiwan.Wearealleagerlyanticipatingthisunforgettableeveningshow.四級議論文寫作段落類型HeadBodyTail1、描述圖畫1、利/弊1、個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)2、描述圖表2、原因2、措施建議3、現(xiàn)象重要性3、措施建議3、例子4、解釋話語4、例子5、社會現(xiàn)象議論文寫作結(jié)構(gòu)一、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)文章是由段落構(gòu)成，而段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主題句、支撐句和結(jié)尾句所構(gòu)成，它的具體結(jié)構(gòu)可以用以下的圖表加以表示：二、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)議論文寫作的三段論模式大學(xué)英語議論文寫作通常采用三段論模式，即：開頭段(introduction)主體段(bodyparagraph)結(jié)尾段(conclusion)(一)開頭段開頭段概論常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法開頭段的常用核心句型開頭段概論對于大學(xué)英語四級的寫作考題來說，限于篇幅，其開頭段一般都不長。然而，這寥寥幾句話卻占有十分重要的地位，它表達(dá)的是整篇文章的主題思想。在議論文中，我們稱之為中心論點(diǎn)，它起到駕馭全文的作用。一個(gè)意義清晰、明確的開頭段，將有助于讀者理解全文；一個(gè)精彩、新穎的開頭段還能激起讀者的閱讀欲望。常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法使用引語（useaquotation）引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)（usefiguresorstatistics）提出問題（askaquestion）給出具體實(shí)例或報(bào)道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）定義法（givedefinition）主題句法（useoftopicsentence）常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法●使用引語（useaquotation）

使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習(xí)語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。如：

“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatwriteronceremarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.

分析：開頭引用Colton的名言說明“創(chuàng)造機(jī)會”對于成功的重要性，點(diǎn)明主題。常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法●引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)（usefiguresorstatistics）當(dāng)然對于圖表題型，該種方法是必須的選擇，具體做法是給出一些具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，點(diǎn)明主題或引出需要論述的問題。如：

Asisdemonstratedinthetable,

moreandmorecollegegraduatesareoutofajobinourcountry,whichisaseriousproblemtooureconomicdevelopmentandsocialsecurity.Itisestimatedthatin2004,thereare500,000unemployedgraduates,morethan30%higherthanin2002.

分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的畢業(yè)生達(dá)到50萬這一數(shù)據(jù)來說明大學(xué)生找工作難這一現(xiàn)象的嚴(yán)重性，很有說服力。常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法●提出問題（askaquestion）

提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡短討論。如：

Whatdoyouwantfromyourwork?

Money,promotions,interesting,challenges,continuallearning,work-basedfriendships,theopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandpotentials?Thoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidemorethanmaterialthings.

分析：文章開頭提出“你想從工作中得到什么”這一問題，然后自問自答，指出工作除了物質(zhì)利益，還可以給我們帶來很多其它收獲這一結(jié)論。常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法●給出具體實(shí)例或報(bào)道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）給出具體生活實(shí)例或新聞報(bào)道

如：

Asregardsthestressforcollegestudents,therehasbeenaheateddiscussionamongthepublicinthesociety.Itwasreportedthatastudentkilledfourofhisclassmatesjustbecauseofatrivialmatter.Itcanbeeasilyseenthatpressurehasbecomeaseriousissuewecannotneglect.

分析：文章通過引用新聞報(bào)道的一個(gè)實(shí)例，說明了大學(xué)生心理問題的嚴(yán)重性。常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法●定義法（givedefinition）

針對討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進(jìn)行深入探討。如：

Asweallknow,practicemakesperfect.Thisisanaccumulatedexperienceweinheritfromourforefathers,andnowitisstillwidelyappliedtoourdailylife.Itmeansthatthemorewepractice,themorelikelywearegoingtodothingsperfectly.

分析：文章用Itmeansthat這一句型，說明了practicemakesperfect的含義。常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法●主題句法（useoftopicsentence）

文章一開始就以主題句點(diǎn)明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行發(fā)展。如：

NowadaysoneoftheseriousproblemsChinaisfacedwithistheincreasingilliteracyamongtheadolescents.

AccordingtoarecentsurveybyDr.Li,deanofEducationalDepartmentofBeijingNormalUniversity,about18%ofthechildrenbetween8and15yearsoldhavedroppedoutofschoolacrossthecountry.

分析：文章開頭即提出中國的文盲現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重這一問題，然后再用實(shí)例數(shù)據(jù)加以佐證。(二)主題段主體段概述主體段段落擴(kuò)充方法主體段概述主體段的寫作方法是多種多樣的，而不同的方法會產(chǎn)生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的組織形式。因此，在動筆之前，必須先選擇好所采用的方法，然后根據(jù)自己所選的方法確定相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，才能把文章寫好。主體段段落擴(kuò)充方法一、列舉法（Listing）二、舉例法（Exemplification）三、分類法（Classification）四、比較對照法（ComparisonandContrast）五、因果法（CauseandEffect）列舉法（Listing）定義是一種在主題句中提出論點(diǎn)，然后列舉一系列論據(jù)或原因?qū)χ黝}進(jìn)行論證或闡述的方法。列舉的順序可以按照所列各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的相對重要性、時(shí)間、空間順序等進(jìn)行。列舉法作文例子

Togetthemostoutofyourtextbookyoushouldfollowseveralstepsverycarefully.First,youshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,youshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingandformulatequestionsasyouread.Next,

makenotesofthemajorpointofeachchapter.Then,testyourselftobesurethatyoucananswerquestionslikelytoberaisedinclassorinexaminations.Finally,reviewyournotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartoyou.常用于列舉法的過渡連接詞first,second,third,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace;firstofall,firstandforemost;tobeginwith,tostartwith;foronething,foranother;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore;aboveall;next;beyondthat;initially;eventually,lastbutnotleast…..一二三原則

考官們看文章也必然要通過這些關(guān)鍵性的“標(biāo)簽”來判定你的文章是否結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，條理自然。破解方法很簡單，只要把下面任何一組的詞匯加入到你的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)前就清楚了。

1）first,second,third,last（不推薦，原因：俗）

2）firstly,secondly,thirdly,finally（不推薦，原因：俗）

3）thefirst,thesecond,thethird,thelast（不推薦，原因：俗）

4）inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,inthethirdplace,lastly（不推薦，原因：俗）

5）tobeginwith,then,furthermore,finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦）

6）tostartwith,next,inaddition,finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦）

7）firstandforemost,besides,lastbutnotleast（強(qiáng)烈推薦）

8）mostimportantofall,moreover,finally

9）ontheonehand,ontheotherhand（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況）

10）foronething,foranotherthing（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況）

建議：不僅僅在寫作中注意，平時(shí)說話的時(shí)候也應(yīng)該條理清楚！

舉例法（Exemplification）定義作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容。嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者的觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。舉例法作文例子

Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.

Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportthatissuitabletothem.舉例法中常見的過渡性詞語forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanillustration,suchas/such,acaseinpointis,toillustrate,inparticular,specifically,say(ing),next,namely,thatis,like,take…asanexample,etc.分類法（Classification）定義在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門別類地?cái)⑹?，使讀者有更為清晰的認(rèn)識。

Eversincehumanshavelivedontheearth,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.

Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech,

whilethereisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters,wordsandideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividandexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Forexample,Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.

Otherformsoflanguagecanbefoundinsignalflags,Morsecodeandpicturesigns.常見的用以分類的詞語動詞：sort(into),divide(into),classify(into),group,fallinto,etc.名詞：forms,sorts,classes,groups,categories,types,kinds,aspects,etc.比較對照法（ComparisonandContrast）定義比較對照法由比較和對照兩部分組成，但兩者往往一起用以闡述兩者或者更多事物間的異同，常用于說明文和議論文寫作。比較描述的是所比對象的相同、類似點(diǎn)，而對照則強(qiáng)調(diào)所描述對象之間的不同，甚至相反之處。常用的比較對照的結(jié)構(gòu)模式有兩種，即整塊比較法和逐點(diǎn)比較法。在整塊比較法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式為：A1、A2、A3……B1、B2、B3……第一種模塊例子

Computershavebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.

First,computerscancalculate.Theycanmakeworkmoreefficientfortheyhaveahighspeedofcalculation.Besides,peoplecancommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,whichcostspeoplelessmoneyandlesstime.Mostimportantofall,computerscreatewidecommunicationaroundtheworld.PeoplecancommunicatewitheachotherviatheInternet.Theycanmakefriendsallovertheworld.第一種模塊例子

Buteverycoinhadtwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,sincecomputerscandoalotofworkforus,suchascalculation,wemayrelytoomuchonthenandbecomelazierandlazier.Tomakemattersworse,althoughitisconvenientforpeopletocommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,theoriginalwarmrelationshipmaybecomecold,forpeoplewillhavefeweropportunitiestotalktoeachotherfacetoface.Worstofall,computerscanspreadvirusescausedbyelectronichackersresultinginalotofimportantinformationbeinglost.第二種模塊及例子逐點(diǎn)比較法是A、B雙方同時(shí)逐點(diǎn)描述，其模式為：A1B1A2B2A3B3……例如：Aproverbsays,“Likefather,likeson.”Buttheproverbdoesn’tseemtofitmygrandfatherandmyfatherbecausetheyhavemoredifferencesthansimilarities.

First,mygrandfatherisintroverted,

whilemyfatherisextroverted.Wecaneasilyreadwhatisonmyfather’smind,butitishardtofindoutwhatmygrandfatheristhinkingabout.Next,mygrandfatherisalwaysindifferenttochildren.Heseldomtalkswithchildrenandthechildrenaresomewhatafraid第二種模塊及例子

ofhim.

Incontrast,myfatherisverywarm-heartedtochildren.Helikestotalkwiththem,sothechildreninmyfamilyalllikehim.Finally,mygrandfatherisobstinate.Oncehehadmadeadecision,heneverchangesit.However,myfather,evenafterhehasmadeadecision,willaskothersforopinions.Ifhethinkstheopinionsarereasonable,hemightchangehismind.

Althoughmygrandfatherandmyfatherresembleeachotherverymuchinappearance,theydifferincharacter,thinkingandbehavior.常見的比較對照的過渡性詞語常用的表示比較的過渡性詞語有：similarly,likewise,correspondingly,inasimilarway,inthesameway,too,also,like,resemble,similarto,equalto,equally,important,both…and…,thesameas…常用的表示對照的過渡性詞語有：

ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,in/bycontrast,incontrastto,insharpcontrast,conversely,otherwise,however,nevertheless,but,yet,(al)though,eventhough,whereas/while,itistrue…but,instead,unlike,ratherthan,inspiteof,contrastwith,differ(ent)from,contraryto因果法（CauseandEffect）定義

因果法經(jīng)常用以闡述原因，回答“為什么”這類問題，分析事物發(fā)展的前因后果，也多見于說明文和論述文。因果關(guān)系的普遍性決定了因果關(guān)系的復(fù)雜性，通常因果關(guān)系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式擴(kuò)展段落時(shí)通?？刹捎孟纫蚝蠊蛳裙笠虻囊灰蚨喙蛞还嘁蚰Ｊ?，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚舉方式列舉。因果法作文例子

Theroleofwomenintoday’ssocietyischanging.

Onereasonisthatwomenhavebeguntoassertthemselvesasindependentpeoplethroughthewomen’smovement.Also,womenareawareofthealternativestostayingathome.Anotherreasonisthatincreasingnumbersofwomenwhoenternewfieldsofinterestserveasrolemodelsforotherwomen.Moreover,menarebecomingmoreconsciousoftheabilitiesofwomenandhavebeguntoviewtheirindependencepositively.常用的表示因果關(guān)系的過渡性詞語because,as,since,for,owingto,becauseof,dueto,onaccountof,asaresultof,forthereason,resultfrom,thus,so,therefore,accordingly,consequently,forthisreason,onthataccount,asaresult,asaconsequence,itfollowsthat…,resultin,contributeto（三）結(jié)尾段結(jié)尾段概述常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)