Unit5 Happiness ProverbsandQuotationsTobetrulyhappyisaquestionofhowwebeginandnotofhowweend,ofwhatwewantandnotofwhatwehave. [Br.]RobertLouisStevenson 真正的幸福在于我們應(yīng)怎樣開頭而不是怎樣收場，在于我們所追求的而不是我們已收獲的。

[英]羅伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森

Ifwecommandourwealth,weshallberichandfree;ifourwealthcommandsus,wearepoorindeed.

[Br.]EdmondBurke如果我們能支配我們的財富，我們就會富裕而自由；如果財富支配了我們，我們就會真正貧窮。

[英]

埃德蒙·伯克OutlineTeachingObjectivesPart1Lead-inPart2ReadingFocus—TextAPart3IntegratedExercisesPart4ReadingFocus—TextBPart5IntranetAssignmentsTeachingObjectivesEatinganddrinkingwillbringyouhappiness,butindulgingyourselfcanmeanthelossofslimfigureandyoumayevengetobesity.Isitbettertorestrainyourselfsoastobethinandsoberortoeatanddrinktoyourheart’scontent?TextAtellsusthattheshort-termselfisnotnecessarilyevilandweshouldnotdepriveourselvesofperfectlygoodpleasures.TextBadvocatesthathappinesscanbeboughtanyway,aslongaspeoplespendmoneyinasmartway.Readontoseeifthetextscanbringyousomenewunderstandingabouthappiness.1.Bylearningthisunitstudentswillbeabletograspthemainideaandstructureofthetexts,masterthekeylanguagepoints,newwords,grammaticalstructuresteachingobjectiveandtranslationskills.Andstudentswillalsobeabletoimprovetheiroralcommunicationskillsandreadingcompetencethroughperformingtherelevanttasks.WritingFocusinthisunitdealswithhowtowritegoodnarration.2.3.Lookatthepictureanddiscusswithyourpartneronthefollowingquestions.Lead-in1.Whendoyoufeelhappy?Howdoyoudefinehappiness?2.Doyouagreewiththestatementthathappinessiscreatedthroughself-awareness?3.Doyouthinkthathappinessisshort-lived?Whatdoyouneedifyouarelookingforlong-lastinghappiness?Lead-inB.ListeningPractice

Listentotheshortpassageabout“CultivateYourHappiness”.Pre-listeningTaskWhatkindofpersonisahappyperson?Exchangeyourviewswithyourpartnerabouthowtogainhappiness?Lead-inB.ListeningPracticePost-listeningtaskAnswerthefollowingquestions.1.Isthereanyonewhocanbehappyallthetime?2.Howdowegainourhappiness,accordingtothepassage?No,butsomepeoplearedefinitelymorefulfilledthanothers.________________________________________________Beoptimistic,followyourgut,makeenoughmoneytomeetyourbasicneeds,stayclosetoyourfamilyandfriendsandkeepsmiling.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.Isourhappinesslargelyinfluencedbywhathappenedtous?4.IntheUS,howmuchmoneyisconsideredtobeenoughtomeetpeople’sbasicneedsandmakethemfeelhappy?5.Whichwillmakeusfeelhappier,havingasuccessfuljoborkeepingacloserelationshipwithourfamilyandfriends?No,ourhappinessislargelyinfluencedbyhowwethink._____________________________________________【Script】$40,000ayear._____________Thelatterhasagreaterimpactonourhappiness.________________________________________【Script】CultivateYourHappiness

Happinessisn’tthethingthatallofusstrivetofindandkeep.Nobodyishappyallofthetime,butsomepeoplearedefinitelymorefulfilledthanothers.Studiesonwhatmakespeoplehappyrevealthatitdoesn’thavemuchtodowithmaterialgoodsorhighachievement.Ifyouappreciateyourlifeyouaresuretobeahappyperson!Firstly,beoptimistic.Accordingtotheresearchers,weeachhaveabaselinelevelofhappiness.Nomatterwhathappens,goodorbad,theeffectonourhappinessisonlytemporary.Ourhappinessislargelyinfluencedbyhowwethink.Secondly,followyourgut.Beforeyoumakeadecision,theoptionsyou’reweighingareprobablyverysimilar,andthedifferencewillonlytemporarilyaffectyourhappiness.Sonexttimeifyou’redowntotwoorthreeoptions,justpicktheonethatfeelsright,andgowithit.Thirdly,makeenoughmoneytomeetyourbasicneeds:food,shelter,andclothing.IntheUS,thatmagicnumberis$40,000ayear.Anymoneyyoumakebeyondthatwillhaveminoreffectsonyourhappiness.Fourthly,stayclosetofriendsandfamily.Weliveinamobilesociety,wherepeoplefollowjobsaroundthecountryandsometimesaroundtheworld.Wedothisbecausewethinkincreasesinsalarywillmakeushappier,butthefactisthatourrelationshipswithourfriendsandfamilyhaveafargreaterimpactonourhappinessthanourjobsdo.Fifthly,Smile.Sciencesuggeststhatwhenyousmile,whetheryoufeelhappyornot,yourmoodwillbeelevated.Sosmileallthetime!Allinall,beinghappycomesfromyourcapacityoffeelingdeeply,enjoyingsimplyandthinkingfreely.ReadingFocus-TextAFirstReadingReadthetextandthenanswerthequestionsintheleftmargin.〔Chinese〕長期快樂還是短期享樂TheLongandShortofItPaulBloom

IsitbettertobeahappypigorsadSocrates1?Howshouldonechoosebetweenhappinessandothervalues,suchaswisdom,morality,andpiety?Youhaveanangelononeshoulder,thedevilontheother—whodoyoulistento?1〔Note1〕Socrates(蘇格拉底,469BC-399BC)wasaGreekphilosopherandteacherwholivedinAthens,Greece,inthe400sBC.HeprofoundlyalteredWesternphilosophicalthoughtthroughhisinfluenceonhismostfamouspupil,Plato,whopassedonSocrates’teachingsinhiswritingsknownasdialogues.Socratestaughtthateverypersonhasfullknowledgeofultimatetruthcontainedwithinthesoulandneedsonlytobespurredtoconsciousreflectioninordertobecomeawareofit.HiscriticismofinjusticeinAtheniansocietyledtohisprosecutionandadeathsentenceforallegedlycorruptingtheyouthofAthens.〔Chinese〕做一頭無憂無慮的豬還是做悲天憫人的蘇格拉底？人們應(yīng)該選擇快樂還是其他品質(zhì)，例如睿智、高尚和虔誠？你的肩膀上一邊是天使，一邊是魔鬼——你會聽誰的？

Oneoftheinsights

ofmodernhappinessresearchisthatthesearequestionsweoftendon’thavetoanswer.Whilehappinesscanclash

with

otherideals,thesurprisingfindingishowoftentheygo

together.Oneusuallydoesn’thavetodecide,forinstance,whethertobehappyortobegood.Weareconstituted

sothatsimpleactsofkindness,suchasgivingtocharityorexpressinggratitude,haveapositiveeffectonourlong-termmoods.Thekeytothehappylife,itseems,isthegoodlife,alifewithsustained

relationships,challengingwork,andconnectionstocommunity.YoucanbehappySocrates.2〔LanguagePoint〕“thesurprisingfindingishowoftentheygotogether”Here“how”,usedasaconjunctiveadverb,introducesapredicativeclause“howoftentheygotogether”.Theconjunctiveadverbhasthesameformwiththeinterrogativeadverb,butitisusuallyconnectedwithclausesorinfinitivephrases.e.g.Ididn’tknowhowthelittleboygothomealone.(conjunctiveadverb)Howlongagowasit?(interrogativeadverb)〔Chinese〕對于現(xiàn)代人快樂研究的結(jié)論之一就是這些問題其實我們不必去回答。盡管快樂和其他理念會產(chǎn)生抵觸，但是令人驚喜的是，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)它們經(jīng)常協(xié)調(diào)一致。例如，一個人不必決定是要快樂還是要善良。我們的本質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)使得一些簡單的善意舉動，比如捐款給慈善組織，或者表達感激都能給我們的長期情緒帶來積極的影響?？雌饋砜鞓啡松年P(guān)鍵似乎是美好的生活：擁有一段持久的情感關(guān)系，一份富有挑戰(zhàn)的工作，以及和他人的聯(lián)系。擁有這些，你就能成為快樂的蘇格拉底。

Whilehappinesscanclashwithotherideals,thesurprisingfindingishowoftentheygotogether.Oneusuallydoesn’thavetodecide,forinstance,whethertobehappyortobegood.Whydon’twehavetoanswerthesequestions?

Butwhataboutshort-termpleasures,likeeatingcakes,drinkingbeer,orhavingsex?Herethereisoftenaclash.Thesefeelgood,butifyourlong-termgoalshavetodowithdieting,sobriety

orchastity,youmightregretthemlater.Sothereisadifferentdilemma:

Doyouliveagoodandhappylifeordoyousatisfyyourimmediateappetites?IsitbettertobeHappySocratesorHappyHomerSimpson?23〔Note2〕HomerJaySimpson(霍莫·杰伊·辛普森)isafictionalmaincharacterintheanimatedtelevisionseriesTheSimpsonsandfatheroftheeponymousfamily.HeisvoicedbyDanCastellanetaandfirstappearedontelevision,alongwiththerestofhisfamily,inTheTraceyUllmanShowshort“GoodNight”onApril19,1987.HomerwascreatedanddesignedbycartoonistMattGroening.HenamedthecharacterafterhisfatherHomerGroening.AfterappearingforthreeseasonsonTheTraceyUllmanShow,theSimpsonfamilygottheirownseriesonFox,whichdebutedDecember17,1989.HomeristheboorishfatheroftheSimpsonfamily.Withhiswife,Marge,hehasthreechildren:Bart,Lisa,andMaggie.HomerembodiesseveralAmericanworkingclassstereotypes:

heiscrude,overweight,incompetent,clumsy,lazyandignorant;however,heisalsofiercelydevotedtohisfamily.Despitethesuburbanblue-collarroutineofhislife,hehashadanumberofremarkableexperiences.〔Chinese〕但是短期的享樂，比如吃蛋糕、喝啤酒或者性生活，這些生活怎么樣？這些樂趣經(jīng)常會引發(fā)沖突。滿足這些樂趣感覺很好，但是如果你的長期目標是跟節(jié)食、禁酒或貞潔相關(guān)的話，你過后可能會懊悔。于是又有了另一個兩難的問題：你想要過美好快樂的生活呢還是滿足你一時的欲望？是做快樂的蘇格拉底呢還是做快樂的霍莫·辛普森？

Likeeatingcakes,drinkingbeer,orhavingsex.

Whatareshort-termpleasures?

Youcanseethisasaninternalbattlebetweentwoindividualsresidinginthesamebody:

onewhowantstobethin,soberandchaste,theotherwhowantstoeat,drinkandfornicate.It’sthelong-termselfwhoisprobablyreadingthisnow;thisistheselfthatchoosestogotothetherapist

andreadself-helpbooks,workingtothwart

theshort-termselfwhenitcomestolifeinthepresenceoftemptation.34〔Note3〕thisistheselfthatchoosestogotothetherapistandreadself-helpbooks,workingtothwarttheshort-termselfwhenitcomestolifeinthepresenceoftemptation:Facingtemptationsinthelife,thelong-termselfwillaskforhelpfromspecializeddoctorsorbooks,anditwillseekwaystoresistthedesiresoftheshort-termself.〔LanguagePoint〕“It’sthelong-termselfwhoisprobablyreadingthisnow;thisistheselfthatchoosestogotothetherapist...”Accordingtoageneralrule,“who”or“that”maybeusedassubjectofarestrictiveclauseforpersonalreference,and“which”or“that”fornon-personalreference.Butusagefavours“who”insteadof“that”assubjectforpersonalreference,and“that”insteadof“which”assubjectfornon-personalreference.e.g.Heisthemanwholivesnextdoortome.Hedrivesacarthatcantravel180milesanhour.〔Chinese〕你可以把這個問題視作是占據(jù)在同一具軀體內(nèi)的兩個自我之間的內(nèi)部斗爭：一個想要保持苗條、清醒和貞操，另一個卻想要大吃大喝和縱欲。很可能現(xiàn)在是長期的自我在閱讀這篇文章，這個自我在生活中面臨誘惑的時候，它會選擇去治療專家那里或者閱讀自助書籍，設(shè)法來阻止短期的自我

Thisistheselfthatchoosestogotothetherapistandreadself-helpbooks,workingtothwarttheshort-termselfwhenitcomes

tolifeinthepresenceoftemptation.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“aninternalbattle?”

Weshouldn’tunderestimatetheshort-termself,though.Itisnotnecessarilyevilandnotnecessarilystupid.Sometimesthelong-termselfshouldstayoutofitsway.45〔Note4〕Sometimesthelong-termselfshouldstayoutofitsway:Onsomeoccasions,thelong-termselfshouldnotinterferewiththeshort-termself.〔Chinese〕然而我們不應(yīng)該鄙視短期自我。它并不一定就是邪惡的，也并不一定就是愚蠢的。有時候長期自我反而應(yīng)該退讓一旁。

Weshouldn’tunderestimatetheshort-termself,though.Itisnotnecessarilyevilandnotnecessarilystupid.Sometimesthelong-termselfshouldstayoutofitsway.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardtheshort-termself?

Admittedly,interventiondoessometimesmakesense.Peoplewhosuccumb

toshort-termimpulsesoftendoawfulthings,suchasdrivingdrunkorbeatinguptheirchildren.Theywouldbebetteroffiftheirlong-termselveshadcontrol,andcouldblockanddistracttheseshort-termchoices.Butoftenthesituationisflipped,andit’sthelong-termselfthat’smisguided.Itcanbecomecommittedtobeliefsystemsthathaveimmoralconsequences.5Terrorismandgenocide,forinstance,aretypicallydeliberatechoices,notactsofpassion;it’sthelong-termselfthat’stheguiltyone.Indeed,peopleoftenhavetoforcethemselvestocommitterribleacts;theyhavetoworktodefythenaturalandlegitimate

moralimpulsesoftheirshort-termselves.6〔Note5〕Itcanbecomecommittedtobeliefsystemsthathaveimmoralconsequences:Thelong-termselfoverwhelmedbyirrationalconvictionscanleadpeopletocommitimmoralacts.〔LanguagePoint〕“committerribleacts”Here“commit”means“doingsth.illegal,wrong,orfoolish”.“commit”iscommonlyfollowedbymurder,suicide,theftoranunforgivableerror,mitsuicide

commitburglary.〔Chinese〕誠然，有時長期自我的干涉確實有必要。屈從于短期沖動的人經(jīng)常會做出一些惡劣的事，比如醉酒駕車或者虐待兒童。如果他們的長期自我具有控制力，能夠阻止和打消這些短期的念頭，他們的狀況會有所好轉(zhuǎn)。然而情況常常是恰恰相反的，正是長期自我誤入了歧途。長期自我會服從于能滋生不良后果的信仰體系。例如，恐怖主義和種族屠殺并不是沖動的行為，而是典型的蓄意選擇；這時，長期自我才是應(yīng)受到譴責的。事實上，人們不得不時常逼迫自己干一些罪惡的勾當；他們不得不壓制短期自我所產(chǎn)生的本能的、正當?shù)牡赖聸_動。

Evenputtingasideatrocities,sometimeswedepriveourselvesof

perfectlygoodpleasures,includingthoseinvolvingloveandcompanionship,becauseofthedecisionsofthelong-termself.6Thinkoftheworkaholicwhoneverseeshischildren,ortheanorexic

whodeniesherselfthepleasureoffood.7〔LanguagePoint〕“Thinkoftheworkaholicwhoneverseeshischildren,ortheanorexicwhodeniesherselfthepleasureoffood.”Itisanimperativesentence.Whenthecommandorinstructionisdirectedtothepartyspokento,weusethesecondpersonimperative,inwhichthepronoun“You”normallyneedn’tbeexpressed,unlesswewanttolendemphasistotheutterance.Compare:Takethatseat,andI’lltakethisone.Youtakethatseat,andI’lltakethisone.〔Note

6〕Evenputtingasideatrocities,sometimeswedepriveourselvesofperfectlygoodpleasures,includingthoseinvolvingloveandcompanionship,becauseofthedecisionsofthelong-termself:Besidesbreedingextremelyviolentbehaviour,sometimesthelong-termselfwillpreventpeoplefromenjoyingbeneficialpleasures,suchasloveandcompanionship.

Whatmotivatestheshort-termself?Someofitspleasuresareeasyenoughtoexplain:

sexandfoodandfriendshipareevolutionaryno-brainers,weenjoythembecausetheymotivateusinadaptively

usefulways.7Butothersaremoremysterious.8〔Chinese〕即使撇開暴行不談，有時由于長期自我的決定，我們也會剝奪自身一些極其美妙的享受，包括愛情和天倫之樂在內(nèi)。試想一下很少與孩子碰面的工作狂，或者拒絕享受美食的厭食者，你就會明白了。

Canyouguessthemeaningof“workaholic”and“anorexic”accordingtothecontext?Canyouguessthemeaningof“workaholic”and“anorexic”accordingtothecontext?〔Note7〕Someofitspleasuresareeasyenoughtoexplain:sexandfoodandfriendshipareevolutionaryno-brainers,weenjoythembecausetheymotivateusinadaptivelyusefulways:Themotivationsofsomepleasurescanbeunderstoodeasily.Sex,foodandfriendshiphaveevolvedintoinstinctiveandspontaneousbehaviourofhumans,andwefeelhappywiththembecausethesepleasurescanmakeusmoreenergeticintheirrespectiveways.〔Chinese〕那么短期自我的動機是什么呢？有些享樂是很容易解釋的：性、食物和友情都逐步演變?yōu)樽匀欢坏氖?，我們享受它們是因為它們以不同的方式有效地?qū)動著我們。但是其他的因素就更加難以理解了。

Asapsychologist,oneofmyfavouritepuzzlesisthemotivationtoexperiencepainandunpleasantness,somethingthepsychologistPaulRozin8hascalled“benign

masochism.”Thebestexamplesherearethepleasuresoftheimagination.Therearemillionswhopaytoseemoviesthatterrifythem,includingthosewithscenesofimaginativeandhorrifictorture.Othersprefersadnesstofear.Theyaredrawntothesuicidalprince,theyoungmotherdyingofcancer,theschoolbusandthecliff.Hundredsofyearsago,DavidHume9

marvelled

atthe“unaccountablepleasure”thatspectatorsofatragedyfeelfromsorrow,terror,andanxiety:“Themoretheyaretouchedandaffected,themoretheyaredelightedwiththespectacle.”9〔Note8〕

PaulRozin(保羅·洛詹)isapsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofPennsylvania.Hiscurrentworkfocusesonthepsychological,cultural,andbiologicaldeterminantsofhumanfoodchoice.Rozinearnedabachelor’sdegreefromtheUniversityofChicagoin1956anddoctoraldegreesinbiologyandpsychologyfromHarvardUniversityin1961.In1963hejoinedthepsychologydepartmentattheUniversityofPennsylvania.Healsoservesasco-directoroftheschool’sSolomonAschCenterfortheStudyofEthnopoliticalConflict.〔Note9〕DavidHume(大衛(wèi)·休謨,1711—1776)wasaScottishphilosopher,economist,historianandanimportantfigureinthehistoryofWesternphilosophyandtheScottishEnlightenment.HumeisoftengroupedwithJohnLocke,GeorgeBerkeley,andahandfulofothersasaBritishEmpiricist.Inthetwentiethcentury,Humehasincreasinglybecomeasourceofinspirationforthoseinpoliticalphilosophyandeconomicsasanearlyandsubtlethinkerintheliberaltradition,aswellasanearlyinnovatorinthegenreoftheessayinhisEssaysMoral,Political,andLiterary.〔LanguagePoint〕“Othersprefersadnesstofear.”Here“prefersth.tosth.”means“choosesth.ratherthansth.else;likesth.better”.Theformsofthetwoobjectsshouldkeepinconcord.e.g.Ipreferteatocoffee.

Ipreferwalkingtocycling.〔Chinese〕作為一個心理學家，我偏愛的謎題之一就是探索人們經(jīng)歷痛苦和不適的動機，心理學家保羅·洛詹曾把這種動機稱為“良性受虐傾向”，而它的最佳示例就是想象的樂趣。數(shù)以百萬計的人掏錢去看恐怖電影，包括那些帶有令人毛骨悚然的、虛構(gòu)的折磨場景的電影。比起恐懼來另一些人更加喜好悲傷。對于自殺的王子、死于癌癥的年輕母親、校車和懸崖這種電影，他們趨之若鶩。數(shù)百年前，大衛(wèi)·休謨曾經(jīng)驚詫于觀看悲劇的觀眾從憂傷、驚恐和焦慮中所體會到的“難以言喻的樂趣”：越是催人淚下的情節(jié)，觀眾越能樂在其中。

Themotivationtoexperiencepainandunpleasantness.

Whatdoestheterm“benignmasochism”referto?

Whywouldwegetsuchdelightfromunpleasantness?Couldthisbesomeflawinthesystem,aperverse

mis-wiringofourbrains?10Somescholarsbelieveincatharsis

—thatnegativeexperiencesbuild

up,andultimatelyburstout,leavingusfeelingsated

andpurified.Butthisisalousy

theory.Waterpressureisapoormetaphorforintenseemotions,andit’sjustnottruethattheyhavethissortofcatharticeffect.Mostpeopledon’twalkoutofhorrormoviesfeelingcalmandsafe;tragediesdon’tleaveusgiddy

anduplifted.Negativeemotionsdon’tburstoutofus;theysimmer

within.10〔Note10〕

Couldthisbesomeflawinthesystem,aperversemis-wiringofourbrains?:Willthetendencyofderivingpleasuresfromunpleasantnessbeafaultinourmind,orastubbornerrorexistingintheconnectionsofourbrains?〔LanguagePoint〕“l(fā)eavingusfeelingsatedandpurified”,itisanadverbialclause,denotingtheresultoftheverbs.Inthisclause,“l(fā)eave”,usedasatransitiveverb,means“causeorallowsb./sth.toremaininacertainstate”;“feelingsatedandpurifies”isacomplementphrase,modifyingtheobject“us”.e.g.Leavethedooropen,please.Don’tleavehimwaitingoutsideintherain.〔Chinese〕為什么我們能從令人不快的事情中獲得愉悅呢？這會不會是我們大腦中哪根偏執(zhí)的經(jīng)搭錯了而導(dǎo)致的思維系統(tǒng)的缺陷呢？有些學者堅信這是一種“疏導(dǎo)法”——負面的經(jīng)歷逐漸累積，最終噴薄而出，使我們感到滿足和凈化。但是這個理論很牽強。把強烈的感情比作水壓這個比喻并不恰當，而且事實上它們并沒有這種疏導(dǎo)作用。大多數(shù)人在看完恐怖電影后并沒有感到平靜和安定；悲劇也沒有使我們感到升華和飄飄然。負面的情緒沒有噴薄而出，相反它們在我們的內(nèi)心里騷動不安。

Somescholarsbelieveincatharsis—thatnegativeexperiencesbuildup,andultimatelyburstout,leavingusfeelingsatedandpurified.

Butthisisalousytheory.Howdosomescholarsexplaintheunaccountablepleasuresomespectatorsenjoyfromatragedy?What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardtheview?

Abetteridea,Ithink,isthatthesepleasuresreflectaformofsafepractice—or,touseamorecommonterm,aformofplay.Someplayisphysical:

Itisausefulskilltobeabletoattackanddefendyourselfskillfully,andyougetbetteratitthemoreyoupractice,butrealfightsareriskyandpainful,andsocertainanimals,includingus,areconstitutedtotakepleasureinplayfighting,goingthroughthemovesofcombatwithsomeonewelike,holding

back

sothatnobodyishurt.1111〔Note11〕...andsocertainanimals,includingus,areconstitutedtotakepleasureinplayfighting,goingthroughthemovesofcombatwithsomeonewelike,holdingbacksothatnobodyishurt:Itisaninstinctofsomekindsofanimals,includinghumankind,toenjoyimaginaryfightinggames.Throughthesegamestheycanexperiencetheintensivemovementofcombatwiththeirfavouritepartners,whileatthesametimethesituationisundertheircontrolsothatnoonewillbeinjured.〔LanguagePoint〕“andyougetbetteratitthemoreyoupractice”“Themore...themore”iscommonlyusedtodenotetwoparallelprocessesonaproportionalincrease.Inthisconstruction,thefirstpartconstitutesasubordinateclause,whilethesecondthemainclause.e.g.Yougetbetteratitthemoreyoupractice.=Whenyoupractice

more,yougetbetteratit.

TheolderIget,thehappierIam.=WhenIgetolder,Ibecome

happier.〔Chinese〕我認為，一個更加合理的觀點是這些樂趣反映了一種安全做法——或者用一個更加常見的詞語，一種游戲。有些游戲需要體力：有技巧地攻擊他人和保護自己是一門有用的技巧，你操練得越多就越精通，但是真正的打斗卻是危機四伏、痛苦不堪的。因此某些動物，包括我們?nèi)祟?，從本質(zhì)上就熱衷于打斗游戲，與我們鐘意的拍檔一起去經(jīng)歷搏擊，而且當我們退出時，也沒有人會受傷。

Thesepleasuresreflectaformofsafepractice—or,touseamorecommonterm,aformofplay.butrealfightsareriskyandpainful,andsocertainanimals,includingus,areconstitutedtotakepleasureinplayfighting,goingthroughthemovesofcombatwithsomeonewelike,holdingbacksothatnobodyishurt.Howdoestheauthorexplaintheseunaccountablepleasures?

Thenthereisimaginativeplay.Weuseourmindstoexplorealternative

worlds,anindispensableskillwhenitcomestoplanningforthefuture.Fromthisperspective,theappealofhorrorandtragedydoesn’tlieinthespecifics.12It’snotthatwehavetoprepareourselvesfortheriseoftheundeadorourfatherbeingbetrayedbytheQueen.Wearedrawntohorrorandtragedybecausetheyarecreativerepresentationsofworst-casescenarios,situationsthatwereallyneedtoworryabout,suchasbeingattackedbystrangers,betrayedbyfriends,experiencingthedeathofthosewelove,andsoon.12〔Note12〕

Fromthisperspective,theappealofhorrorandtragedydoesn’tlieinthespecifics:Fromthispointofview,thereasonwhyweareattractedbyhorrorfilmsandtragedyisnotthattheyaresituationswe’llhavetofaceinourreallife.〔LanguagePoint〕“It’snotthatwehavetoprepareourselvesfortheriseoftheundeadorourfatherbeingbetrayedbytheQueen.”Both“must”and“haveto”canbeusedtodenote“obligation”,buttheuseof“must”oftenimpliesthattheobligationisimposedbythespeaker,while“haveto”usuallyimpliesthattheobligationcomesfromobjectivecircumstances.e.g.HemustsayitinEnglish.(Iwanthimtodoso.)

HehastosayitinEnglish.(Becausehedoesn’tknowChinese.)〔Chinese〕其次就是虛擬的電影。我們用頭腦去探索另一個世界，這是一種規(guī)劃未來時不可或缺的技能。從這一觀點來看，恐懼和悲劇的吸引力并不在于它們的特定情節(jié)。并不是說我們應(yīng)當為死人復(fù)活或者我們的父王被王后背叛這種事做好思想準備。恐懼和悲劇之所以吸引我們是因為它們創(chuàng)造性地代表了可能會出現(xiàn)的最糟糕的狀況，和我們真正所需要擔憂的情況，例如被陌生人攻擊，被朋友背叛，與我們所愛的人永別等等。

It’safascinatingquestiontomehowfarthis“safepractice”theorycanbepushed,whetheritcanexplainothermasochisticbehaviours,includingsocialandsexualones.13Butifitisrightatall,itwouldshowthatbeingahedonist

ismorecomplicatedthanitlooks.Evenseeminglyperversepleasureshavemeaning;theyhavebeenshapedbynaturalselectiontosolveproblemsthatwemightnotbeconsciouslyawareof.

Simplepleasuresaren’tthatsimpleafterall.13〔Note13〕

It’safascinatingquestiontomehowfarthis“safepractice”theorycan

bepushed,whetheritcanexplainothermasochisticbehaviours,includingsocialandsexualones:Asapsychologist,Iamcuriousaboutwhetherthe“safepractice”theorywillprovidereasonableexplanationsforpeople’sseekinghappinessfromcasesofsocialandsexualmaltreatment.〔LanguagePoint〕“thatwemightnotbeconsciouslyawareof...”Here“might”isusedtotalkabout“possibility”;inthissense,“may”and“might”areinterchangeable,andsuggestnodifferenceintimereference.Onlytheuseof“might”conveysgreateruncertaintyintone.〔Chinese〕“安全做法”這一理論到底有多有效，它是否能夠解釋其他包括社會的和兩性的受虐舉動，這對我來說是值得研究的課題。但是如果這個理論是正確的，它即表明做一個享樂主義者比（表面上）看起來更加復(fù)雜。即使是看似偏執(zhí)的樂趣也存在意義；它們經(jīng)由自然選擇而成形，進而來解決我們可能還沒有清楚意識到的問題。畢竟，簡單的樂趣并不那么單純。

Evenseeminglyperversepleasureshavemeaning;theyhavebeenshapedbynaturalselectiontosolveproblemsthatwemightnotbeconsciouslyawareof.Accordingtotheauthor,whyaren’tsimplepleasuresthatsimpleafterall?

Thisdoesn’tmeanthatweshouldbeindulging

in

them—perhapstherearebetterthingstodotodaythangotoahorrormovie.Butitdoessuggestthatweshouldhesitatebeforedismissingsuchdesiresasselfishorirrelevant.Perhapsthegoodlifedoesn’trequireconstantwarfare.Perhapspeoplearebetteroffiftheirmultipleselvesestablishatruce,respectingoneanother’sdifferentstrengths,andworkingtogethertosatisfysharedgoals.14〔LanguagePoint〕“Butitdoessuggestthatweshouldhesitatebeforedismissingsuchdesiresasselfishorirrelevant.”Thebe-subjunctiveiscommonlyusedinthat-clausestoexpressacommand,decision,suggestion,etc.Aftersuchverbsasdemand,order,propose,recommend,request,suggest,vote,etc,verbsintheobjectclausescommonlyuse“should+verb”,and“should”sometimescanbeomitted.e.g.Heorderedthatallbooks(should)besentatonce.

Weproposethatsomebodyneutraltakethechair.〔Chinese〕但是這并不意味著我們就可以沉溺于其中——也許今天有比去看恐怖電影更合適的事可以去做。但是它確實表明我們在擺脫（被標之為）自私自利或者不合時的欲望之前應(yīng)該三思而后行。也許美好的人生并不需要頻繁的戰(zhàn)事。也許人們會生活得更好，如果人們的多重自我能夠宣告停戰(zhàn)，互相尊重彼此的不同特質(zhì)，協(xié)同合作以達到共同目標。ReadingFocus-TextANewWordsandExpressions（標注*的為四級詞匯；標注▲的為六級詞匯,其余為超綱詞匯。）piety/5paIEtI/n.

religiousdevotionandreverencetoGod虔誠

TheoldmanhasgreatpietytowardsGod.Shewaseminentforherpiety.▲insight/5InsaIt/n.

theactoroutcomeofgraspingtheinwardorhiddennatureofthingsorofperceivinginanintuitivemanner領(lǐng)悟

Thearticlegivesaninsightintothecauseofthepresenteconomiccrisis.Westudysciencetogaininsightintonaturallaws.texttextclashwithtocomeintoconflict;beinopposition沖突；抵觸

Principlesoftenclashwithinterests.Theaccountoftheeyewitnessclashedwithpublishedreports.gotogethertobemutuallysuited,harmonize相配，協(xié)調(diào)

Loveandreasondonotgotogether.Thecolourofthecurtainwenttogetherwiththatofthewall.▲constitute/5kCnstItju:t/v.

tobetheelementsorpartsof;compose構(gòu)成；