CHAPTER1IntroductionDiscussion:Whatdoyouthinklinguisticsisabout?Inyouropinion,what’sthegoalofalinguist?1.1Whatislinguistics?I.Definitionoflinguisticsthescientificstudyoflanguagelanguage:languagesingeneralscientificstudy:thesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructurethegoalofthelinguist:discoverthecommonelementsofalllanguages(describe,explain)constructatheoreticalframeworkI.Definitionoflinguisticsobserve,collectlanguagefactsthescientificstudyoflanguagethescientificprocessesoflinguisticstudy:Observelinguisticfacts,andformgeneralizations;Formulatehypotheses;Testhypothesesbyfurtherobservations;ConstructalinguistictheoryI.DefinitionoflinguisticsII.ThescopeoflinguisticsDiscusswithyourpartnersandtrytolistsomeoftheaspectsyouknowwhichcouldbeincludedinthestudyoflinguistics.Listsomeofthesocialscienceswhichmayberelatedtothestudyoflanguage.Discussion:II.Thescopeoflinguisticshowspeechsoundsaremade(articulatoryphonetics);i.Phonetics:thescientificstudyofspeechsoundshowspeechsoundsaretransmitted(acousticphonetics);howspeechsoundsarereceived(auditoryphonetics).II.Thescopeoflinguisticsii.Phonology:analyseshowsoundsareorganizedinalanguageandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaningincommunication;attemptstodiscovertheprinciplesgoverningsoundsystemsinlanguages.II.Thescopeoflinguisticsiii.Morphology:examinesthestructureorformofwords;analyseshowwordsareconstructedofsmallerunitsthathavemeaning.II.Thescopeoflinguisticsiv.Syntax:investigateshowwordsandgrammaticalelementsarecombinedtoformsentences;whatspeakersknowaboutthegrammaticalstructureoflanguage;howsentencesareinterrelated;whatarethegeneralgrammaticalandcognitiveprinciplesII.Thescopeoflinguisticsv.Semantics:thestudyoftheabstractorinherentmeaninginisolation,notincontextII.Thescopeoflinguisticsvi.Pragmatics:thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.II.Thescopeoflinguisticsvii.Sociolinguistics:probesintotherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsocietyinvolvesvariationinlanguageusewhichcorrelateswithage,gender,socialclass,ethnicity,attitudestowardslanguage,andgeneralsocialattributesofspeakersandhearers.II.Thescopeoflinguisticsviii.Appliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguisticmethodsandfindingstoanumberofareasinvolveslanguageteachingmethodologyandsecond-languageacquisition;languageandthelaw,speechtherapy,childdevelopment,publicpolicy,translation,advertising,etc.II.Thescopeoflinguisticsx.Psycholinguistics:investigatestheinterrelationshipbetweenlanguageandhumancognitionandtheeffectsofpsychologicalconstraintsonlanguage;Thebestknownarea:childlanguageacquisitionIII.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsi.Prescriptivevs.DescriptiveWecanoftenfindexceptionstogrammaticalrules.Canyouciteanexampletoshowthisphenomenon?Trytofindthedifferencesintheattitudesofthespeakerstothesentence“Irunsaway.”Itisnotrighttosay“Irunsaway.”Peopledonotsay“Irunsaway.”Discussion:III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsi.Prescriptivevs.Descriptive1.Prescriptivelinguistics:Itisconcernedwiththeworkoflayingdownrulesgoverninghowalanguageshouldbeused.Whosejobisprescriptive?Languageteachersandtraditionalgrammarians.III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsi.Prescriptivevs.Descriptive2.Descriptivelinguistics:Itisconcernedwiththeworkofobjectivelyanalyzinganddescribinghowlanguageisspokenbyagroupofpeopleinaspeechcommunity.Whosejobisdescriptive?Linguists.III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsii.Synchronicvs.DiachronicDiscussion:Ifyouopenahistorybook,youmayfindthatthewholebookfollowsthetimeorderandeachchapterdealswithaspecificperiodofthenation.Ifweapplysuchkindofmethodtothestudyoflanguages,whichaspectsshouldwefocuson?III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsii.Synchronicvs.Diachronic1.Synchronicanalysis:Analyzelinguisticphenomenaonlyatonepointintime,usu.thepresent.2.Diachronicanalysis:Analyzethehistoricaldevelopmentofalanguage,whichinvolvestwopointsintime.III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsii.Synchronicvs.Diachronice.g.gossipGodparentAcquaintancetalkidly,withnoacademicorbusinesspurposeShakespeareGodsiblingMedievalIII.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsii.Synchronicvs.DiachronicSynchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsiii.Speechvs.WritingDiscussionaboutwritingandspeech:Whichmediaenjoysalongerhistoryinlanguagedevelopment?Whichmediaservesawiderrangeofcommunicativepurposesinourdailylife?Howdoesachildlearnhismothertongue,byspeechorbywriting?Whichmediaismoreimportant?III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsiii.Speechvs.Writing1.Speech:thespokenformoflanguage2.Writing:thewrittenformoflanguage3.Speechisthenaturalorprimarymediumofhumanlanguage.III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsiii.Speechvs.Writinglinguisticevolution:speechispriortowriting;theamountofinformation:speechplaysagreaterrolethanwriting;languageacquisition:anativespeakeracquiresmothertongueinspeechfirst;authenticfeaturesofhumanlanguage：linguistsdrawthedataforstudyfromspeech.III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsiv.Languevs.Parole(Saussure)LangueParoleabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunityrealizationoflangueinactualuseasetofconventionsandrulesconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherulesabstractconcreterelativelystablevariedIII.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsiv.Languevs.Parole(Saussure)Whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole.III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsv.Competencevs.PerformanceDiscussion:Discusstherelationshipbetweenone’smasteryofrulesofalanguageandhisactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsv.Competencevs.Performance(Chomsky)1.Competence:alanguageuser’sidealknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage2.Performance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations3.Whatalinguistshoulddoistoabstracttheunderlyingsystemofrulesfromthedataofperformance.III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsv.Competencevs.Performance(Chomsky)4.Saussure:takesasociologicalviewoflanguage;thenotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.Chomsky:approacheslanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview;competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsvi.Traditionalgrammarvs.ModernlinguisticsCourseinGeneralLinguisticsbyF.deSaussuremarkedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.HefoundedStructuralism.III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsvi.Traditionalgrammarvs.ModernlinguisticsLinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimarywhiletraditionalgrammariansemphasizetheimportanceofthewrittenword.III.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsvi.Traditionalgrammarvs.ModernlinguisticsTraditionalgrammarforcedlanguagesintoaLatin-basedframeworkwhilemodernlinguiststrytosetupauniversalframeworkbasedonthefeaturessharedbymostofthelanguages.(nominativecase,accusativecase,dativecase,genitivecase,…)NOW,YOUHAVE15MINUTESTOANSWERWhatislinguistics?What’sthescientificprocessoflinguists?whatarethecorebranchesoflinguistics?Explainthemintenwords.what’sthedifferencesbetweenprescriptiveanddescriptive?canuillustratethedistinctionbtwsynchronic&diachronic?whylinguistsregardspeechastheprimarymediumoverwriting?whatthemaindifferencesbtwlangueandparole?whichonedolinguistsusuallyfocuson,competenceorperformance?Inwhatwaydoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?VOCABULARYREVIEWPhoneticsPhonologyMorphemeMorphologySyntaxSemanticsPragmaticsDescriptivePrescriptiveSynchronicDiachroniclangueParoleCompetencePerformance語音學(xué)音韻學(xué)

詞素詞法學(xué)句法學(xué)語義學(xué)語用學(xué)描述性

規(guī)定性共時(shí)性歷時(shí)性

語言

話語語言能力

語言表現(xiàn)1.2Whatislanguage?DiscussionWhatislanguage?Whatdoweuselanguageforinourdailylife?Differentlanguagesusedifferentlinguisticformstorefertothesamething.Whatrelationdoesitsuggestbetweenalinguisticformanditsreferent?Weoftensayanimalshavelanguage.Doyouthinktheso-calledanimallanguagesarethesameasthehumanlanguages?1.2Whatislanguage?I.Definitions“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”Language:AnIntroductiontotheStudyofSpeech(1921)--EdwardSapir(1884-1939)1.2Whatislanguage?I.DefinitionsLanguageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”--RobertA.Hall(1911-1997):IntroductoryLinguistics(1968)1.2Whatislanguage?I.Definitions“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeaset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”--NoamChomsky(1928-):SyntacticStructures(1957)1.2Whatislanguage?I.Definitions“Languageisaformofhumancommunicationbymeansofasystemofsymbolsprincipallytransmittedbyvocal

sounds.”--StuartC.Poole:AnIntroductiontoLinguistics(1999)1.2Whatislanguage?I.DefinitionsLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.--Ourtextbook(2010)System:elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.e.g:you,where,from,do,come1.2Whatislanguage?I.DefinitionsLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.--Ourtextbook(2010)Arbitrary:thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenformandmeaning.Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.

--Shakespeare1.2Whatislanguage?I.DefinitionsLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.--Ourtextbook(2010)Vocal:theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages.linguisticevolutiontheamountofinformationlanguageacquisition1.2Whatislanguage?I.DefinitionsLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.--Ourtextbook(2010)Human:languageishuman-specific.birdsongsbeedances1.2Whatislanguage?Discussion“ThelittlelavendermenwholiveinmystocksdrawertoldmethatElviswillcomebackfromMarsonthe10thtodoabenefitconcertforunemployedPekingesedogs.”Haveyouheardorreadthissentencebefore?Isitrule-based?Doyouhaveproblemsinunderstandingitsmeaning?1.2Whatislanguage?DiscussionIfachildwereisolatedfromthehumansocietysincehewasborn,couldhespeak?Ifadogwereisolatedfromotherdogs,wouldthedogbeabletobark?Couldweusethelanguagetotalkaboutwhatisfarremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsinwhichcommunicationtakesplace?1.2Whatislanguage?II.DesignfeaturesCharlesHockett(1960)proposed13designfeatures.thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication1.2Whatislanguage?II.DesignfeaturesThereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds(alinguisticformandwhatitrefersto).1.ArbitrarinessOnomatopoeicwords,likequack,bark,bang,areoftencitedascounter-examples.1.2Whatislanguage?II.DesignfeaturesHumanlanguagesallowspeakerstocreatenovel,never-before-heardutterancesthatotherscanunderstand.2.ProductivityAnimalcommunicationsystemsappeartobehighlyrestricted.1.2Whatislanguage?II.DesignfeaturesThediscretepartsofalanguagecanbecombinedinasystematicwaytocreatenewformsthatconveymeaning.sentencesmorphemes/wordssounds3.Duality(twolevels/setsofstructures)Animalcallscannotbeanalyzedintotwolevelsofstructure.1.2Whatislanguage?II.DesignfeaturesThespeakercantalkaboutthingswhicharenotpresent,eitherspatiallyortemporally.4.DisplacementAnimalcallsonlyreflectimmediateenvironmentalstimuli.(rest