JohnSteinbeck約翰·斯坦貝克(1902-1968)SocialbackgroundTheGreatDepressionin1930s

TheWallStreetcrashinOct.24,1929,“thebottomdroppedofthestockmarket”

Result:

a.Thedimdecadeof1930sreplacedtheglittering1920s.

Banksfailed,factoriesclosedandagriculturewithered;Joblessmillionsroamedthestreet;thebreadlessstretchedlong;Absolutepovertyandstruggledforsurvivalisanightmarishexperienceoflife.thenalotofpeoplewentalongtheHighway66tocalifornia，hopingtofindjobs，landsdignitiesandtheirfutures

b.ThephysicalwastelandreplacedthespritualwastelandrepresentedbyT.S.Eliot

ThereasonoftheGreatDepression

Keynes:themarketforreducingaggregatedemandofgoods,isthemainreasonfortherecession→advocatedspendingtostimulatetheeconomy.Bernanke:theriseoftheU.S.consumerlendingtrend.Friedman:excessivegovernmentinterventioncause.

ThereasonoftheGreatDepression1tariffbarriers:U.S.toraisetariffstoprotectdomesticindustries,resultingininternationaltradeisshrinking.2deformityprosperity:thestockroseafterthewar,manypeoplecrazyintothestockmarket,resultinginsoaringstockunreasonable.ThereasonoftheGreatDepression3.overproduction:postwarnationaleconomicgood,themajorityofenterprisestoexpandproductionandleadtooverproduction.4.WorldSport:largenumberofU.S.capitalinflowsovertheworld,theUnitedStatesaffectedtheglobaleconomy。5.EffectsofwarTheprocessoftheGreatDepressionOctober24,1929,theWallStreetstockmarketcrashafewdaysofasudden,alotofbanks,factoryclosures,lockouts,commercialrecession,increasingunemployment.Diffusion:stockmarket→Industrial→financial→Europe10Majorworks

1.Firstnovel:CupofGold

(1929)《金杯》2TortillaFlat

3.Worker’sTrilogy:a.InDubiousBattle

(1936)《勝負(fù)未決》---Aboutthestrikebymigrantfarm-workersb.OfMiceandMen

(1937)《人鼠之間》---themutualdependenceandshareddreamsofmigrantfarm-workers

11c.TheGrapesofWrath(1939)《憤怒的葡萄》(hismasterpieceforwhichSteinbeckreceivedtheNobelPrizeforitin1962)4.

TheMoonIsDown

(1942)《月亮下去了》5.EastofGarden

(1952)《伊甸園以東》

Withtheendofthedecadecamethestockmarketcrashof1929andtheGreatDepressionofthe1930s，cataclysmiceventsthatshatteredpubliccomplacencyandtransformedAmericansociety。Theabruptendofprosperityweakenedthenation'sconfidenceinitsgovernmentanditspoliticalleaders。Americanartistsofallkindsproducedworksofpoliticalandsocialcriticism。PainterscreatedharshvisionsofAmericanlifeonfarmsandincities。Photographersrecordedthemiseriesofpovertyandwant。JohnSteinbeckandotherwritersdescribedthesweat-drenchedlivesoffactoryworkersandmigrantfarmersinjournalisticreports，inshortstories，andinsuchmemorablenovelsastheGrapesofWrath。TheGrapesofWrathIII.Analysisofhismasterpiece,

“TheGrapesofWrath”

The30chaptersfallinto3sections:---First10chapters:thedescriptionofthedrought;---Chapters13to18:thejourneytoCalifornia;---Theremaining12chapters:anarrativeofthelife

ofthemigrantsinCalifornia161.Sourceofthetitle---AwarsongoftheCivilWar,“TheBattleHymnoftheRepublic”《共和國的戰(zhàn)斗贊美詩》

MineeyeshaveseenthegloryofthecomingoftheLord,Heistrampingoutthevintagewherethegrapesofwrathare

stored

“我的眼睛已經(jīng)見到老爺駕臨的榮光，他在踐踏那些被儲存了很久的憤怒的葡萄”172.Introductionofthestory---Hisepicmasterpieceofsocialconsciousnessandacrisisnovel;---Apictureofhelplesspeoplecrushedbydroughtanddepression；

---OneoftheclassicdocumentsoftheGreatDepression

---ThethirteenmembersofthethreegenerationsoftheJoadfamilyaretheimpoverished(一貧如洗的)victimsoftheDustbowl1droughtinOklahoma；

---Theysetoutonthetrek(長途跋涉)inanoldautomobiletheyboughtforalltheirfamilypropertyforCalifornia,inwhichtheybelievetheycouldseektheirpromisedland2---Ontheroad,beforetheireyesare:a.Unspeakablepainandsufferingontheroad;b.Frequentlyoccurringdeathsc.Anuniversallandscapeofdecayanddesolation---ReachingandsettlingdowninCalifornia,theymetwithbitterresistancefromthelocallandowners---WorkinginthemigrantlaborcampsinCalifornia,lifeprovedtobeamiseryofpovertyanddislocation(混亂):---