WhereDoesMoralityComeFromTherealwayshasbeenagreatdealofspeculationaboutwheremoralityorethicscomesfrom.Hasitalwaysbeenapartoftheworld,originatingfromsomesupernaturalbeingorembeddedwithinnatureitself,orisitstrictlyaproductofthemindsofhumanbeings?Orisitsomecombinationoftwoorallthreeofthese?Becausemoralityandethicsdealwithvalueshavingtodowithgood,bad,right,andwrong,arethesevaluestotallyobjectivethatis,"outsideof"humanbeings?Aretheysubjectiveorstrictly"within"humanbeings?Oraretheyacombinationofthetwo?Letusconsiderthepossibilities.關(guān)于道德起源的問(wèn)題，歷來(lái)有大量的的探索。道德始終是世界的一部分，起源于某種超自然的存在物或嵌入自然本身？還是純粹屬于人們大腦產(chǎn)物？或者是其中兩者或所有三者的某種混合物？由于道德和倫理學(xué)研究有關(guān)善,惡，正當(dāng)，不正當(dāng)?shù)膬r(jià)值，那么，這些價(jià)值是完全客觀的，即“外在”于人的呢？還是合主觀的，即嚴(yán)格地“內(nèi)在”于人的？抑或是這兩者的混合物？讓我們來(lái)探討這些可能性。ValueasTotallyObjectiveTherearethreewaysoflookingatvalueswhentheyaretakenasbeingtotallyobjective;

若價(jià)值被當(dāng)做完全客觀的東西，那么，考察價(jià)值的路徑有三：1.Theycomefromsomesupernaturalbeingorbeings.

價(jià)值來(lái)源于某個(gè)或某些超自然存在物。2.Therearemorallawssomehowembeddedwithinnatureitself.有以某種方式嵌入自然界本身的道德法則。3.Theworldandobjectinithavevaluewithorwithoutthepresenceofvaluinghumanbeings.世界和世間萬(wàn)物都有價(jià)值，無(wú)論評(píng)價(jià)的人存在與否。TheSupernaturalTheory.Somepeoplebelievethatvaluescomefromsomehigherorsupernaturalbeing,beings,orprinciple—theGod(Plato);thegods(theGreeksandRomans);YahwehorGod(theJews);Godandhisson,Jesus(theChristians);Allah(theMuslims);andBrahma(theHindus);tonameafew.iftheybelieveinaprincipleratherthanasupernaturalbeingorbeings,thentheywillbeuntruetohighestmoralprinciple.有些人認(rèn)為，價(jià)值來(lái)源于某個(gè)或某些更高級(jí)的即超自然的存在物或原則-----善(柏拉圖），神（古希臘人和羅馬人），耶和華或上帝（猶太教），上帝和圣子耶穌（基督教徒），阿拉（伊斯蘭教徒）以及婆羅門（印度教徒），----這里僅列舉少數(shù)例子而已。ThenaturalLawtheory.Othersbelievethatmoralitysomehowisembodiedinnature,andthatthereare“naturallaws”thathumanbeingsmustadheretoiftheyaretobemoral.另外一些人認(rèn)為，道德總是以某種形式蘊(yùn)含于自然界的，并且存在著“自然法則”；如果人們要有道德，就必須堅(jiān)守這些法則。ValueasTotallySubjectiveInoppositiontothesearguments,therearethosewhowouldarguethatmoralitystemsstrictlyfromwithinhumanbeings,Thatis,theybelievethatthingscanhavevaluesandbeclassedasgood,bad,right,orwrongifthereissomeconsciousbeingwhocanputvalueonthesethings.Inotherwords,iftherearenohumanbeings,thentherecanbenovalues.同上述理論相反，還有人要證明道德完全起源于人類自身。這就是說(shuō)，他們認(rèn)為，當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)有了能夠評(píng)價(jià)事物的意識(shí)的人時(shí)，事物才會(huì)具有價(jià)值，才能被分為善，惡，正當(dāng)或者不正當(dāng)。換句話說(shuō)，若沒(méi)有人，就不會(huì)有任何價(jià)值。EvaluationofObjectiveandSubjectivePositionsCriticismsofthesupernaturalTheory.ItisofcoursepossiblethatthesupernaturalexistsThis,however,isonlyabelief,basedonfaith,andthereisnoconclusiveproofoftheexistenceofasupernaturalbeing,beings,orprinciples.當(dāng)然超自然物是可能存在的，然而，這僅僅是一種信念，基于信仰的信念，沒(méi)有任何確定性證據(jù)表明超自然存在物或原則的存在。CriticismsofthesupernaturalTheory.wecertainlytalkabout"lawsofnature,"suchasthelawofgravity,allmaterialobjectsaredraawntowardthecenteroftheearth.naturelawsaredescriptive,whereasmoralandsocietallawsareprescriptive.Rather,thelawofgravitysaysthattheballdoesorwillfallwhenthrown,describingratherthanprescribingitsbehavor.我們肯定會(huì)談到自然法則，比如萬(wàn)有引力定律。所有物質(zhì)的東西都引向地心。所謂自然法則是描述性的，而道德和社會(huì)法則是規(guī)定性的。萬(wàn)有引力定律說(shuō)的是拋出的球?qū)⒁侣洌瑥亩枋隽硕皇且?guī)定了動(dòng)作。Criticismofvaluesexistingintheworldanditsobjects對(duì)價(jià)值存在于世界及其萬(wàn)物觀點(diǎn)的批評(píng)。Noevaluationofthings,isreallylikelytoconsiderthevalueofthings.沒(méi)有評(píng)價(jià)事物的人，真有可能考慮事物的價(jià)值嗎？Criticismofthesubjectiveposition.對(duì)主觀論的批評(píng)Becausewhetherhumanexistornot,theworldandnaturecanbeevaluated,thusvalueseemstobenotentirelysubjective.由于無(wú)論有人存在與否，世界和自然方面都可以被評(píng)價(jià)，因而價(jià)值似乎不是完全主觀的Valuesasbothsubjectiveandobjective---asynthesis.既主觀又客觀得價(jià)值---綜合性觀點(diǎn)。Athirdvariableshouldbeaddedsothatthereisaninteractionofthreevariablesasfollows:在主觀，客觀兩個(gè)變量中應(yīng)該加上三個(gè)變量，從而下述三個(gè)變量的交互作用：1,Thethingofvalue,orthethingvalued.

有價(jià)值的或被評(píng)價(jià)的事物；2.Aconsciousbeingwhovalues,orthevaluer.有意識(shí)的進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)的人，即評(píng)價(jià)者；3.Thecontextorsituationinwhichthevaluingtakesplace.展開(kāi)評(píng)價(jià)時(shí)的背景或境遇。Valueisbothsubjectiveandobjective.Valuedependsonthreevariables.價(jià)值既是主觀又是客觀的。價(jià)值取決于三個(gè)變量。WhereDoesMoralityComeFrom？Atheory.Accordingtothevalueofbothsubjectiveandobjectiveofthisbelief,itispossibletoestablishtheoriginofthetheoryhavepipeline.根據(jù)價(jià)值既是主觀的又是客觀的這一信念，有可能確立有關(guān)道德的理論（1）Values，then，wouldseemtocomemostoftenfromacomplexinteractionbetweenconscioushumanbeingsand“things”(material,mental,oremotional)inspecificcontexts.道德源自有特定背景下