WhereDoesMoralityComeFromTherealwayshasbeenagreatdealofspeculationaboutwheremoralityorethicscomesfrom.Hasitalwaysbeenapartoftheworld,originatingfromsomesupernaturalbeingorembeddedwithinnatureitself,orisitstrictlyaproductofthemindsofhumanbeings?Orisitsomecombinationoftwoorallthreeofthese?Becausemoralityandethicsdealwithvalueshavingtodowithgood,bad,right,andwrong,arethesevaluestotallyobjectivethatis,"outsideof"humanbeings?Aretheysubjectiveorstrictly"within"humanbeings?Oraretheyacombinationofthetwo?Letusconsiderthepossibilities.關(guān)于道德起源的問題，歷來有大量的的探索。道德始終是世界的一部分，起源于某種超自然的存在物或嵌入自然本身？還是純粹屬于人們大腦產(chǎn)物？或者是其中兩者或所有三者的某種混合物？由于道德和倫理學(xué)研究有關(guān)善,惡，正當(dāng)，不正當(dāng)?shù)膬r值，那么，這些價值是完全客觀的，即“外在”于人的呢？還是合主觀的，即嚴(yán)格地“內(nèi)在”于人的？抑或是這兩者的混合物？讓我們來探討這些可能性。ValueasTotallyObjectiveTherearethreewaysoflookingatvalueswhentheyaretakenasbeingtotallyobjective;

若價值被當(dāng)做完全客觀的東西，那么，考察價值的路徑有三：1.Theycomefromsomesupernaturalbeingorbeings.

價值來源于某個或某些超自然存在物。2.Therearemorallawssomehowembeddedwithinnatureitself.有以某種方式嵌入自然界本身的道德法則。3.Theworldandobjectinithavevaluewithorwithoutthepresenceofvaluinghumanbeings.世界和世間萬物都有價值，無論評價的人存在與否。TheSupernaturalTheory.Somepeoplebelievethatvaluescomefromsomehigherorsupernaturalbeing,beings,orprinciple—theGod(Plato);thegods(theGreeksandRomans);YahwehorGod(theJews);Godandhisson,Jesus(theChristians);Allah(theMuslims);andBrahma(theHindus);tonameafew.iftheybelieveinaprincipleratherthanasupernaturalbeingorbeings,thentheywillbeuntruetohighestmoralprinciple.有些人認(rèn)為，價值來源于某個或某些更高級的即超自然的存在物或原則-----善(柏拉圖），神（古希臘人和羅馬人），耶和華或上帝（猶太教），上帝和圣子耶穌（基督教徒），阿拉（伊斯蘭教徒）以及婆羅門（印度教徒），----這里僅列舉少數(shù)例子而已。ThenaturalLawtheory.Othersbelievethatmoralitysomehowisembodiedinnature,andthatthereare“naturallaws”thathumanbeingsmustadheretoiftheyaretobemoral.另外一些人認(rèn)為，道德總是以某種形式蘊含于自然界的，并且存在著“自然法則”；如果人們要有道德，就必須堅守這些法則。ValueasTotallySubjectiveInoppositiontothesearguments,therearethosewhowouldarguethatmoralitystemsstrictlyfromwithinhumanbeings,Thatis,theybelievethatthingscanhavevaluesandbeclassedasgood,bad,right,orwrongifthereissomeconsciousbeingwhocanputvalueonthesethings.Inotherwords,iftherearenohumanbeings,thentherecanbenovalues.同上述理論相反，還有人要證明道德完全起源于人類自身。這就是說，他們認(rèn)為，當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)有了能夠評價事物的意識的人時，事物才會具有價值，才能被分為善，惡，正當(dāng)或者不正當(dāng)。換句話說，若沒有人，就不會有任何價值。EvaluationofObjectiveandSubjectivePositionsCriticismsofthesupernaturalTheory.ItisofcoursepossiblethatthesupernaturalexistsThis,however,isonlyabelief,basedonfaith,andthereisnoconclusiveproofoftheexistenceofasupernaturalbeing,beings,orprinciples.當(dāng)然超自然物是可能存在的，然而，這僅僅是一種信念，基于信仰的信念，沒有任何確定性證據(jù)表明超自然存在物或原則的存在。CriticismsofthesupernaturalTheory.wecertainlytalkabout"lawsofnature,"suchasthelawofgravity,allmaterialobjectsaredraawntowardthecenteroftheearth.naturelawsaredescriptive,whereasmoralandsocietallawsareprescriptive.Rather,thelawofgravitysaysthattheballdoesorwillfallwhenthrown,describingratherthanprescribingitsbehavor.我們肯定會談到自然法則，比如萬有引力定律。所有物質(zhì)的東西都引向地心。所謂自然法則是描述性的，而道德和社會法則是規(guī)定性的。萬有引力定律說的是拋出的球?qū)⒁侣?，從而描述了而不是?guī)定了動作。Criticismofvaluesexistingintheworldanditsobjects對價值存在于世界及其萬物觀點的批評。Noevaluationofthings,isreallylikelytoconsiderthevalueofthings.沒有評價事物的人，真有可能考慮事物的價值嗎？Criticismofthesubjectiveposition.對主觀論的批評Becausewhetherhumanexistornot,theworldandnaturecanbeevaluated,thusvalueseemstobenotentirelysubjective.由于無論有人存在與否，世界和自然方面都可以被評價，因而價值似乎不是完全主觀的Valuesasbothsubjectiveandobjective---asynthesis.既主觀又客觀得價值---綜合性觀點。Athirdvariableshouldbeaddedsothatthereisaninteractionofthreevariablesasfollows:在主觀，客觀兩個變量中應(yīng)該加上三個變量，從而下述三個變量的交互作用：1,Thethingofvalue,orthethingvalued.

有價值的或被評價的事物；2.Aconsciousbeingwhovalues,orthevaluer.有意識的進行評價的人，即評價者；3.Thecontextorsituationinwhichthevaluingtakesplace.展開評價時的背景或境遇。Valueisbothsubjectiveandobjective.Valuedependsonthreevariables.價值既是主觀又是客觀的。價值取決于三個變量。WhereDoesMoralityComeFrom？Atheory.Accordingtothevalueofbothsubjectiveandobjectiveofthisbelief,itispossibletoestablishtheoriginofthetheoryhavepipeline.根據(jù)價值既是主觀的又是客觀的這一信念，有可能確立有關(guān)道德的理論（1）Values，then，wouldseemtocomemostoftenfromacomplexinteractionbetweenconscioushumanbeingsand“things”(material,mental,oremotional)inspecificcontexts.道德源自有特定背景下