北京天安門英文導(dǎo)游詞27300字Tian’anmenRostrum

Tian’anmen(theGateofHeavenlyPeace),islocatedinthecenterofBeijing.Itwasfirstbuiltin1417andnamedChengtianmen(theGateofHeavenlySuccession).AttheendoftheMingDynasty,itwasseriouslydamagedbywar.WhenitwasrebuiltundertheQingin1651,itwasrenamedTian’anmen,andservedasthemainentrancetotheImperialCity,theadministrativeandresidentialquartersforcourtofficialsandretainers.ThesouthernsectionsoftheImperialCitywallstillstandonbothsidesoftheGate.Thetoweratthetopofthegateisnine-roomwideandfive–roomdeep.AccordingtotheBookofChanges,thetwonumbersnineandfive,whencombined,symbolizethesupremestatusofasovereign.DuringtheMingandQingdynasties,Tian’anmenwastheplacewherestateceremoniestookplace.Themostimportantoneofthemwastheissuingofimperialedicts,whichfollowedthesesteps:

1)TheMinisterofRiteswouldreceivetheedictinTaihedian(HallofSupremeHarmony),wheretheEmperorwasholdinghiscourt.Theministerwouldthencarrythedecreeonayunpan(trayofcloud),andwithdrawfromthehallviaTaihemen(GateofsupremeHarmony)

2)TheMinisterwouldputthetrayinaminiaturelongting(dragonpavilion).BeneathayellowumbrellaandcarryitviaWumen(MeridianGate),toTian’anmenGatetower.

3)Acourtierwouldbeinvestedtoproclaimtheedict.Thecivilandmilitaryofficialsliningbothsidesofthegatewaybeneaththetowerwouldprostratethemselvesinthedirectionoftheemperorinwaitingforthedecreetotheproclaimed.

4)Thecourtierwouldthenputtheedictinaphoenix-shapedwoodenboxandloweritfromthetowerbymeansofasilkcord.ThedocumentwouldfinallybecarriedinasimilartrayofcloudunderayellowumbrellatotheMinistryofRites.

5)Theedict,copiedonyellowpaper,wouldbemadeknowntothewholecountry.

Suchaprocesswashistoricallyrecordedas“ImperialEdictIssuedbyGoldenPhoenix〞.DuringtheMingandQingdynastiesTian’anmenwasthemostimportantpassage.ItwasthisgatethattheEmperorandhisretinuewouldgothroughontheirwaytothealtarsforritualandreligiousactivities.

OntheWestsideofTian’anmenstandsZhongshanPark(Dr.SunYat-sen’sPark),andontheeastside,theWorkingPeople’sCulturalPalave.TheParkwasformerlycalledShejitan(AltarofLandandGrain),builtin1420forofferingsacrificialitemstotheGodofLand.Itwasopenedtothepublicasaparkin1914anditsnamewaschangedin1928tothepresentoneinmemoryofthegreatpioneeroftheChineseDemocraticRevolution.TheWorkingPeople’sCulturalPalaceusedtobeTaimiao(theSupremeAncestralTemple),wheretabletsofthedeceaseddynasticrulerswerekept.

ThestreaminfrontofTian’anmeniscalledWaijinshuihe(OuterGoldenRiver),withsevenmarblebridgesspanningoverit.Ofthesesevenbridges,historicalrecordssaythemiddleonewasfortheexclusiveuseoftheemperorandwasaccordinglycalledYuluqiao(ImperialBridge).ThebridgesflankingitoneithersideweremeantforthemembersoftheroyalfamilyandwerethereforecalledWanggongqiao(Royal’sBridges).FartherawayoneachsideofthetwowerebridgesforofficialsrankingabovethethirdorderandwerenamedPinjiqiao(ministerialBridges).TheremainingtwobridgeswerefortheusebytheretinuebelowthethirdorderandwrecalledGongshengqiao(commonBridges).TheyanrtheoneinfrontoftheSupremeAncestralTempletotheeastandtheoneinfrontoftheAltaroflandandGraintothewest.

ThetwostonelionsbytheGateofTian’anmen,oneoneachsideweremeantassentries.Theygazetowardthemiddleaxis,guardingtheemperor’swalkway.InfrontofthegatestandsapairofmarblecolumnscalledHuabiao.Theyareelaboratelycutinbas-relieffollowingthepatternofalegendarydragon.Behindthegatestandsanotherpairofsimilarcolumns.ThestoryofHuabiaomaybetracedtoacoupleofsources.OneoftheversionsaccreditsitsinventiontooneoftheChinesesagekingsnamedYao,whowassaidtohavesetupawoodenpillarinordertoallowtheordinarypeopletoexposeevil-doers,henceitwasoriginallycalledaslanderpillar.Lateritwsreducedtoasignpost,andnowitservesasanornament.

TheGreatWall,likethePyramidsofEgypt,theTajMahal(1)inIndiaandtheHangingGardenofBabylon(2),isoneofthegreatwondersoftheworld.StartingoutintheeastonthebanksoftheYaluRiverinLiaoningProvince,theWallstretcheswestwardsfor12,700kilometerstoJiayuguanintheGobidesert,thusknownastheTenThousandLiWallinChina.TheWallclimbsupanddown,twistsandturnsalongtheridgesoftheYanshanandYinshanMountainChainsthroughfiveprovinces-Liaoning,Hebei,Shanxi,Shaanxi,andGansu--andtwoautonomousregions--NingxiaandInnerMongolia,bindingthenorthernChinatogether.

HistoricalrecordstracetheconstructionoftheoriginoftheWalltodefensivefortificationbacktotheyear656B.C.duringthereignofKingChengoftheStatesofChu.ItsconstructioncontinuedthroughouttheWarringStatesperiodinthefifthCenturyB.C.whenducalstatesYan,Zhao,Wei,andQinwerefrequentlyplunderedbythenomadicpeopleslivingnorthoftheYinshanandYanshanmountainranges.Walls,then,werebuiltseparatelybytheseducalstatestowardoffsuchharassments.Laterin221B.C.,whenQinconqueredtheotherstatesandunifiedChina,EmperorQinshihuangorderedtheconnectionoftheseindividualwallsandfurtherextensionstoformthebasisofthepresentgreatwall.Asamatteroffact,aseparateouterwallwasconstructednorthoftheYinshanrangeintheHanDynasty(206BC--1644BC.),whichwenttoruinthroughyearsofneglect.Inthemanyinterveningcenturies,succeedingdynastiesrebuiltpartsoftheWall.ThemostextensivereinforcementsandrenovationswerecarriedoutintheMingDynasty(1368--1644)whenaltogether18lengthystretcheswerereinforcedwithbricksandrocks.itismostlytheMingDynastyWallthatvisitorsseetoday.TheGreatWallisdividedintotwosections,theeastandwest,withShanxiProvinceasthedividingline.

Thewestpartisarammedearthconstruction,about5.3metershighonaverage.Intheeasternpart,thecoreoftheWallisrammedearthaswell,buttheoutershellisreinforcedwithbricksandrocks.ThemostimposingandbestpreservedsectionsoftheGreatWallareatBadalingandMutianyu,notfarfromBeijingandbothareopentovisitors.TheWallofthosesectionsis7.8metershighand6.5meterswideatitsbase,narrowingto5.8metersontheramparts,wideenoughforfivehorsestogallopabreast.Thereareramparts,embrasures,peep-holesandaperturesforarchersonthetop,besidesgutterswithgargoylestodrainrain-waterofftheparapetwalk.Two-storiedwatch-towersarebuiltatapproximately400-metersinternals.Thetopstoriesofthewatch-towerweredesignedforobservingenemymovements,whilethefirstwasusedforstoringgrain,fodder,militaryequipmentandgunpowderaswellasforquarteringgarrisonsoldiers.Thehighestwatch-toweratBadalingstandingonahill-top,isreachedonlyafterasteepclimb,like"climbingaladdertoheaven".Theviewfromthetopisrewarding,hoverer.TheWallfollowsthecontourofmountainsthatriseonebehindtheotheruntiltheyfinallyfadeandmergewithdistanthaze.Asignalsystemformerlyexistedthatservedtocommunicatemilitaryinformationtothedynasticcapital.ThisconsistedofbeacontowersontheWallitselfandonmountaintopswithinsightoftheWall.Attheapproachofenemytroops,smokesignalsgavethealarmfromthebeacontowersinthedaytimeandbonfiredidthisatnight.

Emergencysignalscouldberelayedtothecapitalfromdistantplaceswithinafewhourlongbeforetheinventionofanythinglikemoderncommunications.Therestand14majorpasses(Guan,inChinese)atplacesofstrategicimportancealongtheGreatWall,themostimportantbeingShanghaiguanandJiayuguan.YetthemostimpressiveoneisJuyongguan,about50kilometersnorthwestofBeijing.Knownas"TianXiaDiYIGuan"(TheFirstPassUnderHeaven),ShanghaiguanPassissituatedbetweentwosheercliffsforminganeckconnectingnorthChinawiththenortheast.Ithadbeen,therefore,akeyjunctioncontestedbyallstrategistsandmanyfamousbattleswerefoughthere.ItwasthegateofShanghaiguanthattheMinggeneralWuSanguiopenedtotheManchuarmytosuppressthepeasantrebellionledbyLiZichengandsosurrenderedthewholeMingempiretotheManchus,leadingtothefoundationoftheQingDynasty.(1644-1911)JiayuguanPasswasnotsomuchasthe"StrategicpassUndertheHeaven"asanimportantcommunicationcenterinChinesehistory.Cleftbetweenthesnow-cappedQilianMountainsandtherollingMazongMountains,itwasontheancientSilkRoad.ZhangQian,thefirstenvoyofEmperorWuDioftheWesternHandynasty(206B.C-24A.D),crosseditonhisjourneytothewesternregions.Later,silkflowedtothewestthroughthispasstoo.Thegate-towerofJiayuguanisanattractivebuildingofexcellentworkmanship.Ithasaninnercityandanoutercity,theformersquareinshapeandsurroundedbyawall11.7metershighand730metersincircumference.Ithastwogates,aneasternoneandawesternone.Oneachgatesitsatowerfacingeachother.thefourcornersofthewallareoccupiedbyfourwatchtowers,oneforeach.Juyongguan,agatewaytoancientBeijingfromInnerMongolia,wasbuiltina15-kilometerlongravineflankedbymountains.

ThecavalrymenofGenghisKhansweptthroughitinthe13thcentury.AtthecenterofthepassisawhitemarbleplatformnamedtheCloudterrace,whichwascalledtheCrossing-StreetDagoba,sinceitsnarrowarchspannedthemainstreetofthepassandonthetopoftheterracethereusedtobethreestonedagobas,builtintheYuanDaynasty(1206-1368).Atthebottomoftheterraceisahalf-octagonalarchgateway,interestingforitswealthofdetail:itisdecoratedwithsplendidimagesofBuddhaandfourcelestialguardianscarvedonthewalls.Thevividnessoftheirexpressionsismatchedbytheexquisiteworkmanship.suchgrandioserelicsworks,withseveralstonespiecedtogether,arerarelyseeninancientChinesecarving.Thegatejambsbearamulti-lingualBuddhistsutra,carvedsome600yearsagoinSanskrit(3),Tibetan,Mongolian,Uigur(4),HanChineseandthelanguageofWesternXia.Undoubtedly,theyarevaluabletothestudyofBuddhismandancientlanguages.Asaculturalheritage,theWallbelongsnotonlytoChinabuttotheworld.TheVenicechartersays:"Historicalandculturalarchitecturenotonlyincludestheindividualarchitecturalworks,butalsotheurbanorruralenvironmentthatwitnessedcertaincivilizations,significantsocialdevelopmentsorhistoricalevents."TheGreatWallisthelargestofsuchhistoricalandculturalarchitecture,andthatiswhyitcontinuestobesoattractivetopeopleallovertheworld.In1987,theWallwaslistedbyUNESCOasaworldculturalheritagesite.Goodmorning!Ladiesandgentlemen:

TodaywewillgoandvisittheYueyangTower,YueyangTowerliesinthewestofYueyangcity,nearbytheDongtingLake,itislistedasthreefamoustowersinthesouthofYangtzeRiver,togetherwithYellowCraneToweratWuhan,HubeiprovinceandTengwangToweratNanchang,Jiangxiprovince.

YueyangTowerwasoriginallybuiltforsoldierstorestonandwatchout.IntheThreekingdomsPeriod,Lusu,GeneralofWuState,trainedhissoldiershereandthenrebuiltitasatowertoreviewhistroops.

Intheforthyear(716A.C)ofKaiyuanofTangDynasty,GeneralZhangshuowasdispatchedtodefendatyuezhouandherebuiltitintoaTowernamedSouthTower,andthenYueyangTower.Intheforthyear(1044A.C)ofQingliofSongDynasty,TengZijingwasstationedatBalingJun,theancientnameofYueyangcity.Inthesecondyear,hehadtheYueyangTowerrepairedandhadpoemsbypreviouspoetsinscribedonthewallsoftheTower.FanZhongyan,agreatartistandpoet,wasinvitedtowritethewell-knownpoemaboutYueyangTower,inhisessaywhichentitled?APanegyricoftheYueyangTower》,thetwosentencesFanwrites:“Bethefirsttoworryaboutthetroublesacrosstheland,thelasttoenjoyuniversalhappiness〞haveforthousandsofyearsbeenawell-quoteddictumandmadethetowerevenbetterknownthenbefore.

ThearchitecturalstyleofYueyangTowerisquiteunique.Themaintoweris21.35metershighwith4columns,3stories,flyingeave,helmetroofandwoodconstruction,thehelmet-roofofsuchalargedimensionisararityamongtheancientarchitecturesinChina.

Enteringthetower,you"llpassthefamouscouplet:"Dongtingisthewateroftheworld,Yueyangisthetoweroftheworld."Movingon,thereisaplatform(Dianjiangtai)thatoncefunctionedasthetraininggroundforthenavyofThree-KingdomperiodgeneralLusu.ToitssouthistheHuaifuPavilioninmemoryofDufu(712-770AD),whowasthefamouspoetduringtheTangdynastyandwrotethefamouspoemandlaterdiedinthecity.SteppingoutoftheXiaoxiangDoor,theSaintPlumPavilion(Xianmeiting)andtheThreeDrunkardsPavilion(Sanzuiting)canbeseenstandingontwosides.InthegardentothenorthofthetoweristhetombofXiaoqiao,thewifeofZhouyu,anotherfamousThree-Kingdomgeneral.

EveningScenesofChongqing

TheRedStarPavilioninthePipashaPark,theKanshengPavilionintheElingPark,andaplacecalledYikeshuontheNanshanMountainarevintagepointsforobservingthenocturnalscenesofthemountaincityofChongqing.Atnighttheentirecityisinundatedinanoceanoflights,whichformacolorfulthree-dimensionalpainting,withwavesoftheYangtzeandJialingriversglisteningagainstthemoonlit,starspangledsky.

SitesoftheProvisionalCapital

ChongqingfiguredimportantlyinmodemChinesehistory.DuringtheWarofResistanceagainstJapan,itwasthe"provisionalcapital"ofChinaundertheKuomintangrulefromNovember1937toOctober1945.Vestigesofthatperiodarestillthereinandaroundthecity.TheseincludetheRedCragVillageand50Zengjiayan,aswellasChiangKai-shek'smansion,GuiyuanGarden,LinyuanGarden,andthemansionofC.C.Kong,theembassiesofvariouscountriestoChina,aswellasformerresidencesofimportantpoliticians,generalsandculturalfigures.

Martyrs'MausoleumatMountGele

Theformerheadquarters,radiostationandprisonoftheBureauofInvestigationandStatisticsoftheMilitaryCouncil(acolossalsecretserviceoftheKuomintang)atthefootoftheGeleMountaininShapingbaDistricthavebecomethemausoleumforthosewhodiedamartyr'sdeaththereinChina'sdarkdays.InthedyingyearsofWorldWar11,itwasthesiteofthe"Sino0USInstituteforCooperationinSpecialTechnology".

DazuGrottoes

TheDazuGrottoesinthecountyofthesamenameisbestknownforthestonecarvingsontheBaodingshanandBeishanmountains,whicharefineexampleofgrottosculptureinthelateyearsofChinesefeudalism.Thesculptures,doneinfastidiouschiselworkandgraciousimagery,aremarkedbyanewsculpturallanguagethateschewsreligioustaboosandespousestruelife.

YangtzeRiver'sThreeGorges

SailongdowntheYangtzefromChongqingtoYichangallowsvisitorstoseethespectacularsceneryoftheThreeGorgesalongwithitssplendidculturalheritageandfabledlocalfolklore.Thecruise,whichcombinessightseeingwithscientific,artisticandfolkloreexploration,isanational-calibertouristprogram.The193-km-longThreeGorges,consistingofthemajesticQutangxia,statuesqueWuxiaandferociousXilingxiagorges,isoneofandferociousXilongxiagorges,isoneoftheworld'smajorcanyons.AlongthewaytherearesuchscenicattractionsastheFengduMountain.Baidicity,Shibaovillage,ZhangFel'sTemple,QuYuan'sTemple,andtheThreeGorgesDam.

LesserThreeGorges

TheDaningRiveristhelargestYangtzetributary,whichrisesinthesouthernsideoftheDabaMountainandflowsfor250kmbeforeemptyingitselfintotheYangtzeatthewesternentrancetotheWuxiaGorge.TheLesserThreeGorgesontheDaningRiver,a50km-longaffaircoveringtheLongmenxia,BawuxiaandDicuixiagorgesinthelowerreachesoftheriver,isbilledasoneofChina's40bestscenicresortsthankstoitsgorgeousmountains,elegantpeaks,turbulentrapids,limpidwater,exoticrockimageryandserenescenery.

DiaoyuCity,Hechuan

Establishedin1242,orthe2ndyearoftheChunyoureignoftheSouthernSong,DiaoyuCitycovers2.5squarekmuptheDiaoyuMountainonthesouthernshoreoftheJialingRiverinHechuanCity'sHeyangTown.In1258,theMongolslaunchedathree-wayattackontheSong,andinFebruarythenextyearDiaoyuCityfounditselfbesieged.TheSongarmymountedavaliantcounterattackthatlast3edfor36years,andmadeworldwarhistorybyrebuffingastrongenemywithaweakforce.ThispromptedsomeEuropeanhistorianstolaudDiaoyuCityasthe"MeccaoftheEast"and"WhereGodbrokehiswhip".TheruinsoftheancientbattlefieldofDiaoyuCityarewellkeptthere.

JinyunMountain

Nicknamed"LessMountEmei",JinyunMountainisanationalscenicresort55kmfromdowntownChongqing.

FurongCave,Wulung

TheFurong(Hibiscus)CaveislocatedbytheFurongRiverinWulungCounty.Themainpartofthecaveis2,700metresinlengthand3.7squaremetresinarea.TheSplendidCaveisthemostimpressive.Housedinitarenearly30varietiesofstalactiteschiseledintoeverymannerofexoticimagerybythecunninglaborofnature.MajorattractionsareGoldThroneHall,LeifengPagodaandSky-reachingJadePillar.

TibetOverview

TibetliesontheQinghai-TibetPlateauofthesouthwestborderofChina.Theaverageheightofthewholeregionismorethan4,000metersabovesealevel,forwhichTibetisknownas"RoofoftheWorld".ThehighestpeakofTibet,alsothehighestinHimalayasandinthewholeworld,isEverestPeak,whichisashighas8,846.27metersabovesealevel.

AlthoughapartofChina,Tibethasauniquecultureofallthereown.ItismainlyinhabitedbyTibetans,aminoritynationalityofoldandmysteriouspeople.TouristattractionsincludethePotalaPalaceinLhasa,JokhangTemple,andanumberofBuddhistsacredplaces.

Tibet(XiZanginChinese)istothesouthofXinJiangUygurAutonomousRegionandQingHaiProvince,tothewestofSichuan,tothenorthwestofYunnanandtothenorthofIndiaandNepal.Itspopulationof2.3millionpeoplecomefromavarietyofethnicgroupsincludingTibetan,Han,MonbaandLhota.ItscapitalcityisLhasa.

NorthwestTibet,mainlyQingHaiplateau,ishometoavarietyofunusualanduniqueanimals.AcrossthenorthernexpanseofTibet,youcanseevastgrasslandswherehorses,yakandsheeproamfreely.Theworld’slowestvalley,theGrandYarlun-tzanpoRiverValleyliesineastTibet.

NearlyallTibetansfollowTibetanBuddhism,knownasLamaism,withtheexceptionofapproximately2,000followersofIslamand600ofCatholicism.TibetanBuddhismwasgreatlyinfluencedbyIndianBuddhisminitsearlytime,butafteryearsofevolution,TibetanBuddhismhasdevelopeditsowndistinctivequalitiesandpractices.Awell-knownexampleisthebeliefthatthereisaLivingBuddha,whoisthereincarnationofthefirst,abeliefalientoChineseBuddhism.

Itisfreezingcoldinmosttimeoftheyear.MosttouristscometovisitTibetonlyinthewarmestseasons,June,July,AugustandearlySeptember.

Thebeastsittingonthetopofthecolumniscalled〞hou〞,alegendaryanimal,whichissaidtohavebeenawatcherofanemperor’sbehaviour.Hewasdoingsuchdutiesaswarningtheemperoragainststayingtoolongoutsidethepalaceorindulginginpleasureandurginghimtogotothepeoplefortheircomplaintsorreturninduetime.Therefore,thetwopairsofbeastsweregiventhenames〞Wangjunhui〞(Expectingtheemperor’scomingback)and“wangjunchu〞(Expectingtheemperor’sgoingout)respectinvely.

Intheolddays,Tian’anmen,asapartoftheImperialCity,wasmeantforimportantoccasions.Thetworowsofchaofang(antechamber),onthesidesbehindthemaingate,wrereservedforcivilandmilitarymembersofthegovernmentwaitingforimperialaudienceandinfrontofthegate,wereofficesofimperialadministration.

OnOctober1,1949,chairmanMaoZedongproclaimedonTian’anmenRostrumthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.SincethenTian’anmenhasbeenthesymbolofNewChine\a.ChairmanMao’sportraitishungabovethecentralentrance,flankedbytwoslogans:〞LongLivetheGreatUnityofthePeoplesoftheWorld〞.Today,thesplendourofTian’anmenattractsmillionofvisitorsfromallovertheworld.TheRostrumonitstopwasopenedin1988tothepublicforthefirsttimeinitshistory.ItoffersapanoramicviewoftheSquareandthecityproper.

Tian’anmenSquare

SituatedduesouthofTian’anmen,theSquarehasanareaof44hectares(109acres)thatcanaccommodateasmanyasonemillionpeopleforpublicgatherings.IthaswitnessedmayhistoricaleventsinChina’smodernhistoryandisaplaceforcelebrationsonsuchfestivedaysasinternationalLabourDayonMay1standnationalDayonOctober1st.

AroundtheSquareareseveralfamousbuildings:

1TheGreatHallofthePeople

Thisisoneofthelargestcongressionalbuildingsintheworld.Builtin1959,thehallconsistsofthreeparts:a10,000-seatauditoriuminthecenter,abanquethallinthenorthwingfacingChang’anStreet,withaseatingcapacityof5,000,andofficesfortheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeoples’CongressofChinainthesouth.Inaddition,thirty-fourreceptionchambersarenamedaftervariousprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalitiesdirectlyundetheCentralGovernment,plusHongKongandMacao.Eachisdifferentfromtheotherindecorationandfurnishingstostresstheirlocalfeatures.

2TheMuseumofChineseHistoryandtheMuseumoftheChineseRevolution

Thesetwomuseumswerealsobuiltin1959.themuseumofChineseHistoryhousesapermanentexhibitioninfourparts,coveringtheentireprocessofChinesehistoryspanningfrom1.7millionyearsagoto1919:

1)ThePrimitiveSociety(1.7millionyearsagotothe21stcenturyBC);

2)TheSlaveSociety(21stcenturyBCto476BC.);

3)TheFeudalSociety(475BC.To1840AD.);

4)TheSemi-ColonialandSemi-FedualSociety(1840to1919.)

TheMuseumoftheChineseRevolutioncoverstheperiodfrom1919to1949.

3TheMonumenttothePeople’sHeroes

themonumentwasbuiltinmemoryofthousandsofmartyrswhodiedfortherevolutionarycauseoftheChinesepeople.ItsconstructionbeganonAugust1,1952heformofanobelisk,theMonumentasmadeofmorethan17,000piecesoftraniteandwhitemarble.ThepurplepieceinlaidinthefrontoftheMonumentwasbroughtfromQingdao,ShandongProvince.Itis38meters(124ft8in)high,theloftiestofitskindeverseeninthecountry.Notonlyisitanhistoricmemorialforimmortalheroes,