v.-ing形式動名詞：v.-ing形式作主語，賓語，表語1動名詞的形式、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和短語。2動名詞作主語。4動名詞作表語3動名詞作賓語。1)一般式主動（not）

writing2)一般式被動（not）beingwritten3)完成式主動（not

）havingwritten4)完成式被動（not）havingbeenwritten動名詞的形式:以write為例1)名詞所有格+動名詞：Tom’s

writing2)名詞普通格+動名詞：Tomwriting3)形容詞性代詞+動名詞：hiswriting4)人稱代詞賓格+動名詞：himwriting動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動名詞短語：動名詞和自己的賓語和狀語

speakingaloud

readingthetextaloud

goingtobedattenlastnight1）動名詞直接位于句首做主語2動名詞作主語三種情況2）it作形式主語，把動名詞真正主語放在句尾，但句子形式有限制，做表語的只能是一些形容詞或名詞，大多數(shù)構(gòu)成固定句式。3）Therebe+no+動名詞.1）Readingaloudisveryimportanttous1）動名詞作主語置于句首：2）Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearly

isconsideredtobeagoodhabit.

3）FightingbrokeoutbetweentheSouthandtheNorth.LearningEnglishisveryimportantforus.Talkingiseasierthandoing.Takingnaturalmaterialsoutoftherubbishandusingthemagainiscalledrecycling.Playingtricksonothersissomethingwethinkimpolite.

動名詞短語作主語常用it作形式主語，把動名詞短語放在句末。2）it作形式主語代替動名詞Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisconsideredtobeagoodhabit.It

isconsideredtobeagoodhabitgoingtobedearlyandgettingupearly

2.Takingnaturalmaterialsoutoftherubbishandusingthemagainiscalledrecycling.Itiscalledrecyclingtakingnaturalmaterialsoutoftherubbishandusingthemagain辨別主語（形式主語和真正主語)Itwasawasteoftimereadingthatbook.Itisdangerousstandinginthemiddleofthestreet.Isitworthwhilequarrellingwithher?It’snogoodwaitinghere.Let’sgohome.it作形式主語的幾個習(xí)慣句型：Itisnousedoing…Itisuselessdoing…Itisnogooddoing…Itisfundoing…Itisworthwhiledoing…Itisawasteoftimedoing…Itispleasantdoing…“Thereis+no”后可以用動詞-ing形式作主語，表示“沒法……”。 3）Therebe+no+動名詞.

Therewasnotellingwhenthismightappen

again.

沒法預(yù)料這樣的事什么時候會再發(fā)生。

Therewasnoknowingwhathecoulddo.

他能做什么很難說。1）及物動詞賓語3動名詞作賓語2）介詞賓語3）it作形式賓語，代替動名詞4）接doing的動詞5）接todo的動詞6）接doing又可接todo的動詞1）及物動詞賓語Edisonneverstoppedsearchingfornewandbetterwaystodothings.

Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?Hegaveupteachingonlytwoyearsago.2）介詞賓語Sincethen,hehasdevotedhislifetofindingwaystogrowmoreandmorerice.Hesearchedforawaytoincreasericeharvestswithoutexpandingtheareaoffields.形容詞busy,worth后接doingTheteachersaidEdisonwasn’tverybrightandthathewasn’tworthteaching.Theteachersarebusycorrectingthestudents’exampapers.如果作賓語的動名詞又有自己的補(bǔ)語，習(xí)慣上要將動名詞后置，而用先行詞it作它的形式賓語。

3）it作形式賓語，代替動名詞Ifounditpleasantwalkingalongtheriveraftersupper.Doyouconsideritnecessarytryingagain?mind,finish,admit,advise,consider,enjoy,keep,miss,suggest,can’thelp,giveup,want(需要；該），need(需要；該）4）接doing的動詞5）接todo的動詞want,wish,hope,ask,help,refuse,learn,demand,choose,,decideplan,manage,pretend,afford

◆意義基本一樣，如like,love,hate,begin,start,prefer,attempt6）接doing又可接todo的動詞

◆意義明顯不一樣，如remember,forget

regret,mean,stop,try,want,need

●Pleaseremembertoposttheletterforme.●Irememberpostingtheletter.◆意義明顯不一樣，如remember,forget,regret,mean,stop,try,want,need

●Heforgottowritetome.

●I’llneverforgetvisitingLondonforthefirsttime.

●IregrettosaythatIcannotgowithyou.

●Sheregrettedmissingthereport.◆意義明顯不一樣，如remember,forget,regret,mean,stop,try,want,need●Theystoppedtotalk.●Theystoppedtalking.●Youdon’tneedtoleavesoearly.●Hisclothesneededmendingandhisshoesneededrepairing.3.need,require,want作“需要”解時,后接動詞-ing形式作賓語,主動形式表示被動意義,相當(dāng)于tobedone。如：

Theradioneeds/requires/wantsrepairing/toberepaired.動詞-ing形式作賓語1.有些動詞如admit,avoid,consider,escape,deny,risk,suggest等后能接動詞-ing形式作賓語，而不能接動詞不定式。如：

We’reconsideringpayingavisittotheScienceMuseum.2.有些短語如：

can’thelp,beusedto,endup,feellike,leadto,bebusy,betiredof,befondof,beafraidof,beproudof,thinkof/about,putoff,keepon,insiston,begoodat,giveup

等.

常跟動詞ing作賓語的動詞歌訣:考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想，避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成停能賞，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡，不準(zhǔn)冒險憑想象。consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse,pardonadmit,delay/putoff,fancyavoid,miss,keep/keepon,practisedeny,finish,stop,enjoy/appreciatecan’thelp,mind,allow/permit,escape

forbid,risk,imagine[注意]動詞-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是指在動詞-ing形式前面加上邏輯主語來強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者，該邏輯主語常為形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格；當(dāng)邏輯主語不出現(xiàn)在句首時，可用人稱代詞的賓格代替形容詞性物主代詞或用名詞普通格代替名詞的所有格。如：1）I’mannoyedaboutJohn’s/Johnforgettingtopay.2）Ireallycan’tunderstandyou/yourtreatingherlikethat.2.動詞-ing形式的否定形式是在其前面加not，帶有邏輯主語時not應(yīng)在動詞-ing形式之前。如：

Notcleaningherteethmadehersmellbad. Yourschoolmate’snotcominghomeintimemadeherparentsworried.需要注意的問題：以下的動詞后面加動詞的不定式作賓語：decide,hope,expect,seem,agree,

afford,arrange,choose,offer,plan,promise,determine,demand,manage,fail,prepare,refuse,pretend,常跟不定式作賓語的動詞歌訣：三個希望兩答應(yīng)，兩個要求莫拒絕,設(shè)法學(xué)會做決定,不要假裝在選擇。hope;wish;want;agree;promisedemand;ask;refusemanage;learn;decidepretend;choose想要拒絕命令，需要努力學(xué)習(xí),期望同意幫助，希望決定開始。want;refuse;orderneed;try;learnexpect;agree;helphope;wish;decide;begin;start◆以下的動詞后面既可接動詞的不定式又可以接動詞的ing作賓語：hate,love,prefer,remember,forget,regret,like,try,stop,begin,start既跟動詞ing又接不定式作賓語的動詞歌訣:雙方一旦開始，不論喜歡與否，都得繼續(xù)下去。不管記住與否，努力打算停止，后悔三個需要。begin,start,like,prefer,hate,dislike,continue，remember,forget,try,mean,stop,reget,want,need,require

[即時練習(xí)]從A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳選項。

1.It’snecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview.____theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp. A.TohavehadB.Havinghad C.HaveD.HavingD2.Theparentssuggested____inthehotelroombuttheirkidswereanxioustocampoutduringthetrip. A.sleepB.tosleep C.sleepingD.havingsleptC3.HowIregret___somuchtimeinthenetbar!Ishouldhavestudiedharder. A.towasteB.wasting C.wastedD.beingwastedBII.根據(jù)括號內(nèi)的漢語提示,完成下列句子。1._____________(大聲朗讀)inthelibraryisabadhabit.2.It’snouse_____________(像這樣談話).3.Inmymind,____________________________(進(jìn)入那所著名的大學(xué))willbetheonlywaytobecomeaworld-classwriter.

attendingthefamousuniversityReadingaloudtalkinglikethis4.Marygotwell-preparedforthejobinterview,forshecouldn’trisk______________________(丟失這個好機(jī)會).5.Heremembered______________________________(沒有完成作業(yè)),sohegotupearlytodoitthenextmorning.

nothavingfinishedhishomeworklosingthegoodopportunityTheParticipleasAttributive分詞作定語thechangingworldthechangedworldboilingwaterboiledwateradevelopingcountryadevelopedcountrylostchild變化中的世界變了的世界正在沸騰的水開過的水發(fā)展中國家發(fā)達(dá)國家失蹤的孩子Wecanseetherisingsun.正在升起的太陽Lookatthesleeping

baby.Socute.Watchoutthatamovinglorry

移動的卡車Don’teattoomanylikefriedchickenlegsHeisaretired

worker.退休的工人分詞做前置定語定語從句與分詞短語的轉(zhuǎn)換Theconversionofattributiveclauseandparticiplephrase

Iknowamanworkinginthatfactory.

Iknowamanwhoworksinthatfactory.Iknowamanwhoisworkinginthatfactory.Iknowamanwhoworkedinthatfactory.

Thegirlsittingbesidemeis(was)mycousin.

Thegirlwhositsbesidemeismycousin.

Thegirlwhoissittingbesidemeismycousin.Thegirlwhosatbesidemewasmycousin.The

boys

whoareplayingtennisaremyfriends.The

boys

playingtennisaremyfriends.Iknowthe

boy

whoisrunninginthepark.Iknowthe

boy

runninginthepark.定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換成現(xiàn)在分詞短語做后置定語,有主動或進(jìn)行的意思。先行詞與現(xiàn)在分詞有主動關(guān)系Sheboughtacomputer

whichwasproducedinChina.Sheboughtacomputer

producedinChina.He

received

aletter

which

was

written

in

English.Hereceivedaletter

writteninEnglish.過去分詞作定語有被動或完成的意思用定語從句及分詞完成下列句子.Themanismybrother.Heisstandingunderthetree._____________________.2.Doyouknowthegirl?Sheistalkingwiththeteacher.Themanwhoisstandingunderthetreeismybrother.Doyouknowthegirlwhoistalkingwiththeteacher?ThemanstandingunderthetreeismybrotherDoyouknowthegirltalkingwiththeteacher?

v.–ing

asPredicative(表語)-ing

分詞（短語）作表語,起adj.作用，指主語的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、特征。Itsoundedsohorrifyingandexciting.(asanadj.)Thesituationisencouraging.(asanadj.)-ed分詞做表語也起adj.作用，往往表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。Hegotpromoted.Igrewtired.Heremainedunsatisfied.II:

The–ingParticipleasObjectComplement(賓語補(bǔ)足語)

1.在感覺/感官動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示賓語的行為正在進(jìn)行，呈主動關(guān)系。這類動詞有：feel,see,notice,watch,hear,smell,listento,lookat,findIfeltmyheartbeatingfaster.Shesmeltsomethingburning.Listentothebirdssingingoutside.-ed分詞同樣可以做賓補(bǔ)，與賓語呈被動關(guān)系。Heishappytoseehisbabytakencareof.Henoticedthethiefcaughtbythepolice.2.在表示“致使”意義的動詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語。這類動詞有:make(不跟-ing分詞作賓補(bǔ)),set,have,get,start,leave,keep,catchMyfatherhadmewritingthewholemorning.Hekeptmewaitingforalongtime.Icaughthimcheatingintheexam.Hewasleftstandingthewholemorning.-ed分詞同樣可以做“致使”動詞的賓補(bǔ)。CanImakemysel