第三部分醫(yī)學(xué)英語的寫作任務(wù)一標(biāo)題的寫作*）?標(biāo)題的結(jié)構(gòu).名詞+介詞Blindness（視覺缺失）afterTreatmentforMalignantHypertension.名詞+分詞UnilateralNeurogenicPruritusFollowingStroke中風(fēng)后單側(cè)神經(jīng)性瘙癢.名詞+不定式SuggestiontoAbolishIcterusIndexDetermination（黃疸指數(shù)測定）whereQuantitativeBilirubinAssay（膽紅素定量）isAvailable建議能做膽紅素定量的化驗(yàn)室不再做黃疸指數(shù)測定.名詞+同位語Gentamicine,aSelelctiveAgentfortheisolationofBetahemolyticStreptoccoci^-溶血性鏈球菌慶大霉素是分離B-溶血性鏈球菌的選擇性藥物.名詞+從句EvidencethattheV-sisGeneProductTransformsbyInteractionwiththeReceptorforPlatelet-derivedGrowthFactor血小板源性生長因子.V-sis基因產(chǎn)物由血小板生成因子受體相互作用而轉(zhuǎn)化的依據(jù).動(dòng)名詞短語PreventingStrokeinpatientswithAtrialFibrillation心房纖維性顫動(dòng)心旁纖顫患者中風(fēng)預(yù)防DetectingAcuteMyocardialInfarction（急性心肌梗死）byRadio-immunoassayforCreativeKinase（酐激酶）用放射免疫法測定酐激酶診斷急性心肌梗死.介詞短語OnControllingRectalCancer.陳述句DietaryCholesterolisCo-carcinogenic協(xié)同致癌因素forHumanColonCancer.疑問句HomeorHospitalBirthsIsTreatmentofBorderlineHypertensionGoodorBad?? 注意副標(biāo)題的作用.數(shù)目：EndoluminalStent-graft帶支架腔內(nèi)搭橋forAorticAneurysms動(dòng)脈瘤：Areportof6cases帶支架腔內(nèi)搭橋治療動(dòng)脈瘤的六例報(bào)告.重點(diǎn)：Aorto-arteritis大動(dòng)脈炎ChestX-rayAppearanceandItsClinicalSignificance大動(dòng)脈炎胸部X線表現(xiàn)及臨床意義.方法：GallstoneIleus（膽結(jié)石梗阻）：ARetrospectiveStudy.作用：CarcinoembryonicAntigeninBreast-cancerTissue:Ausefulprognosticindictor乳腺癌組織中癌胚抗原——一種有用的預(yù)后指示.疑問： Unresolved—Dodrinkershavelesscoronaryheartdisease?.連載順序：PhysicalandChemicalStudiesofHumanBloodSerum:II.AstudyofmiscellaneousDiseaseconditions人類血清的理論研究：II.多種病例的研究.時(shí)間：ACollaborative綜合StudyofBurnNursinginChina:1995-1999部分內(nèi)容來源于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系刪除!常見標(biāo)題句式舉例.討論型：Discussionof/on;Anapproachto;Aprobeinto;Investigationof;Evaluationof/on漢語中的“初步體會(huì)”、“試論”、“淺析”之類的謙辭可以不譯。直接表達(dá)本意。.觀察、報(bào)告、結(jié)果型： Anobservation/Observationsof/on/in.調(diào)查類：Surveyof/on.體會(huì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)類:Experiencein/with；Reflectionon.總結(jié)綜述：Summaryof/Experienceof;Reviewof.問題型：Problemof;SomeAspectson.探究：Studyof/on/in;Probeinto;Explorationof.報(bào)告：Reportof/on.藥物治療和非藥物治療：...intheTreatmentof…；Managementof…;Treatment...with..;Uhetreatmentof...Therapyof/for...by....診斷：...inthediagnosisof...;Detectionof...in...Diagnosisof...by/with...Detectionof...by...Applicationof...tothediagnosisof...練習(xí)判斷下列標(biāo)題的書寫格式是否正確TreatmentofPsoriasisbyhemodialysis（不對）AsthmainaVietnameserefugeepopulation（不對）ManagementofHypertensionindiabetes（不對）DoestheChronicFatigueSyndromeInvolvetheAutonomicNervoussystem?（不對）Treatmentofmacroprolactinomawithcabergoline:Astudyof85Patients（不對）ClinicalObservationon342CaseswithAllergicRhinitis鼻炎（對）在下列英文標(biāo)題中識別關(guān)鍵詞、分析結(jié)構(gòu)并翻譯。Suddencardiacdeath：Clinicpathologicinvestigationof51cases心臟性猝死51例臨床病理探討ParanthyroidectomyinChronicRenalFailure:Surveyof38Cases慢性腎功能衰竭的甲狀旁腺切除療法38例調(diào)查RecentExperiencewithBacillemia菌血癥duetoGram-negativeOrganisms.治療革蘭氏陰性桿菌血癥的新體會(huì)TreatmentforMalignantHypertension:AnExperienceof35Cases35例惡性高血壓治療總結(jié)CertainProblemsoftheSurgicalTreatmentofHyperparathyroidism.甲狀旁腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn)手術(shù)治療的幾個(gè)問題PlateletFunctionStudiesinHeartDisease心臟病患者血小板功能的研究AReportofRosai-Dorfman腮腺腫塊性病報(bào)告UseofSteroid（類固醇）intheTreatmentofClinicalSepticShock皮質(zhì)激素治療敗血癥休克TreatmentofPsoriasisbyHemodialysis血液透析治療牛皮癬UltrasonographyintheDiagnosisofGallstones.膽石癥超聲波診斷部分內(nèi)容來源于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系刪除!請把下列句子改寫成名詞性短語標(biāo)題（nounphrasetitles）Thyroidcancerisalateconsequenceofhead-neckirradiation改為：Thyroidcancerasalateconsequenceofhead-neckirradiationCoronaryheartdisease:Overweightandobesityareriskfactors改為：Coronaryheartdisease:OverweightandobesityasriskfactorsHighbloodpressureisasideeffectofdrugs,poisons,andfood改為：Highbloodpressure:Asideeffectofdrugs,poisons,andfoodHighuricacidservesasanindicatorofcardiovasculardisease改為：HighuricacidasanindicatorofcardiovasculardiseaseProstaglandinsserveasmediatorsofinflammation改為：Prostaglandinsasmediatorsofinflammation任務(wù)二引言的寫作如Erod〃c的篦）引言的構(gòu)成閱讀下列引言，分析其構(gòu)成部分并概括每一部分的大意。Helicobacterpylori（Hp幽門桿菌）isconsideredtobethemainaetiologicalagent發(fā)病原因ofthemostcommonformofchronicgastritis］胃炎intheadultpopulation—typeBgastritis.TypeBgastritisislocalizedintheantrum竇，腔，房andpylorus幽門，whereastypeAgastritis,theclassicautoimmunegastritis,mainlyoccursinthefundus底部.Hpyloripositivechronicgastritisoftheantrumhasbeenfoundtobecloselyrelatedtoduodenal十二指腸ulcerandcanleadtogastricatrophy萎縮,aprecursor前兆o(hù)fgastriccancer.（第一部分：課題的研究概況及背景介紹）Environmentalfactors,suchassocioeconomicandeducationalstate,seemtoaffecttheprevalenceofHpyloriinfection.InfectionisconsistentlyhigherinHispanicandblackpeoplethaninwhitepeopleandisinverselyrelatedtoeducationallevel.Theprevalence程度ofHpyloriinfectionishigherinclosecommunities密集人口andinmembersoffamilygroupsthaninthegeneralpopulation.Thismaybeduetoreplasesorreinfectionsbetweenmembersofthesamefamily.Furthermore,therouteoftransmissionofHpyloriremainsunknown,althoughmostoftheevidencesupportspersontopersontransmissionwithcolonizationoccurringprimarilyinchildhood.Undernaturalcircumstancestransmissioncouldbebytheoro-oralorfaecal-oral（糞-口）routes,butnostrongevidenceexiststosupporteitherrouteastheprimaryone,andbothmayberelevantdependingonotherfactors.（第二部分：內(nèi)容、目的和方法等）MoststudiesoftransmissionofHpyloriinfectionwithinfamilieshavebeenconductedonparentsandsiblingsofchildrenreferredfor針對...研究symptomsandnotonthegeneralpopulation.Toavoidthispotentialselectionbias偏差,westudiedpartofthepopulationoftheDionysoscohortstudy群組研究toassesswhetherchildrenofHpyloriinfectedparentshadhigherinfectionratethanthosefamilieswithuninfectedparents.（第三部分：理由和意義）引言各組成部分的常用時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)1.觀察下列有關(guān)“課題的研究概況及背景介紹”的表達(dá)中運(yùn)用了哪些時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。（常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或者是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，多用被動(dòng)語態(tài)）Sinceitsinitialdescription40yearsago,HCM（HypertrophicCardiomyopathy月肥厚型心肌病）hasbeenlargelyregardedtobeassociatedwithsubstantialdisabilityandprematuredeath,andannualmortalityratesashighas3%to6%hadbeenreported.自40年前首次報(bào)道以來，人們一直認(rèn)為HCM與嚴(yán)重活動(dòng)能力受限和過早死亡有關(guān)。據(jù)報(bào)道每年死亡。部分內(nèi)容來源于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系刪除!

Studieshaveshownthatpatientswithchronicrenalfailurehaveahighfrequencyofcardiovascularatheromatousdisease.Stethoscopediaphragmshavebeenshowntoharborpotentiallypathogenicbacteria.Itremainsunclearwhetherventriculartachyarrhythmiasareinfluencedbybeat-blockingagentsbluntthemorningpeakoflife-threateningventriculartachyarrhythmias.2.3.Theincidenceofcommonbileductcalculiinpatientsselectedforlaparoscopiccholecystectomyis4to6percent.Managementiscontroversial.2.3.請把下列有關(guān)“內(nèi)容、目的和方法等”的句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)劃出來。（描述過去的研究活動(dòng)可用過去時(shí)或者過去完成時(shí)）Ina22-year-oldmale,whohadbeenirradiated16yearspreviouslyforHodgkin,sdisease,aradiation-inducedthyroidcarcinomadeveloped.放療誘發(fā)的甲狀腺癌.16年前因患何杰金病接受放射治療的22歲男子患有放療誘發(fā)的甲狀腺癌。Atotalof120patientswithisolatedstenosisoftheproximalleftanteriordescendingcoronaryarterywererandomlyassignedtostentimplantation.Patientswithmyocardialinfarction,cardiomyopathy,andcongenitalheartdiseaseswereexcluded.Theanalysisshowedthatthisdiseasewasassociatedwithage,systolicbloodpressure,bodymassindex.第二部分的常用時(shí)態(tài)和句型（常用一般過去時(shí)）todo…Thepurpose/aim/objective/goal（ofthepresentstudy）is/wasto…Thepresentstudyis/wasdesigned/devised/intendedto…Thestudywasperformed/conducted/carriedout/undertakento…Weaimed/soughtto/attemptedto…Inanattempttoinvestigate/determine/clarify/assessinaneffortto…inorderto/inthisstudyAnattemptwasmadeto;Thispaperexamines/（isconcernedwith,dealswithwillpresentordescribe）;-Thisstudywillhavethreeobjectives:…練習(xí)：TranslatethefollowingsentencesofobjectiveintoEnglish1）目的：對臨終前改變護(hù)理而采取的臨床干預(yù)進(jìn)行回顧性研究。譯文：Objective:Toreviewclinicalinterventionsdesignedtochangecareattheendoflife.2）目的：研究CMV對一年死亡率的同位肝移植患者的作用。譯文：Objective:TostudytheeffectofCMVon1-yearmortalityratesinorthotropiclivertransplantrecipients.3）本文提出了一種確定HIV低流行人群中HIV危險(xiǎn)性（risk）的方法。譯文：ThisarticleproposesamethodforestimatingHIVriskinlow-HlV-prevalentpopulations.4）本研究的目的是確定由拆換導(dǎo)尿管而引起的菌血癥發(fā)病率和臨床處理。譯文：Thepurposeofourstudywastodeterminetheincidenceandclinicalrelevanceofbacteremiainducedbyurinarycatheterreplacements.5）本研究的目的是調(diào)查硝酸甘油劑量對心肌缺血性損害的影響。譯文：Thepurposeofthepresentstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectofthedoseofnitroglycerinonmyocardialischemicinjury.6）目的：確定輸注人體白蛋白能否改善病人的預(yù)后。譯文：Objective:Todeterminewhetherreplacementofhumanalbuminwillimproveapatient'sprognosis.部分內(nèi)容來源于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系刪除!.翻譯下列句子，注意句中劃線部分的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)。-Heartsfrommenwhodiedofsuddencoronarydeathwerestudiedinaprospectivefashion.Theseheartswereseeninconsultation（會(huì)診）withmedicalexaminerinthestateofMarylandbetweenJanuary1997.Coronaryarteryfixation,cardiacdissection,andtissuesamplingwereperformedaspreviouslydescribed.本項(xiàng)目對冠心病猝死的男性心臟進(jìn)行前瞻性研究。1994年1月至1997年5月馬里蘭州的醫(yī)學(xué)人員對這些心臟進(jìn)行過研究。冠狀動(dòng)脈固定術(shù)、心臟解剖以及組織標(biāo)本制作情況如前所述。B.P.（bloodpressure）wasmeasuredtwicebytrainedobserversusingastandardmercurysphygmomanometerafterthesubjecthadbeenseatedforatleast5minutes.受試者就座至少五分鐘后，由訓(xùn)練有素的觀察者用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)水銀血壓計(jì)測量兩次血壓。Sevenofthe12childrenwerelessthan6yearsofageatthetimeofcholecystectomy,andtheyoungestwasa9-month-oldboywhohadbeenreceivingtotalparenteralnutrition（TPN）（全胃腸夕卜營養(yǎng)）sinceshortlyafterbirthafterduodenaltrauma.12名患者中有7例在進(jìn)行膽囊切除時(shí)年齡不足6歲。最小的是九個(gè)月。他出生后不久便因十二指腸創(chuàng)傷一直接受全胃腸外管養(yǎng)。Allsampleshavebeenfrozenat-20℃untiltestedbyconventionalELISA（酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定法）.所有標(biāo)本在-20℃下冷凍，用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定法測定。.“第三部分理由和意義”的表達(dá)1）圖表的表述...isshowed/presentedinTable…;thefigureshows/indicates/demonstrate/illustratethat;wasstronglyassociatedwith…；wasinverselycorrelatedwith…wasindirectproportionto…；wasincreasedto/by;wasdecreasedto/reduced/dropped/lowered/declinedto;wasinverselyproportionalto;wascomparedwith;2）表達(dá)數(shù)值范圍或具有…….意義Rangefrom…to…；rangebetween.and…；varyfrom…to…varybetween.and…；witharangeof...to…；from…to…theratioof...；vs；therateof—；results（data）demonstrate/confirm/suggest/indicate/reveal/that…；theexperiments/results/findings/investigation/facts/supplyabasisfor..；theobservationresultsareconsistent/inaccord/withthetheory/idea/proposal/hypothesis/previousstudiesthat…；issimilartothatreported/described/documented（證明光丫…；resultsarecontrastedwith/differentfrom…；mayhavebeencausedby…mayleadto...resultin…accountfor..；isrelated/due/attributedto…Although/evenif；onedifferentinterpretationofthisdifferencebetween...and…is.；onthebasisof/basedonthesepremises.；wethinkbelieve/propose/hypothesize/recommendthat.；canspeculateon.；whether...remains/isyettobedetermined；furtheranalysisexperimentswillbenecessary/neededtoconfirm.；Weconcludethat.；Haveimplicationsto（對…有意義）；thereareseverallimitationsto.；Given.考慮到...；whentakingthispointintoconsideration.Amajorfindingofthisstudyisthat.3）概述本研究的內(nèi)容Amodelfor...wasdeveloped；providesadescriptionof.；wehaveprovidedanewapproachto.；wehavepresentedempirical實(shí)證studiesof...；wehaveexploredtherelationshipbetween.；theexperimentconfirmedthat.；Theresultsupportourclaimthat..證實(shí)我們的想法；theresultshowsreasonablygoodagreementwithother..Asignificantdifferencewasfound（observed）in…；4）理論價(jià)值Themaincontributionofthis...is;thiswillhavewiderapplicationtosuchareasof.；Twointerestingfutureresearchlinesareasfollows.；Itisbelievedthatfurtherresearchinto...willimprovetheperformanceof.Theresultsinthispaperwillgiveinsightto啟發(fā)；willhaveconsiderablepotentialfor.；Thereareseveralissuesdeservingfurtherstudy；Amongpossibletopicsforthefuture,wemention.6.致謝常用句型部分內(nèi)容來源于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有侵權(quán)請聯(lián)系刪除!Thisstudywassupportedby..;otherinvestigatorswhocontributedtothisstudywere…;TothanfOr….Tobethankfulto…for…/begratefulto...for/beindebted…for…toacknowledge…；toexpress…thanksto...for…toappreciate…toexpress…appreciationto…for…練習(xí)：翻譯句子，注意劃線部分的表達(dá)。Thepurposeofthisstudywastoexaminetheassociationbetweenacuteplaquerupture（急性斑塊破裂）andexertion-relatedsuddencoronarydeathinaseriesofcarefullystudiedautopsyhearts（通過詳細(xì)的心臟解剖檢查）.譯文：本研究的目的通過詳細(xì)的心臟解剖檢查，研究急性斑塊破裂與用力導(dǎo)致冠狀動(dòng)脈猝死間的聯(lián)系。Asgreaterclinicalcorrelationisobtained,theusefulnessofthyroglobulin（甲狀腺球蛋白）determinationwillincrease.譯文：隨著人們對甲狀腺球蛋白水平與臨床的相關(guān)認(rèn)識提高，測定甲狀腺球蛋白的必要性也在提高。任務(wù)三：摘要的寫作幺加加oc￡）了解4段式半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的構(gòu)成及常用時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài).找出以下摘要分別為哪些部分構(gòu)成并翻譯。（1）Objective：ToevaluatespiralCT（SCT）inthepreoperativestagingofcolorectalcarcinomas.（2）Methods：FiftyonepatientssuspiciousofhavingcolorectalcarcinomaunderwentspiralCTscansperformedfromthedome膈頂ofthediaphragmtosymphysispubica恥骨聯(lián)合aftercleansingenemaandrectalairinsufflation.41ofthe51patientswereprovedtohavecolorectalcarcinomabycolonoscopyand/orpathology.ThefindingsofSCTof31patientstreatedwithsurgerywerecomparedwiththesurgicalpathologicalexamination