英文試探題、習題部份參考答 M:s:300(1/2);300(-1/2)p:310(1/2);310(-1/2);31-1(1/2);31-1(-1/2);311(1/2);311(-d:320(1/2);320(-1/2);32-1(1/2);32-1(-1/2);321(1/2);321(-1/2);32-2(1/2);32-2(-1/2);322(1/2);322(-1/2)Fe2+ Fe3+: Cu+: Ba2+: Br-: S2- Ge Cl a=4R/（a）directiondirection[112 Plane (22 Direction [4Directionplane(322plane(322planeplane(32plane （b）plane（112 (100) (111)5.15.7 （a）空位（負離子空位每一個缺點需2CuO1- 八面體間 四面體間r=0.29M=2.59dx=0.001m=1T=(a)ε+η;Cε=87wt%Zn-13wt%Cβ=97.5wt%Sn-2.5wt%Liquid;CL=55wt%Ag-45wt% Cα=38wt%Pb-62wt%Cγ=57wt%Zn-43wt%L+Mg2Pb;CL=7wt%Mg-93wt%CMg2Pb=20wt%Mg-80wt% Cα=63.8wt%Ni-36.2wt%β+ Cβ=97wt%Sn-3wt%CL=75wt%Sn-25wt%僅有液相存在，WL=WL=0.38, 10.20（b）58wt%Ni-（d）79wt%Ni- 不可能10.30 7.75×106 ThestructuretypeofleadbelongstoThestructuretypeofchromiumbelongstoThestructuretypeofcopperbelongstoThestructuretypeofcobaltbelongsto(b)為BCCmetallic(c)3.25Twocharacteristicsofthecomponentionsincrystallineceramicmaterialsinfluencethecrystalstructure:themagnitudeoftheelectricalchargeoneachofthe3.29cesiumchlorideZinc 查 1,so,itisacesiumchloridecrystalstructure,foronlythisstructureincludesonlyoneformulaunitinperunit.8so,onthebasisofTab.3.14,alltheatomsinperunitcelltakeup3.46Therearethreeprimarypolymorphiccrystallineformsofsilica:quartz,cristobalite,andtridymite.Theirstructuresarerelativelycomplicated,andcomparativelyopen;thatis,theatomsarenotcloselypackedtogether.Asaconsequence,thesecrystallinesilicashaverelativelylowdensities.°isFCC,isFCC, (a)thestackingsequenceforthezinc thecentersofthirdplanearesituatedovertheCsitesofthefirstplane.Thisyieldsan(b)Tetrahedralpositions.(from(b) 4.25(a)Thecrystallinestatemayexistinpolymericmaterials.However,sinceitinvolvesmoleculesinsteadofjustatomsorions,aswithmetalsandceramics,theatomicarrangementswillbemorecomplexforpolymers.Wethinkofpolymercrystallinityasthepackingofmolecularchainssoastoproduceanorderedarray.Crystalstructuresmaybespecifiedintermsofunitcells,whichareoftenquiteThedegreeofcrystallinitymayrangefromcompletelyamorphoustoalmostentirelycrystalline;bywayofcontrast,metalspecimensarealmostalwaysentirelycrystalline.Semicrystallinepolymersare,inasense,analogoustotwo-phasemetal between0.022and0.76wt%C;Hypereutecoidalloy-thosecontainingbetween0.76and(b)Theferritethatispresentinthepearliteascalledeutectoidferrite,whereastheother,thatformedaboveTe,istermedproeutectoid(meaningpre-orbeforeeutectoid)ferrite,aslabeledinFig.10.31.10.56(a)Proeutectoidphasemeanspre-orbeforeeutectoid 0.8%Hypoeutectoid Stress:s Stress:E(a)Fmaxd0vs=3131MPa>380MPa因此不可能 （a）InTable7.1,themetalsofTungsten,steel,nickel,titaniumandcopperaresuitablecandidates.（b）InTable7.1,themetalsofTungsten,steelandnickelmaybe2 （或對應的材料等幾個方面論述。 從屈服強度來看，只有SteelalloyandBrassalloy才有可能。 E必需>大于133MPa,因此Steelalloy適合。ApproximatelyApproximately ,, )a()a(00 0.00400 Ur=1174007.35 UT=130.7186*1097.47（a）彈性變形應變數值大約：，(a)從計算而言，該樣品斷裂) ForForcastiron:Foredgedislocation:thedislocationlinesmovesinthedirectionoftheappliedshearstress.Forscrewdislocation:thedislocationlinemotionisperpendiculartothestressFormixeddislocation:thedirectionofmotionlineisneitherperpendicularnorparalleltotheappliedshearstress,butliessomewhereinbetween.(a)Dislocationsdonotmovewiththesamedegreeofeaseonallcrystallographicplanesofatomsandinallcrystallographicdirections.Ordinarilythereisapreferredplane,andinthatplanetherearespecificdirectionsalongwhichdislocationmotionoccurs.Thisplaneiscalledthepitfollowsthatthedirectionofmovementiscalledthe.Thiscombinationoftheslipplaneandtheslipdirectionistermedtheslipsystem.(b)Theslipsystemdependsonthecrystalstructureofthemetalandissuchthattheatomicdistortionthataccompaniesthemotionofadislocationisaminimum.(a)(b)00dd0d000(b)CircularHB,Brinellhardnessisaboutemfcnnepolymersinresponsetotensilestressesistheelongationofthechainmoleculesfromtheirstableconformations,inthedirectionoftheappliedstress,bythebendingandstretchingofthestrongchaincovalentbonds.Inaddition,theremaybesomeslighttft,whsdyywkyrnrs.,hsesedfheds,y,na,econsideredcompositematerials.Assuch,theelasticmodulusmaybetakenassomecombinationofthemoduliofcrystallineandamorphousphases.塑性形變主若是結晶區(qū)之間的無定形區(qū)域受外力作用轉變引發(fā)的:Themechanismofplasticdeformationisbestdescribedbytheinteractionsbetweenlamellarandinterveningamorphousregionsinresponsetoanappliedtensileload.thermodynamicparametercalledwhichisameasureofthedegreeofdisorderwithinasystem;entropyincreaseswithincreasingdisorder.8.42(a)Themagnitudeofthetensilemodulusdoesnotseemtobeinfluencedbymolecularweightalterations.模量與鍵長、鍵角有關Tensilemodulusincreased.Ithasbeenobservedthat,forsemicrystallinepolymers,tensilemodulusincreasessignificantlywithdegreeofcrystallinity。拉伸Duringdrawing,themolecularchainsslippastoneanotherandTensilemodulusTensilemodulus8.43(a)Ontheotherhand,formanypolymers,ithasbeenobservedthattensilestrengthincreaseswithincreasingmolecularweight.Foraspecificpolymer,theSinceitaffectstheextentofintermolecularsecondarybonding.Thestrengthisenhanced.Thestrengthisenhanced.Itshouldalsobenotedthatthemechanicalpropertiesofdrawnpolymersarenormallyanisotropic.Thestrengthis8.46*About (a)isotacticpolystyrene大，都可結晶而分子量大無法判定，一個分子量大，一個有結晶后者大，都無結晶和交聯(lián)，而分子量大(1)Itmustnoteasilycrystallize;elastomericmaterialsareamorphous,havingmolecularchainsthatarenaturallycoiledandkinkedintheunstressedstate.(2)Chainbondrotationsmustberelativelyfreeinorderforthecoiledchainstoreadilyrespondtoanappliedforce.(3)Forelastomerstoexperiencerelativelylargeelasticdeformations,theonsetofplasticdeformationmustbedelayed.Restrictingthemotionsofchainspastoneanotherbycrosslinkingaccomplishesthisobjective.Thecrosslinksactasanchorpointsbetweenthechainsandpreventchainslippagefromoccurring;theroleofcrosslinksinthedeformationprocessisillustratedinFigure8.29.Crosslinkinginmanyelastomersiscarriedoutinaprocesscalled(4)Finally,theelastomermustbeaboveitsglasstransitiontemperature(Section11.16).Thelowesttemperatureatwhichrubberlikebehaviorpersistsformanyofcommonelastomersisbetween°50and-90°C(-60and-130°F).Belowitsglasstransitiontemperature,anelastomerbecomesbrittlesuchthatitsstress–strainbehaviorresemblescurveAinFigure7.22.(a)彈交聯(lián)限制了分子鏈運動 由于常常存在小的微觀缺點或裂痕在缺點尖端的應力放大和應力集中減小,另外受力,另外受力Factorsthatfavorbrittlefractureareareductionintemperature,anincreaseinstrainrate,thepresenceofasharpnotch,increasedspecimenthickness,and,in

yn na a 0- - - - About–50°Cto-

0- - About–125°CtoAboutBCC:body-centeredcubiccrystalstructure.HCP:hexagonalclosed-packedcrystalstructure.FCC:face-centeredcubiccrystalstructure.BCC和HCP金屬的塑性、韌性差；BCC金屬的塑性、韌性好，一樣不顯現Fortheface-centeredcrystalstructure,thecentersofthethirdplanearesituatedovertheCsitesofthefirstplane(Figurea).ThisyieldsanABCABCABCb;theseplanesareofthe(111)type.ThesignificanceoftheseFCCandHCPclose-packedplaneswillbecomeapparentinChapter8.Consider,forexample,theFCCcrystalstructure,aunitcellofwhichisshowninFigureabdemonstratesthatagivenslipplanemaycontainmorethanasingleslipdirection.Thus,severalslipsystemsmayexistforaparticularcrystalstructure;therepresentsthediffer