TheTudorMonarchyandtheRenaissance(1485~1603)Chapter7History—V2Chapter7History—EnglandundertheTudorsTheEnglishRenaissance

TheTudorsreignedfrom1485until1603.ThefivesovereignsoftheTudordynastyareamongthemostwell-knownfiguresinRoyalhistory.OfWelshorigin,HenryVIIsucceededinendingtheWarsoftheRosesbetweenthehousesofLancasterandYorktofoundthehighlysuccessfulTudorhouse.HenryVII,hissonHenryVIIIandhisthreechildrenEdwardVI,MaryIandElizabethIruledfor118eventfulyears.EnglandundertheTudorsTheEnglishRenaissance

HenryVIIwasthefounderoftheTudordynasty,unifyingthewarringfactionsintheWarsoftheRoses.

HenryVII'sfirsttaskwastosecurehisposition.In1486hemarriedElizabethofYork,eldestdaughterofEdwardIV,thusunitingtheHousesofYorkandLancaster.HenryVII(1485~1509)1Onedaughter,Margaret,wasmarriedtoJamesIVofScotland(fromwhomMary,QueenofScotsandherson,JamesVIofScotlandandJamesIofEngland,weredescended);TheotherdaughtermarriedLouisXIIofFrance.Henryspentmoneyshrewdlyandleftafulltreasuryonhisdeathin1509.HenryuseddynasticroyalmarriagestoestablishhisdynastyinEnglandandhelpmaintainpeace.RoyalMarriagesHenryVIII,thebestknownoftheTudorMonarchs,wasthesecondsonofHenryVIIandbecameKingbecausehisbrother,Arthurhaddied.‘Fromhisfather,HenryVIIIinheritedastablerealmwiththemonarch'sfinancesinhealthysurplus-onhisaccession,Parliamenthadnotbeensummonedforsuppliesforfiveyears.‘Henry'svariedinterestsandlackofapplicationtogovernmentbusinessandadministrationincreasedtheinfluenceofThomasWolsey,anIpswichbutcher'sson,whobecameLordChancellorin1515.HenryVIII(1509~1547)andtheReformationFormationoftheChurchofEnglandThe1530'switnessedHenry'sgrowinginvolvementingovernment,andaseriesofeventswhichgreatlyalteredEngland,aswellasthewholeofWesternChristendom:theseparationoftheChurchofEnglandfromRomanCatholicism.Theseparationwasactuallyaby-productofHenry'sobsessionwithproducingamaleheir;CatherineofAragonfailedtoproduceamaleandtheneedtomaintaindynasticlegitimacyforcedHenrytoseekanannulmentfromthepopeinordertomarryAnneBoleyn.HenryVIII,firstheadofChurchofEnglandThebreakfromRomewasaccomplishedthroughlaw,notsocialoutcry；henry,asSupremeHeadoftheChurchofEngland,acknowledgedthisbyslightalterationsinworshipritualinsteadofawholesalereworkingofreligiousdogma.Englandmovedintoaneraof"conformityofmind"

withthenewroyalsupremacyby1536.Thekingmovedawayfromthemedievalideaofruleraschieflawmakerandoverseerofcivilbehavior,tothemodernideaofrulerastheideologicaliconofthestate.ChangedRoleRolethemedievalideaofruleraschieflawmakerandoverseerofcivilbehaviorthemodernideaofrulerastheideologicaliconofthestate.EdwardVIbecamekingattheageofnineuponthedeathofhisfather,HenryVIII,andaRegencywascreated.Althoughhewasintellectuallyprecocious(fluentinGreekandLatin,hekeptafulljournalofhisreign),hewasnot,however,

physicallyrobust.

HisshortreignwasdominatedbynoblesusingtheRegencytostrengthentheirownpositions.EdwardVI(1547~1553)MaryI(1553~1558)MaryIwasthefirstQueenRegnant(thatis,aqueenreigninginherownrightratherthanaqueenthroughmarriagetoaking).MaryrestoredpapalsupremacyinEngland,abandonedthetitleofSupremeHeadoftheChurch,reintroducedRomanCatholicbishopsandbegantheslowreintroductionofmonasticordersMaryleftthecrowntoherhalf-sisterElizabethuponherdeath.

ElizabethI(1558~1603)

ElizabethI-thelastTudormonarch–succeededtothethroneonherhalf-sister'sdeathinNovember1558.Shewasverywell-educated(fluentinsixlanguages),andhadinheritedintelligence,determinationandshrewdnessfrombothparents.

Her45-yearreignisgenerallyconsideredoneofthemostgloriousinEnglishhistory.DuringitasecureChurchofEnglandwasestablished.Itsdoctrineswerelaiddowninthe39Articlesof1563,acompromisebetweenRomanCatholicismandProtestantism.TheMostGloriousPeriodElizabethchosenevertomarry.The'VirginQueen'waspresentedasaselflesswomanwhosacrificedpersonalhappinessforthegoodofthenation,towhichshewas,inessence,'married'.

TheVirginQueenTheEnglishRenaissancewasaculturalandartisticmovementinEnglanddatingfromtheearly16thcenturytotheearly17thcentury.Itisassociatedwiththepan-EuropeanRenaissancethatmanyculturalhistoriansbelieveoriginatedinnorthernItalyinthefourteenthcentury.ThiserainEnglishculturalhistoryissometimesreferredtoas"theageofShakespeare"or"theElizabethanera,"takingthenameoftheEnglishRenaissance'smostfamousauthorandmostimportantmonarch,respectively.EnglandundertheTudorsTheEnglishRenaissance

Englishculturewasrevitalizednotsomuchdirectlybytheclassics；Englandasaninsularcountryfollowedacourseofsocialandpoliticalhistory；Thenativeliteraturewassufficientlyvigorous;EnglishRenaissanceliteratureisprimarilyartistic；theRenaissancecoi