Unit11SectionOneTacticsforlisteningPart1spotdictationGiveyourchildthehappinesstraitHappinessisbotha"state"anda"trait".Thestateofhappinessisa(1)moodthatcomesandgoes.Ican(2)induceitinmytwo-year-olddaughtersimplybymakinga(3)sillyface.Thetraitofhappinessismore(4)stable.Iseeitinmydaughterwhenshegetsoutofbedwithasmile,eagerto(5)takeontheday.Evenwhenlifeisn'tsopleasant,shecansustainher(6)optimismandhopefulness.Arecipeforahappydispositionthroughlifeisharderto(7)comeby,butresearchershaveidentifiedkey(8)ingredients.Byfocusingonthese,parentsaremorelikelytoraisechildrenwiththe(9)traitofhappinessbuiltintotheir(10)character.Giveyourchildchoices.Resisttheurgeto(11)spoil.Commonsensesuggeststhatpeoplewith(12)adequateincomesarehappierthanthose(13)without.Thekeywordis"adequate".Whatisimportantishavingenoughto(14)provideforbasicneedsandfeelingcontentwithwhatyouhave.(15)Encouragebroadinterests.Teachresilience*.Everyonehaswaysto(16)copewithbaddays.Achildshouldbetaughttofindsolaceinthingsthatwill(17)restorehissenseofwell-being.(18)Promoteahappyhome.Oneofthebestwaystohelpachildfind(19)enduringhappinessisfortheparentsto(20)lookforitintheirownlives.Part2ListeningforGistOldandyoung,singleandmarried,richandpoor-anyonecanbelonely,irrespectiveofthenumberoffriends,familyandsocialcontactstheyactuallyhave.Women,theelderly,theyoung,thesingleparent,thewidowedandtheunemployedaremostatrisk.Youngmothersathomewithchildrenunderfiveareparticularlyvulnerabletolonelinessanddepressionbecauseofthetransitionfromworkingwifetohouseboundmother.Elderlypeople,particularlythosewhomovetoanewareaonretirement,maybeisolatedfromtheirfamiliesandfriends.Illness,disabilityandfearofgoingoutalonealsocombinetoturnmanypensionersintoprisonersintheirownhomes.Teenagers'naturalshynessandself-consciousnessmaymakethemawkwardinthecompanyoftheirpeersandtheoppositesex.Singleparentsfeelcutofffromacouple-orientatedsociety.Divorcecanbeshatteringtotheself-esteem.Withsomanysocialcontactsbeingmadethroughwork,unemploymentcanalsoleadtoloneliness.Directions:Listentothepassageandwritedownthegistandthekeywordsthathelpyoudecide.Thispassageisaboutvariousreasonsforlonelinessanddepression.Thekeywordsareyoungmothers,transition,workingwife,houseboundmother:elderlypeople.isolated.illness.disability.fearofgoingoutalone:teenagers.naturalshyness.self-consciousness:singleparents.cutoff.acouple-orientatedsociety.divorce.self-esteem:socialcontacts.work.unemployment.SectionTwoListeningComprehensionPart1DialogueDeputyEditorRayJones:Youknow,alotofpeoplewhoreadnewspapershavenoideahowthey'reputtogether.I'moftenaskedtotalktogroupsofpeopleaboutmywork,andit'sincrediblehowmanyofthemthinkeitherthatreporterswritetheheadlinesandtaketheirownpicturesor,conversely,thattheEditorwritesandprintseverythinginthepaper.Theyfailtorealizethatproducinganewspaperisreallyverymuchateameffort.MaryKeen:Ray,you'reDeputyEditoroftheEveningPost.Whatexactlydoesthatentail?RayJones:Well,theworkofaDeputyEditorvariesfrompapertopaperdependingontheEditor.NotwoEditorsworkthesameway.Somedelegatealltheadministrationtoadeputy.Otherstakeonalltheadminthemselvesandconcentrateonthemanagementsideofrunningthenewspaperratherthanontheeditorialside.OurEditorhereisthesortwholikesgettinginvolvedintheeditorialsideofthepaper,sohe'lloftencome,sitdownwiththereportersandworkonastorywiththem.Butthenonceortwiceaweekhe'llleavethatandgetonwiththeadmin...MaryKeen:SowhatareyourresponsibilitiesasDeputy?RayJones:Isupervisethereporters,sportswritersandsub-editorsandtrytoseethateveryoneknowswhateveryoneelseisdoingsothatitallrunssmoothly.And,ofcourse,Ialsostandin*fortheEditorwhenhe'satmeetings,conferences,orwhatever.MaryKeen:AndwhatisRayJones'typicalworkingday?RayJones:Well,itstartsatabout7:15,andthefirstthingIhavetodoistofindoutwhat'sgoingoninthenewsroom,whatarethebeststoriesoftheday,who'sgoingtocoverthem,andsoon.Quiteoftenit'snotimmediatelyobviouswhat'sgoingtobethefrontpagelead*,andthat'samajorheadacheatthestartoftheday.Oncethat'sbeensortedoutandI'vecheckedthatthere'snothingdistastefulorunethicalgoingintothepaper,thenIcomebacktomyofficetogetonwithmyDeputyEditortasks.MaryKeen:Whichare?RayJones:Takingcareofreaders'letters,forinstance,andeditingourMailbagcolumn.Thatcanbegreatfun-wehaveasplendidlyeccentricbunchofregularreaders,and,giventherightsubject,theyoftenproduceanextremelyentertainingandwell-writtensetofletters.Ofcourse,dealingwiththecorrespondencehasitstedioussideaswell-Ihavetoreadeveryletterweget,andsomeofthem,asyoucanimagine,areabitofapain.MaryKeen:Whatelsedoyouhavetodo?RayJones:IalsowritetheLeadercolumneachday.ThatmeansIhavetocompose300wordsonsomematterofpublicconcernexpressingthenewspaper'sopinion.Andsometimesthis,too,canbearealproblem.MorethanonceI'vefoundmyselfhalfanhourbeforethedeadlinewithnoideawhatmyopinionwasgoingtobeonwhatsubject.MaryKeen:Howdidyougetintojournalism,Ray?RayJones:Asanerrandboy,actually,attheageof15.IleftschoolwithnoqualificationsandwasluckyenoughtogetajobwiththeLiverpoolEcho,makingtea,polishingfloorsandsoon.AfterayearIbecameajuniorreporter.Ididtheusualsortoftrainingbyattendingday-releaseclasses,gainedsomemoreexperienceasareporterandthenwentfromtheEchototheBirminghamMailwhereIbecameasub-editor,andthenachiefreporter.I'vebeenonacoupleofotherpaperssincethemail-IwasNewsEditoronmylastpaper-andImovedtotheEveningPostthreeyearsago.Directions:Listentothedialogueandcompletethefollowinggrids.A.RayJones'JobDescriptionHisresponsibilitiesasaDeputyEditorSupervisesthereporters,sportswritersandsub-editors;StandsinfortheEditorsometimes.RayJones'typicalworkingdayStartsatabout7:15,andfindsoutwhat'sgoingoninthenewsroom,whatarethebeststoriesoftheday,andwhat'sgoingtobethefrontpagelead.GetsonwiththeDeputyEditortasks.MailbagcolumnTakescareofreaders'letters.Thatcanbegreatfun.Ofcourse,dealingwiththecorrespondencehasitstedioussideaswell.LeadercolumnEachdaytherewillbeanarticleabout300wordsonsomematterofpublicconcern,whichexpressesthenewspaper'sopinion.B.RayJones'CareerExperienceNewspaperTimeWorkLiverpoolEchoAttheageof15Workedasanerrandboy,makingtea,polishingfloorsandsoon.AfterayearBecameajuniorreporter;gainedsomemoreexperienceasareporterbyattendingday-releaseclasses.BirminghamMailBecameasub-editor,andthenachiefreporter.(Acoupleofotherpapers)BecameNewsEditoronthelastpaper.EveningPostDeputyEditorPart2passageBuildingfriendshipswithYourYoungChildrenSeveralyearsago,webeganconstructiononanewchurchbuilding.Inthebeginning,theworkmendugabigpitinthegroundandthentheybegantopourfootings.Footingsarecementpiersuponwhichtheentirebuildingrests.Theyarecrucialtothestrengthofthefinishedstructure.Afterthefoundationholeisdug,thefootingsmustbepouredquickly,beforethecompositionofthesoilischangedbythewind,air,orwater.Inasimilarwayinthesebriefearlyyears,parentsofyoungchildrenhavethechallengingjoboflayingthefoundationthatwillsupportfamilyfriendshipsinlateryears.Physicalaffectionandverbalaffirmationarenecessaryinlayingastrongfoundationforfriendship.Hug,hug,hug.Evenifyouwerenotraisedinahuggingfamily,hugyourkidsanyway.Theyneedthewarmthofphysicalcontactandsodoyou.Say"Iloveyou"andsayitoften.Whenwetalkwithourchildren,it'smeaningfulifwelookthemintheeyes.Sosquatdowntotheirlevelwhenyoutrulywanttocommunicatewiththem,andletthemknowthatwhatyouaresayingtooneanotherisimportant.Ayoungchildwilltrytomanipulateandbeincharge.Hewillattempttogethisownway.Whilethechildmaynotbeconsciouslytryingtocontrol,thisiswhatheisdoing.Awiseparentmustnotpermitthistohappen.Lettingachildmanipulateorcontrolputsanawful,unfairburdenonthechild.Firmdisciplinerelievesachildofthisburdenandbuildsrespectfortheparent.Whenachildrespectshisparents,hewillalsorespectothers.Traditionanddisciplinearerelated,fortraditionbeginswitharegularlyscheduledeventandtherepetition,timeaftertime,ofthatevent.Discipline,too,istherepetitionofmanysmallactsuntiltheybecomeingrainedaspartofthewayinwhichachildrelatestotheworld.Smallchildrenneedaschedule—aroutine.Schedulesbuildconfidenceinchildrenbecausetheyknowwhattoexpectandwhentoexpectit.Parentsofyoungchildrensometimesfeelmuchlikethoseworkers.Weworkandworkanddon'tseemuchprogress.Ormakeprogressinoneareaandthenhaveasetbackinanother.It'seasytoloseourperspectiveandbecomediscouraged.Wehavetorememberthatwearelayingthefoundationforachild'sfuturelifeandfriendships,anditcanbeatediousprocess.Ourchildrenaretendershootsfullofthepromiseofgreatthings.Aswegentlytrainandsteerthem,weneedalong-rangeperspective.Inaway,theseearlyyearsaresimilartotakingoutasavingsbond.Weputmuchintoourchildren'slives,butwedon'tseemuchreturnonourinitialinvestmentforseveralyears.Inthesamewayweexpectourmonetaryinvestmentstopayoffinthefuture,wehavetorememberwearebuildingforourchildren'sfutures.A:pre-listeningquestionTherearemanyeffectivewaystobuildfriendshipswithyoungchildren.Learningtogetherisoneofthem.Forexample,byplayingtogether,parentscanlearnmoreabouttheirchildrenwhiletheirchildrenwillalsolearnalotfromthem.Anothereffectivewayisthatonceparentsmakeapromisetotheirchildren,theyshouldkeepit,becausetheirchildrenaredyingforit.Thatparentsshouldbehonesttotheirchildrenwhentheyarenotpresentisalsoveryimportant.Inotherwords,whenparentstalkabouttheirchildren’sweaknesses,theydonotfeelashamediftheirchildrenoverhearit.B:SentenceDictationDirections:Listentosomesentencesandwritethemdown.Youwillheareachsentencethreetimes.1.Footingsarecementpiersuponwhichtheentirebuildingrests.Theyarecrucialtothestrengthofthefinishedstructure.2.Inasimilarwayinthesebriefearlyyears,parentsofyoungchildrenhavethechallengingjoboflayingthefoundationthatwillsupportfamilyfriendshipsinlateryears.3.Physicalaffectionandverbalaffirmationarenecessaryinlayingastrongfoundationforfriendship.Kidsneedthewarmthofphysicalcontactandsodoyou.4.Ayoungchildwilltrytomanipulateandbeincharge.Whilethechildmaynotbeconsciouslytryingtocontrol,thisiswhatheisdoing.5.Inaway,theseearlyyearsaresimilartotakingoutasavingsbond.Weputmuchintoourchildren'slives,butwedon'tseemuchreturnonourinitialinvestmentforseveralyears.C:DetailedListeningDirections:Listentothepassageandchoosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.1.B2.A3.D4.C5.B6.A7.A8.DD:After-listeningDiscussionDirections:Listentothepassageagainanddiscussthefollowingquestions.1.Itisametaphor.Layingasolidfoundationiscrucialtobuildingachurch.Theauthorcomparestheprocessofbuildingfriendshipswithchildrentothatofconstructinganewchurchbuilding.Ifthefoundationisstrongsinceinception,thenwhenstorms,hurricanesandearthquakeshit,itwillsurelyholdandthebuildingwillbesafeandsound.2.(Open)SectionThreeNewsNewsItem1Thedonors’conferenceonSomaliaisfraughtwithconcernsthatdonotdirectlydealwiththeproblemathand-bolsteringsecurityintheHornofAfricacountry.DonorsareworriedabouttherampantpiracyoffSomalia'sshores.Potentialdonorsarealsofinanciallystrappedfromfightingtheglobaleconomiccrisis.Still,theUnitedNations,whichisco-sponsoringtheconferencewiththeEuropeanUnion,hopestoraiseabout$166milliontobeefupSomaliansecurityandtohelpunderstaffedAfricanUnionpeacekeepersintheconflict-torncountry.TheUnitedNationsalsowantsrepresentativesfromsome30nationsexpectedattheconferencetocomeupwitha100-dayplantorebuildstabilityinSomalia.AmongthoseexpectedattheconferenceareSomaliPresidentSharifSheikhAhmed,alongwiththeheadsoftheAfricanCommissionandArabLeagueandrepresentativesofnearlythreedozensnations.A:Directions:Listentothenewsitemandcompletethesummary.Thisnewsitemisaboutthedonors’conferenceonSomalia.B:Directions:Listentothenewsagainandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.TheyareworriedabouttherampantpiracyoffSomalia’sshores.2.TheU.N.hopestoraiseabout$166milliontobeefupSomaliansecurity.3.Theyarefinanciallystrappedfromfightingtheglobaleconomiccrisis.4.TheU.N.expectsrepresentativesattheconferencetocomeupwitha100-dayplantorebuildstabilityinSomalia.5.TheyareSomaliPresidentSharifSheikhAhmed,alongwiththeheadsoftheAfricanCommissionandArabLeagueandrepresentativesofnearlythreedozensnations.NewsItem2SalesofexistinghomesrosesharplyinJuly,surpassingexpectationsandfuelingoptimismthattheU.S.economyisontherighttrack.Thehigherdemandisjustpartofthelargerpicture.Althoughtheincreasewasthelargestintenyears,averagehomeownershavelostabout15percentofthevalueoftheirhomes.Criticsofthegovernment'splan,aimedathelpingstrugglinghomeownersmodifyloanstomakethemmoreaffordable,sayfewerthantenpercentofeligibleloanshavebeenchanged.Thatmeansmanyhomeownerswillcontinuepayinghighinterestratesonloansworthmorethantheirhomes.Lastmonth,morethan360,000homeownerswereforeclosed,anincreaseofmorethan30percentsincelastyear.Partoftheproblemisthatbanksarestillreluctanttolend.Andwithunemploymentexpectedtopeaknextyear,theworryisthatforeclosureswillcontinuetorise,makingprospectsforaneconomicrecoverymoreelusive.A:Directions:Listentothenewsitemandcompletethesummary.ThisnewsitemisabouttheimprovementoftheU.S.housingmarket.B:Directions:Listentothenewsagainanddecidethefollowingsentencesaretrueorfalse.1.F2.F3.F4.T5.T6.FNewsItem3ImmigrantRemittancesTrinityUniversityeconomicsprofessorJorgeGonzalezsaystheseimmigrantremittances*exceedtheinternationaldevelopmentassistanceavailabletoLatinAmericancountries.Andironically,Mr.Gonzalezsays,insomeways,thishaphazardformoffinancialaidmaybeevenmoreeffectivethangovernment-to-governmentassistance.PennStateanthropologyprofessorJeffreyCohen,whoworkswithseveralruralcommunitiesinMexico,agreestheeffectsoftheimmigrantremittancesaregenerallybeneficial.However,hesays,theycanchangethenatureofalocaleconomy.Inpreviouslycashlesscommunities,whichhadonlytradedgoods,hesays,thesuddenarrivalofdollarscandisadvantageresidentswhodonothaverelativesworkingintheUnitedStates.Fortunately,hesays,manyLatinAmericanimmigrantworkersintheUnitedStatesarenotonlysendingmoneytotheirfamilies,butarealsounitingtofundcommunity-wideprojects.Infact,EconomistJorgeGonzalezsays,immigrantremittancestoLatinAmericaaregivinggovernmentsthereafreewelfaresystem.A:Directions:Listentothenewsitemandcompletethesummary.ThisnewsitemisabouttheeffectsofimmigrantremittancesinLatinAmericancountries.B:Directions:Listentothenewsagainandfillintheblanks.TheImmigrantRemittancesEffects:generallybeneficialInfluenceonlocaleconomy:changingthenatureofalocaleconomyMethods:notonlysendingmoneytotheirfamilies,butalsounitingtofundcommunity-wideprojectsAdditionalcontributions:givinggovernmentsthereafreewelfaresvstemSectionfourSupplementaryexercisesPart1FeatureReportStarbucksinMexicoThepopularUScoffeeshopchainStarbuckshasbegunanambitiouspushintotheLatinAmericanmarket,openingitsfirstshopintheregionthisweekinMexicoCity.Theyaresteamingupthemilkforthelattes*,cappuccinos*andotherspecialcoffeedrinksofferedatStarbucks.Judgingbythelonglines,theoperationisalreadyasuccess.MexicoCityStarbucksmanagerIvanAlvaradosayscustomersaretryingthefullrangeofStarbucksofferings.Hesaystheyaredrinkingcappuccinos,lattesandotherdrinksaswellassamplingsomeofthestore'spastries.HesaysthefeaturedcoffeeofthedayisMexicanShade-growncoffee,whichcomesfromthesouthernstateofChiapas.Togetofftoagoodstart,theMexicoStarbucksisofferingfreesamplesofmanyproductstoallcustomers.ForitsfirstcoffeeshopinMexicoandinallofLatinAmerica,Starbuckschoseanideallocation,rightacrossfromtheUSembassyinthegroundfloorofahotelfrequentedbybothbusinesspeopleandtourists.ThereweretouristsfromtheUnitedStates,EuropeandJapanonhandFriday,butthemajorityofpeopleintheshopwereMexicanswhowereeithercuriousandwantedtotrytheStarbucksproductsorwerefamiliarwiththemfromhavinggonetoaStarbucksintheUnitedStates.FranciscoQuirozusuallymeetswithhisfriendsatanearbyMexicanrestaurantcalledSanborn's,buttheydecidedtotrysomethingnew.HesayshetriedStarbucksinAtlantaandthatthecoffeebeingofferedhereinMexicoisofthesamequality.HesaysSanborn'salsohasgoodcoffee,butthatStarbucksisslightlybetter.AlthoughMexicoisthefifthlargestcoffee-producingnation,itisnotknownasabigcoffee-consumercountry.PercapitacoffeeconsumptioninMexicoisaroundhalfakilogramayear,whileintheUnitedStatesitismorethanfivekilogramsayear.ThehighcostofStarbuckscoffeecouldalsobeaprobleminanationwheretheannualaveragesalaryisaroundsixthousanddollars.AregularcoffeeatStarbuckscostsnearlythreedollars.ThepriceatmostMexicancoffeeshopsishalfthat,butthequalityoftheproductvaries.StarbucksexecutivessaytheyhopetofollowtheleadestablishedbyotherUSfranchisesthathavebeencomingtoMexicosinceitdroppedrestrictionsandstartedopeningitseconomynearlytwodecadesago.HamburgerrestaurantslikeMcDonaldsandBurgerKingarenowseenalloverMexicoandmanypeopleherehavedevelopedatasteforPizza,deliveredtotheirdoorstepbyDominos*,PapaJohns*andPizzaHut.A:Directions:Listentothenewsreportandcompletethesummary.ThisnewsreportisabouttheopeningofitsfirstshopinMexicoCitybyapopularUScoffeeshopchains-Starbucks.B:Directions:Listentothenewsagainandcompletethefollowingpassage.ThepopularUScoffeeshopchainStarbucksopeneditsfirstshopintheregionthisweekinMexicoCity.Judgingbythelonglines,theoperationisalreadyasuccess.Togetofftoagoodstart,theMexicoStarbucksisofferingfreesamplesofmanyproductstoallcustomers.ForitsfirstcoffeeshopinMexicoandinallofLatinAmerica,Starbuckschoseanideallocation,rightacrossfromtheUSembassyinthegroundfloorofahotelfrequentedbybothbusinesspeopleandtourists.ThereweretouristsfromtheUnitedStates,EuropeandJapanonhandFriday,butthemajorityofpeopleintheshopwereMexicanswhowereeithercuriousandwantedtotrytheStarbucksproductsorwerefamiliarwiththemfromhavinggonetoaStarbucksintheUnitedStates.AlthoughMexicoisthefifthlargestcoffee-producingnation,itisnotknownas"abigcoffee-consumercountry.PercapitacoffeeconsumptioninMexicoisaroundhalfakilogramayear,whileintheUnitedStatesitismorethanfivekilogramsayear.StarbucksexecutivessaytheyhopetofollowtheleadestablishedbyotherUSfranchisesthathavebeencomingtoMexico,likeMcDonaldsandBurgerKing.Part2passageEatingDisorder1.Asthenamesuggests,thosewithbinge-eatingdisorderswilleatlargequantitiesoffoodinashortperiodoftime.2.Thedevelopmentofaneatingdisorderappearstobeacomplexprocess.3.Invariousstudies,asignificantnumberofwomentalkofgettingmessagesaboutfoodfromtheirmothers,oracriticalhusbandorboyfriend.4.Wespentinexcessof$34billiononweightlossproductsandservicesin1999,andspendingondietpillsandmealreplacementshaveincreased160%since1996.5.Eatingdisordersarekillers.Anestimated50,000peoplecurrentlysufferingfromsuchdisorderswilldiefromthem.Therearethreemaintypesofeatingdisorders:anorexianervosa,bulimianervosaandbinge-eatingdisorders.Thosewithanorexianervosawillstarvetheirbodiesoffood.Thosewithbulimiawilleatalargequantityoffoodandthentakelaxativesorinducevomiting.Asthenamesuggests,thosewithbinge-eatingdisorderswilleatlargequantitiesoffoodinashortperiodoftime.AccordingtotheNationalInstituteofMentalHealth,0.5to3.7%ofwomenwilldevelopanorexiaintheirlifetime.Anestimated1.1to4.2%ofwomenwilldevelopbulimiaatsomepoint.Somewherebetween2to5%ofAmericanswillexperienceabinge-eatingdisorderina6-monthperiod.Howdoesonedevelopaneatingdisorder?Itappearstobeacomplexprocess.Invariousstudies,asignificantnumberofwomentalkofgettingmessagesaboutfoodfromtheirmothers.Somemothersmaybeopenlycriticaloftheirdaughter'sweight.Othermessagesinvolvefamilymeals.Nooneleavesthetableuntileveryone'splateiscleared.Nosnacks.Dessertwitheverydinner.Orworse,motherherselfisanorexicorbulimic,andthedaughterscontinuethecycle.Butitisn'tjustMom'sfault.Forsome,itisacriticalhusbandorboyfriend.Forothers,apsychologicalresponsetotheirchangingadolescentbody.Societyisafactoraswell.Tobethinistobeattractive.Wespentinex