文化比較的七大規(guī)律.介紹這篇文章的全稱是“東西方文化發(fā)展模式的七大規(guī)律”。這有力地證明了在文化對(duì)照領(lǐng)域一個(gè)受過教育的中國人的思維怎樣運(yùn)行的。這是轉(zhuǎn)載北京大學(xué)英語系教授辜正坤的許可。.為什么要有大規(guī)模的文化視野？從宏觀的角度看，人類文化是一元的；從微觀的角度看，然而，人類文化的多樣性指向多元化。如今，當(dāng)人類文化發(fā)展到一個(gè)很高的程度，過分強(qiáng)調(diào)一元化的元素將導(dǎo)致文化虛無主義以至于抑制人類文化多元發(fā)展的潛能。另一方面，過分強(qiáng)調(diào)文化的多元性，則會(huì)產(chǎn)生提升文化沙文主義的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這種文化觀大體上也適用于東西方文化之間的關(guān)系。簡(jiǎn)言之，我認(rèn)為有七大規(guī)律主導(dǎo)著東西方文化的格局。以下是對(duì)這七個(gè)定律的簡(jiǎn)要介紹。.七大規(guī)律文化共性規(guī)律文化在人類的思想中有一個(gè)共同的根源。事實(shí)上，所有的文化都是人類創(chuàng)造的，證明了地球上的文化必須是一個(gè)共同的性質(zhì)，即人類的本質(zhì)。所有的文化都是因?yàn)榭陀^世界和人類的三大欲望（對(duì)事物的欲望、對(duì)性以及權(quán)力的欲望）之間相互影響而形成的。此外，人類在地球上不得不以一種通過地球供給所形成的一種模式生存和發(fā)展。根（共同的性質(zhì)），然而，也可以被理解為一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的兩個(gè)根源：陰根（精神）源于三大欲望，陽根（實(shí)質(zhì)）來自客觀世界。文化就是開在這種嫁接之上的花朵。這就是為什么，在許多情況下，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，西方文化的根源是一種方式，對(duì)于東方文化反之亦然。在邏輯和自然上，你可以看到在一定的歷史階段，西方文化精神在某種程度上體現(xiàn)了某種形式的東方文化，反之亦然。文化內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律兩種文化就像兩個(gè)擁有不同生活方式和價(jià)值觀的人，一旦他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了他們的相反性，他們就會(huì)故意或不自覺地試圖去影響對(duì)方。每一方都試圖改革、塑造或規(guī)范對(duì)方。他們這樣做是因?yàn)樗麄兌紙?jiān)信自己在做正確的事情，因?yàn)樗麄冋嬲\地相信他們拯救了他們的對(duì)手。例如，西方的基督教和東方的佛教幾千年來一直真心誠意的做著這樣的事，正因?yàn)榕爸髁x”或“思想”的外衣。在過去的三百年中，東方文化和西方文化正是通過這種方式進(jìn)行融合。東西方文化發(fā)現(xiàn)自身的獨(dú)特性，價(jià)值以及潛力，還有測(cè)試-東方文化的大陰陽循環(huán)影響下自身的獨(dú)特定位和意義，這些都是文化內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)形成的過程。有一個(gè)至少對(duì)于中國的學(xué)者來說極其重要的問題，就是思考東西方文化之間內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)能夠健康發(fā)展的范圍是什么，畢竟這一過程有其自身的局限性。內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的形成過程通常停滯在某一點(diǎn)，即當(dāng)兩種文化達(dá)到一定程度的折衷時(shí)，因?yàn)闁|西方文化總是相反的直到它們的發(fā)展定位方向相關(guān)聯(lián)為止。文化互補(bǔ)性規(guī)律在東西方文化的互補(bǔ)性中發(fā)現(xiàn)了全球文化的總體性和完美性。它自然地遵循東方文化或西方文化，當(dāng)單從一方面做出判斷時(shí)，是有瑕疵的，因?yàn)榄h(huán)境、氣候、種族、語言、時(shí)間、可用的資源和許多其他因素是完全不同的。幸運(yùn)的是，東西方文化有機(jī)地形成一個(gè)整體，當(dāng)東方文化中哪里存在一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)常常就會(huì)在西方文化中發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)來平衡，或者西方文化中存在較為薄弱的地方就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這在東方文化中很強(qiáng)大。當(dāng)一種文化生病時(shí)，它的補(bǔ)救方法可以在另一種文化中找到。換句話說，西方文化是東方文化的一個(gè)醫(yī)生，反之亦然。當(dāng)我們拒絕一種文化時(shí)，我們就是拒絕治愈我們的疾病。一些學(xué)者總是有一種誤解就是相信文化的特點(diǎn)可以簡(jiǎn)單地從一種文化轉(zhuǎn)移到另一種文化中去。在我看來，特點(diǎn)是一種與眾不同的天性和兩個(gè)范疇：精神和身體。例如，科學(xué)和技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)，屬于物理分類，而文學(xué)和藝術(shù)的特點(diǎn)，屬于精神分類。物理特點(diǎn)可以很容易地借用或模仿，而精神上的特點(diǎn)從一種文化進(jìn)入另一種文化往往是困難的（有時(shí)根本是不可能的）。計(jì)算機(jī)軟件可以從國外引進(jìn)和使用，只有在物理?xiàng)l件（如計(jì)算機(jī)）和相關(guān)的操作命令被提供的情況下。但文學(xué)或文化的價(jià)值是不同的，因?yàn)樗麄円筮@一部分相關(guān)的人有相近的心理?xiàng)l件，如類似的文化背景和審美品味（習(xí)慣）。物理是可移動(dòng)的，而精神通常是不行的。為了培養(yǎng)一種共同的審美傾向，我們必須提高我們對(duì)一種特殊文化的特別價(jià)值以及東西方文化的多元性和互補(bǔ)性的敏感性。文化沖突規(guī)律一方面，當(dāng)代人類就以下事實(shí)達(dá)成了共識(shí)：現(xiàn)代文化的發(fā)展要求一個(gè)具有挑戰(zhàn)性的強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)意見，來最大程度的激發(fā)創(chuàng)作精神。另一方面，我們更清晰地意識(shí)到，當(dāng)一個(gè)文化傾向于抑制或消除所謂的異教文化，它只是削弱自己的發(fā)展?jié)摿?。文化沖突或文化誤讀的必然性不是都能引起戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或激烈的沖突，人類現(xiàn)在越來越多地學(xué)習(xí)如何容忍，而不是相互斗爭(zhēng)。顯然，我們需要一種適當(dāng)?shù)姆磳?duì)，能足夠強(qiáng)大以刺激文化的平穩(wěn)發(fā)展，也能足夠微弱以避免任何其他文化造成的可能的危害。文化互顯規(guī)律只有通過與自己的對(duì)立面進(jìn)行比較和對(duì)比，一種文化才能真正理解和體現(xiàn)它自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。換言之，一種文化的優(yōu)勢(shì)或優(yōu)點(diǎn)是通過與之對(duì)立的文化的存在形式來體現(xiàn)的。例如，一個(gè)好的方面就是東方文化中典型的信念就是自然與人類和諧相處被越來越強(qiáng)烈地認(rèn)同，西方文化中只有當(dāng)西方科學(xué)讓西方人深刻地感受到人類與大自然相分離引起的苦難才意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)。同樣，現(xiàn)代西方文化通過科學(xué)備份可以自豪的說它是經(jīng)過分析且精確的，只有當(dāng)與東方文化進(jìn)行強(qiáng)烈對(duì)比時(shí)才會(huì)出現(xiàn)全面模糊和過度合成的情況。文化相互印證的規(guī)律一種文化許多方面的合理性往往通過借用其相反文化的許多方面進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。在古代東方文化中提出的許多主張，最終被西方科學(xué)證明或驗(yàn)證。例如，佛教的許多概念、易經(jīng)和老子的書已經(jīng)被歐美地區(qū)的現(xiàn)代科學(xué)所驗(yàn)證?？傮w上說，雖然東西方文化都具有理性和非理性的特征，但可以說，東方文化的理性一面與西方文化中理性的一面相比不太明顯?；蛘?，換句話說，如果沒有歐美地區(qū)近代科學(xué)的發(fā)展，東方古代文化中的許多深刻的思想不能得到理解和驗(yàn)證。同樣，沒有東方古人的智慧和開拓性的努力，西方的現(xiàn)代文化也會(huì)產(chǎn)生走岔路的危險(xiǎn)。東方文化是西方文化的一面鏡子，反之亦然。為了便于理解，可以提供一個(gè)笨拙的比喻，東方文化是一個(gè)命題，以及結(jié)論，而西方文化則是一個(gè)論據(jù)（證據(jù)和過程的示范）。只有在東西方文化的完美結(jié)合中才能得到至高的真理。陰陽發(fā)展周期規(guī)律按照規(guī)則，事物都是朝著相反的方向發(fā)展直到達(dá)到自身的極限，無論東方文化還是西方文化在很多方面遲早都將朝著相反的模式發(fā)展。第二十世紀(jì)的學(xué)者不需要為東方文化越來越西化，而西方文化越來越東方化而感到困惑。這在現(xiàn)代詩歌和藝術(shù)的發(fā)展方面可以明顯地看出。總體上說，東方文化的陰傾向強(qiáng)于西方文化中的，而西方文化中的陽傾向強(qiáng)于東方文化中的。十六世紀(jì)以前，世界文化的主流是除了希臘和羅馬文化之外的以陰為代表的古埃及文化、巴比倫文化、印度文化和中國文化。然而潮流改變了。以西方國家為代表的陽文化日益突出。近幾年來，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)以驚人的速度發(fā)展著，西方文化在二十世紀(jì)末已經(jīng)達(dá)到了其發(fā)展的巔峰。遵循上面提到的相同的規(guī)律，一個(gè)偉大而平緩的改變將在全球文化框架下發(fā)生。正如許多人所相信的那樣，二十一世紀(jì)可能會(huì)見證東方文化的崛起。再次，有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)一種文化的崛起不需要另一種文化的衰落來伴隨，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)代人擁有的預(yù)測(cè)能力使他們能夠在一定程度上調(diào)節(jié)或調(diào)整自身文化演進(jìn)的過程。此外，一個(gè)看似新的文化的崛起，往往只是其之前模式的一種變化升級(jí)。Immigration,ancestors,AmericanInJuly1943,theU.S.militaryforceweretoattackSicily.Inordertoimprovethemorale,GeneralBattondeliveredhisspeechpassionately:“Whenlandingon,wewillencounterwithGermanyandItalyarmy,toattackthemanddestroythemisourhonorandprivilege.Inordertoimprovethemorale,GeneralBattondeliveredhisspeechpassionately:“whenlandingon,wewillencounterwithGermanyandItalyarmy,toattackthemanddestroythemisourhonorandprivilege.Inyourveins,thereareGerman,sandItalian,sdescent,butkeepinmind,inordertopursuefreedom,theylefttheirhomeandcountryandtraveledacrossoceans.Nowwe,regoingtowipeoutthosepeoplewhoseancestorslackedthecouragetomakesuchasacrificerathercontinuetolivealifeofslaves.”Thereweretworeasonsforimmigration:themoralloveoffreedom,andthepursuitofmaterial.Theancestorsabandonedtheirhome,tradition,andhometownvalue.Butaftertheirchildrenacceptedthenewvalueandtradition,theyridiculedandrejectedtheaccustomedthinkingpatternsfromEuropeans.Theygaveuptheirownnativelanguageandideasexpressedinit.Theirhometownlawandloyaltytotheirmotherland,theiroldvalueandwayoflife,andpartofthehabitualdietandclothing.AndthentheybecameAmericans.Thefirstgenerationofimmigrantshaddifficultiesincompletelychangingthemselves,buttheirchildrencould.Throughpublicschoolsandsocialeducation,thechildrenbecametheone-hundred-percentAmericans.Thefathergeneration,sforeignfeaturesbecamethesourceofthechildren,sselfinferiorityandhumiliation.Theauthorityofthefatherbecamelessandlessimportant.Mothers,nomatterwhichkindoflifestyletheymaintained,nomatterwhichlanguagetheyspoke,andbecausetheyprovidedlove,foodandsympathy,theystillkepttheimportanceofemotion.ThesecondgenerationofimmigrantshadtorefusetoacknowledgetheirfatherswhowereborninEurope,justlikeindependentAmerican'srejectingBritain.AmericansdidnotrepeltheBritishatfirst,buttheBritishgovernmenfshighpressureandbossypoliciesputthecoloniststothelowerstatus,anddestroyedtheirallegiancepsychology.ThebirthoftheUnitedStatesisknownfordenyingauthority:authorityismandatory,assertive,autocratic,andmorallywrong.TheconstitutionoftheUnitedStatesaimstolimittheauthorityofAmericangovernment,hencetheseparationofpowers.Freudrelatedhis“AmericaTheory”likethis:severalsuppressedsonsunitedandkilledthedespoticfather;thentheyfeltthattheycommittedagreatcrime,feltafraidthatonebrotheramongthemwouldbeupandreplacetheassassinatedfather,sposition,sotheymadeapact,onthebasisofallgivingupthepowerandspecialstatusofthefather,todeterminethelegallyequalstatusbetweenthebrothers.BritainanditsKingwereonbehalfofthedespoticfather;peopleofAmericacoloniesonbehalfofthesonswhokilledtheirfatherwithconspiracy;theDeclarationofindependenceandtheConstitutionofAmericaonbehalfofthecompactestablishedbyallbrothers,onthefoundationofgivingupthepowertocontrolpeople,toguaranteeallAmericansthefreedomandequality.ThepowertodominatepeopleismosthatedbyAmericans,andalsomostadmired.TherearetwobigquestionsaboutAmericannationalcharacter.1.Basedontheemotionallyequalityidea(onlywhite);ifapersonenslavesanother,hisbehaviorshouldnotonlyhavebeenspurned,butalsobannedbylaw;everyonehasequalopportunitiesandlegalstatus.2.Theybelievethatthepowerdominatingpeopleismorallydetestable,andshouldberesisted;suspicionofothersseizingpowerisnotenough;peoplemusttreatthoseindomesticnecessarypowerpositionsaspotentialenemies.TheequalityAmericanscherishinthepastgovernment,sweakness.OpposingtheauthoritybecomesatypicalAmericanbehaviorofpraise.American,sattitudestowardpowerareasthefollowing:poweritselfisbad,dangerous;forthesurvivalanddevelopmentofthecountry,acertainnumberofpeoplemustbegivenpower,butthepowermustbelimitedbylegalmethods,andpeopleinpowerpositionmustbesupervisedalways,andtheyshouldbeseenaspotentialenemies.ThisisthemostbasicelementofAmericancharacteristicsandbehaviors.Althoughithaspoliticalimplication,butintheenditisofthenatureofmorality,whichholdsthat:peopleorinstitutionsthatare“bullyingothers”arebad,andtheyviolatethegoodfeelingsandabsolutelycanbereproached.Thepowercontrollingotherscanberegardedasakindofrulebyforceofdictators,andpeoplewhopursuesuchpowerareseenassinners.Thoseitselfhasusetheirpowertodominateothersnatureoftheindustrytobecomethemostdespisedbypeopleandindustrybydoubt,whenpeaceforpolitics,formilitaryserviceinwartime.Theythatwanttoimprovehissocialstatusandmoneyforanypurposetojointhisindustryarethemajorsuspects.Itisbelievedthatisforthesakeofpersonalinterests,inordertomakemoney,ortoimprovetheirownstatusandpoliticalparticipationinthepolitical,notasasuspect.Eveniftheyfraud,atleastensuretheyparticipateinpoliticsisaprofit,thereisnoevilambitiononpurpose.Forpersonalinterestsoutsidethereasonoutofpoliticsareagreatdealofsuspects.Hemaybesecretlythegreedyforpower,thereforemustimplementthestrictestmonitoringtohim,andmakesurehenevermeetthiskindofthemostevildesires.FranklinRooseveltwasconsideredathreattojustice.ThiscanexplainthepowerfulPresidentinAmericanhistoryandweakPresidentScenariointurn.PowerfulPresidentonbehalfofamoralthreat,andweakcommonplacesPresidentwillmakethecountryintoanarchy.MoralabominationpowermayexplainwhyAmericansgenerallyskepticalattitudetotheirgovernment.Governmentissomethingotherpeople,theirdifferentinterestsandsocialinterests.Itsmaingoalistoincreaseitspower,andthepublic'smaindutyistoresistthegovernmentpower.Thegovernmentisanecessaryevil.Thegovernmentcanonlyistherefereeinsportscompetition.VerydifficulttosomesuspectthattheSupremeCourtandjudgesabuseofpower.Americanshatepower,sowillingtouseforceandviolenceagainstpower.SoAmericanviolencecultureispopular,gunflood.WorldWarIIveteransarenottheJapanesepeopleashuman,becausemilitarismabuseofpower.Americanstrytomakethepowerandthecivilianpower.OccupiedbytheRomanaftertheSecondWorldWar,theAmericanpeopleclimbinguptheVenetianpalace,simulatedMussolinimadeloudspeech,thecrowdwasmadeintoapictures,newspapersandmagazinesarewidelypublishedintheUnitedStates.ThisisasymbolofAmericanpowermentality,itmaybedevoidofpoliticalmeaning,anditssignificanceliesinthatsuchapowerfulsymboltoeverychildborntomotherswiththeUnitedStatescanreachthelevelof.Thosemaycausepeopletoreducethefearofthepeopletothemostordinarymortals.AmericansabouttheemperorworshipandfearoftheJapanesefearsdislike,consideredtobetheenemyofdemocracy.Thepatternsofdistributionofthenationalpowerwithinthefamilyalsohasitsprototype:fatherlikeonbehalfoftheexecutivepart,themotheronbehalfofthelegislation,withschoolteachersastheleaderoftheneighborhoodrepresentsthejudicialpower.Children'sstatussimilartothepeople,theyinapowertoresistanotherkindofpower,takingphasesystemandbalancedwaytokeeptheirindependence.UncleSamandLibertyUncleSamisanextremelyskinny,tallandoldman,andhisgreybeardiscutintotheoldbeardsofthejaws,dressedintheoldbeardsofthejaws,dressedintheoldclothesofAmericanflagpattern.Liberty:arobustwomanofmothergentleness,dressedintheclassicflappingoutwear,wearingacrown,withonehandholdingthetorch.UncleSamisbasicallyonbehalfoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentanditsdemandstopeople,suchastax,joiningarmy,buyingTreasurybonds,savings,etc.ManyAmericansbelievethattheyhavenothingtodowithhim,andtohim,thereisnoloveorrespect,buttheyhadbetterobeyhimreluctantly.Americans,attitudetowardhimisnegative.Thelibertyisapositiveimage,onbehalfofgenerosityandfreedom.Thetorchshinontheroadtodemocracyforstray,onbehalfofchanceandlove.TheFrenchdesignerBartholdiusedhismotherastheprototypeofthestatueofliberty.Themotto“Providemotherlycareandwelcome”isgravedintothebaseoftheLiberty.Thetwoportraitsdemonstrateveryimportantpsychology:thecharity,richnessandidealoftheUnitedStatesisrepresentedbywoman,onlyitsgradanddemands,bymen.Withinafamily,thepowerofparentsisthetargetofbeingchallenged.Americanpeoplethinkthatchildrenintheprocessofgrowthshouldnotberestrictedbyanypower,butinpracticeitprovesimpossible.Childrendevoidoftubebundletothemselvesandtheirparentsaredangerous.Itisagoodidealthatchildrenwouldnotberestrictedbyanypublicpower,towhichtheUnitedStatesismostclose.Therealwayssomeonetorewardgoodbehaviorandpunishwrongdoing.Thankstofather,spositionalmostexistinnameonly,almostdutyaretookoverbymother.Inallsocieties,fatherplaysthesocialrole,whilemothershouldersabiologicalone.Motherprovidesfoodandcaress,sosheisintheadvantageousstatus.InAmericansociety,motherisdriventoarrangethemaintasksofparenting.Howispeople's“ethics”or“conscience”constructed?InAmerican,thechildreneducationisassumedbymother.Howtogetinto“ethic”or“conscientiousness”ofpeople?Parentsuserewardsandpunishmentstotrainingchildren,themoreloveandrewardwillgivetochildrenthathisbehaviorconformtotherulesofmoralstandards,vicepunished.Astimepasses,thehabitisconvertedintonature,andtheyhavecometoaccepttheirparents,attitudeofapprovalordisapproval,andfinallysuchattitudebecomesapartofthemselves.Theinner-self-controlbecomesapartofthewholepersonality,andthepsychologicalanalystscallit“superego”or“conscience”.ItisbelievedthatAmericanconsciencebearscharacteristicofwoman,becauseintermsoftrainingchildrenwithrewardsorpunishments,motherdominates,andthenchildren,sconsciencecontainsmoremotherlycompositionthanfatherly.ThisiswhyAmericanwomanstayinakindofstateofwell-beingandpick-up.Thinkstothestubborn,deepmaternalconsciencehasbecomeapartofAmericanconscience,butstillAmericansocietyisapatriarchalone.Ontheonehand,thereistherequirementofmalesociety,onotherhand,mother,sinculcationdoesexistsintheheart,whichbringaboutobviousconflictsinAmericansociety.So,manymalevirtuesareconsideredastherequiredconcessionsbeforewoman,ratherthanhisgoodself-cultivation,henceespeciallymorementaldisordersinAmericanteenagers.InAmerica,mostprimaryandsecondaryschoolteachersarewoman,whichalsostrengthensthewomanconscience.But,itisdifficulttohearthemother'sedificationinbusinesscirclesandpartofpoliticallife.Becausemanypeoplethinkthatbusinessismainlyusedtohandlethings,onceinawhiletodealwiththeproblemtothepeople.Theexclusivewordbusinesscommunityisconsideredtobeman,beyondthefemalemoralcategory.Actually,Americanwomenalsohaveasayineconomiccircles,morethanthree-quartersofnationalretailgoodsareboughtbywomen.Thesegoodsthatfromtietocararedesignforwomen.Americansociety,smalerequirementsanditsmaternalconsciencehavecausedintenseconflictsintheUnitedStates,whichhassplitAmericanpeople'spersonalities.ThusAmericans7speechcontainstwovoices:oneistopromotethenobleideal,theotheristodenytheidealintheleastenlightenedspiritofself-interest,whichleadstothesituationinwhichAmericansalwaysapplydoublestandards.TheStatueoflibertyintheUnitedStatesisonlyanillusoryimage!Child,mother,fatherAmericansbelievethatchildrenarebornasapieceofpaper,afterwhich,ifthereisanyweakness,butalsobecauseoftheenvironmentandparent'signoranceormaliciousresults.Childrenarethefutureandhope,inlife,startingpoint,canbestrongerthangrandpaandprogenitor.ThisisthebasicbeliefoftheAmericanpeople.Nochildrencannotbetaught,onlyparentsandteacherswhowillnotbetaught.Inordertodevelopthisinnergiftofeverynewborn,aslongasthereisaproperupbringing.Whatistheproperupbringing?Generallyspeaking,parentsthinkthewaybywhichtheyarebredintoadulthoodisthewayofappropriateparenting.Inthismodetherearesmallchangesbecauseofthedifferentparents.IntheUnitedStates,children'seducationhasitsownregularity.ForinfantsintheUnitedStates,howtofeedtheirchildrenforfearofviolatingtheir"procedures"and"formula"".MostAmericanchildrenhaveexperiencesofgreathunger.Allthemethodsoffeedingchildrendependonastricttimetablewhichprovidesstrictlywhatfoodshouldbeofferedatanexacttime.ThisandChina's"cryingchildrenhavemilktodrink"thereisabigdifference.MostbabiesintheUnitedStateswillsoonbeabletoadaptquicklytothisschedule.Ifinordertoappeasethechildcryingandearlyfeeding,temporaryaccommodationisconsideredtoindulge.Thisexperienceofhungerafteradultchildrenhavemanybenefits,suchassaving,budget,etc.WhitepeopleintheUnitedStates,thegeneralobjectiontotheimplementationofcorporalpunishmentonchildren,andinsteadoffoodasarewardandpunishment.Moretorewardsweetsandicecream.Sosomefoodshaveasignofaffectionandpraise,suchastheparentsoftheirchildrenandlovetocallthe"sweet","sweet"andsoon.Youaresosweetthatyoucanmakemeeatyouup.Iliketoeatmyloveandlovefood.Ifswallowedistoholdandmakeitapartofmybody.Foodisprovidedbythemother,onbehalfofthemother'slove,refusedtoeatistorefusematernallove,refusedtogrowup.Americanchildrenhavelittlechancetokissandcaress.Themother'sloveforherchildreniscompletelydependentonthedegreeofsuccessinthecompetitionamongthepeers.Onlythechild'ssuccess,motherwillgiveunconditionalaffection,becauseitprovedhertoperformthemother'ssuccess,toprovethatshehasdonetheirduty,therecanbenoguiltinthefaceoftheworld.Theloser'scaress,motheroftenhaveasenseofguilt.Thebiggestfearisthattheparentsofchildrenintoa"sissy"risk.SissyconceptisanunderstandingofbasicconceptsofAmericancharacteristics,inanyothersocietywithoutpropersimilarphenomenon.Itreferstoaperson'sabilitytoshowthedependenceorfearofthecurrentsituation,orthelackofactiveorpurenaturalpassive.Itcanbeadaretoputtheirmoneyinagamblerthrowthehelveafterthehatchet,toseetheirchildreninthehospitalwasbitterandoverlyanxiousmother,abeautifulgirldarenotdatingboys,evenalowmanpersonality.Inordertopreventthisterribledanger,Americanchildrenareoftenencouragedtobeindependentandactive,somuchpraise,andviceversa.Childrengetmorefreedomandindependence,andatthesametimegetanothersourceofpower,andcanbeusedtofightagainsttheirparents.Veryfewparentscanresistarequest:Idon'tseewhyitshouldnotbeso;allotherchildrenareallowedtodoso;John'sparentsallowhimtodoso,andhe'sthreemonthsmorethanIdo.Sothechildwasgreaterfreedomandindependence.Americanpowerchecksandbalancesandtheconceptofdecentralizationofpower.Inordertogettheloveoftheirparents,theUnitedStates,themouthofthemouthofthefunctionhasbecomesoimportant,themouthofthecultureispopularintheworld.Thechildrenofparentsinordertoattractinterest,forthesakeoftheiradmirationandpraise,addingthetrimmingsinspeaking,overblownandself-aggrandizement,andparentsareaccustomedtothis,justknow,toidentify.ThentheAmericansgrewupheservedtoretainitsbombastichabits,butinnon-Americansaredifficulttounderstand.Childrenself-exaggeration,knowingthattheirstoryisonlyhalfbelievable,sotheparentsofthewordsareonlyhalfoftheletter.Whileparentsinordertoexertinfluenceonchildren,hadtobesoexaggeration,.ThisalsoshowsthattheAmericanpublicandpoliticallifeinparticularfocusonthewords,theUnitedStatesConstitutionandthedeclarationofindependenceisthefoundationoftheUnitedStates,andthe"Godofwords"(theBible)asthebacking.TheconstitutionoftheUnitedStateshasasemidivinenature.Whileplayingthewordsofthelawyerprofessionpopular,intheUnitedStatesPresident,thelawyerwasbornthemost,suchasJefferson,Lincoln,Rooseveltandothermorethanand20people.Americansbelievethatthegreatestthreattothedictatorship,istodeprivethelikestosaywhattosay,liketowritewhatyouwriteaboutthepowerof.Therefore,theUnitedStates"bigmouth"cultureisoftennotbasedonfacts,onlytheinterestsofthedemandsoftoday'sU.S.mediaandpoliticsisparticularlyprominent.Playthe"words"andledtotheAmericanspiritofdoubtbecomeaggravated.Thewordslieisself-evident,suchasthedeclarationofindependenceandpoliticallip-servicemeettheeyeeverywhere.TheidealAmericanfamilyconsistsoftwochildren,thebigoneistheeldersister,theyoungeroneistheyoungerbrother.Inthefamily,theAmericanchildren'stypicalresponsetothenewbornisakindofhatred,becausetheirincomewillbedividedintoapartofthe.UsuallythebrothersandsistersNeverminddeepstrong,eachotherdidnotburdenspecialduty,oncetheadulthometheneachonepursueshisonwardjourney.FarlessChinese"brotherasafather".Ifonlytwoboysinthefamily,theyoungerbrotherbrotherusuallyintroducedtohisplaymatesandsomeyouthgroups,becausemostpeopleolderthanhim,buttheteamalsodaretodoeverythingbeyondhisageandachievementstandardcanmatchdegree.Inspiredbythisstandard,theyoungerbrother'sspeechandbehaviorbecomeveryrashandbrutal,convincedthatthesuperiorphysicalandwisdomofhisbrothermustbeabletomakehimfreefromtheriskofhisownbehavior.ThehouseofRepresentativesoftenhasirresponsibleactions.HebelievesthathisbrotherandtheSenatewillmakehimfreefromtheconsequencesofhisownbehavior.Waituntilthechildrengrowup,parentsarewillingtosing"red",inordertogetthechildren.Americanchildrenalsohaveschoolchoicetogotoschool,accordingtowhethertheschoolcanprovidebetteropportunitiesforchildren,whetherthereisnoblackchildren,thenumberofforeignchildrenandsoon.Parentsaccordingtotheirchildrenintheschool'scompetitiveadvantagetogivecaress.Americanchildrenusuallyfindtherighttousetheteacher'spowertoresistthepowerofparents,sotheparentsofteachersin-depthstudyofteachers'privatelifebehaviorstandardsandmoralhonestyisveryhigh.ThefirstfunctionoftheAmericanschoolistomakeAmericanchildren"Americancharacteristics",andthesecondistoinstillandtransferknowledge.TheAmericanchildren'sacademicrequirementsarerelativelylow,butthetrainingoftheirindependentpersonalityandpromotingthedevelopmentofadultlifeiscontinuing.Thechildrenwereencouragedtousetheirsparetimetomakemoneytoclose,inordertoindependence.Thecommonfeaturesoftheyouthgroupsthatthestudentsparticipateinare:theyarebothinvolvedinillegalandlegalactivities.Inmostisnotwhatharm,suchasintrusion,vacancyinthecountryintheorchard,grabfruitwithoutaticketintothecircus,teasingpoliceetc..Thisactivitynotonlyallowforadults,butalsoforparentstolookforwardtoandpraise:successorcontemptbothauthoritativeisindependentandmanly.NevertrytodoaPassoverrulesmatterthechildisindangerofbecomingasissy.ThisalsoledtotheseriousnatureoftheillegalbehaviorofthechildrenoftheUnitedstates.Sex,Love,FriendshipManyAmericansusuallythink:whentheyobtainsuccesstheywillobtainlove,whentheyobtainlovetheywillobtainsuccess.Theyalwaysconfusethetwoideasintogether.Accordingtopuritantheory,aperson,ssuccessisthemanifestationofGod,slovetohim.HisfailureshowsthatheisnolongerlovedbyGodandhehascommittedacrime,oratleastnotmadefullefforttotry.InAmerica,thelovedonotneedtopayloveback,butmuststrivetomanifestthattheyareworthyofit.WhileChinesebelieve“Adripoffavorisworthywellrepaying”.AnAmericanusuallydesperatelyprovesthatheisworthyoflove,soheneedstoproveheisasuccess.Whenitcomestoloveexpression,thepresenceofothersisnecessary,whichmakesthephysicallyandmentallyhealthyAmericans,failuretostandlonelysolitude,thereforeothers,presentattentionandadmirationformedapartofAmericans,selfprideandrespect.TheattentionofothersisameanstomeetAmericans,selfpride.ThispsychologicalbackgroundcanshedslightonthestrangestfeatureinAmericans7sociallife:“communicationbetweenmenandwomen”whichtakesupmostofthesparetimeofeveryAmericansfromtheiradolescencetoengagement.Incommunication,thecommunicatorscanusecourtshiplanguageandgesture,andinfactdonotnecessarilyhaveintentionofcourtshipandlove.Inasuccessfulcommunication,thereshouldnotbeso-calledunlucklylosers,andbothshouldfeelthattheirself-esteemandself-confidencearestrengthened.In“communication”betweenmenandwomeninAmerica,thesatisfactionofsensoryorganandsexaccountsforonlyapartofthecommunicationpurposeistostrengthenself-esteem,tomakepeoplebelievetheyarecute,andthereforearesuccessful.Asforlove,Americanshaveanextremelyenthusiasticandprofoundfaithinit.Americansbelievethattheireccentricityoflovingcommunicationisdueto“humannature”.IncommunicationbetweenAmericanyouthandotherforeignoppositesexmembers,seriousmisunderstandingalwaysarise;adateintheeyesofAmericanpeopleismutuallybeneficialduskinwhichtwopeopleenjoyahappytime,tostrengtheneachother,sself-esteem,andshowthepersonalabilityintheword,whiletheforeignerswillthinkofitasdeliberatelure.Ifrejected,bothinjured;ifacceptedimmediately,Americanswillhavethefooledfeeling.Thisislikeamangoingtohunting,beforehisgoingout,thefoxcomesin,sittinginthebackyard,whichmakeshimauselessheroandgreatlydisappointed.Generallythecommunicationislaunchedbyboys,thegirlsinvited.Boysandgirlshavedifferentanchorpointsofchoosingpartners:forgirls,themoreboystoinviteherthebetters,thenshecanchoosetheveryonethatshethinkscanmakehermosthappy;theboy,sgoalistotrytomakethemostlyadoredandpursuedgirlbyhiscolleaguesandcompetitorshispartner.Inacommunication(PROM),ifagirlonlyreceivesaninvitation,eveniftheinviteristhebestboy,shemaynotfeelsuccessful;butifaboy,sinvitingalocal“famous“missisaccepted,hewillwinagreatvictory.Thebasicpurposeofdatingisto“l(fā)etgirlsenjoyaperiodofhappytime”,whileforboys,itspurposeistoattractgirls,toprovethatheisworthyoflove,soastoprovethatheisasuccess.Inthelatercontact,theboywillrepeatedlyaskforfurtherspecialfavorstopr