第2、3講主謂一致2016年9月20日主謂一致(subject-verbconcord)指“人稱”和“數(shù)”方面的一致關(guān)系。主謂之間的一致關(guān)系由以下三個(gè)原則的支配：語法一致原則(grammaticalconcord)意義一致原則(notionalconcord)就近原則(principleofproximity)。單數(shù)名詞形式作主語的主謂一致集合名詞作主語的主謂一致如果表示整體概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果表示成員則用復(fù)數(shù)。常見的名詞：army,audience,class,club,committee,company,crowd,couple,family,group,government,jury,party,personnel,staff,team,union,public等。Ifthefootballteam(wins,win)thegame,theclubwillbethechampion.Thefootballteam(are,is)discussingtheproblemwiththeircoachnow.在實(shí)際使用中，audience,board,committee,government,jury,public用作單數(shù)的頻率超過80%，而staff用作復(fù)數(shù)的頻率超過80%。還有一些在英國英語中作單復(fù)數(shù)均可的集體名詞，如family,crew,在美國英語中多作單數(shù)。某些球隊(duì)、俱樂部、航空公司、企業(yè)等帶有集體意義的專有名稱，通常作復(fù)數(shù)用，這在英國英語中比較常見，但在美國英語中一般仍作單數(shù)對(duì)待：Englandhavelostalltheirfootballmatchesthisseason.TheBritishAirwaysarebeingmodernized.TheBBChavebroadcastamessageinwhichtheyhaveaskedacertainMrGreentogototheOverhillHospitalwhendoctorsaretreatinghiswifeafteraseverestroke.有些集合名詞，如：folk,people,police,militia,cattle,poultry,vermin等作主語，動(dòng)詞總是跟復(fù)數(shù)形式。Cattlearegrazinginthefield.Thepolicecarryweapons.Thesevermindoalotofharmtothepoultry.某些表示無生命的集體名詞，如cutlery,machinery,jewellery,poetry,merchandise等，通常作單數(shù)用。單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語的主謂一致要根據(jù)上下文的意義及修飾這些詞的詞來確定其謂語形式。常見的這部分名詞有：aircraft,deer,means,sheep,species,series,works,crossroads,headquarters等。There(is,are)variousspeciesofbutterflies.There(has,have)beenaseriesofcaraccidentsatthecrossing.Everymeans(has,have)beentried.Themeansofcommunicationbetweenhereandoutside(is,are)interrupted.Morethanathousandsheep(is,are)eatinggrassonthehillside.復(fù)數(shù)名詞形式作主語的主謂一致以“s”結(jié)尾的書刊名、國名、組織名的主謂一致以“s”結(jié)尾的書刊名、國名、組織名等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。專有名詞作主語的主謂一致表示群島、瀑布、山脈等詞以“s”結(jié)尾的專有名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式。以-ics結(jié)尾的名詞的主謂一致以-ics結(jié)尾的名詞指一門學(xué)科時(shí)，作主語常用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞形式。但是，當(dāng)這些名詞表示實(shí)際內(nèi)容時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Economics(is,are)hermajor.Economics(has,have)greatlyimprovedinthecountry.Statistics

(shows,show)thatthenumberofhousewiveswhoworkpart-timehasincreasedinthelastfewyearsintheU.S.Of構(gòu)成的短語作主語的主謂一致“all(most,half,plenty,enough,some,therest,theremainder等）+of”短語作主語的主謂一致如果of后面的部分為復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果of后面所接名詞為單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Halfofthestudentsareboys.Therestofthelectureisdull.Therestofthebicyclesareonsaletoday.Whenenoughofthetreeischoppedaway,thetreefalls.上面這些詞也可單獨(dú)作主語，這時(shí)其主謂一致關(guān)系一般遵循意義一致的原則；如果所指為復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果所指為單數(shù)意義，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式Alliswellthatendswell.Allareeagertoreachanagreement.Althoughhismanyexampleswereallright,theremainder(was,were)notexact.“alot(mass,heap等)+of+名詞”短語作主語的主謂一致“alot(mass,heap等)+of+名詞”短語作主語時(shí)，如果of后面所接名詞為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果of后面所接名詞為單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)形式。themassof的用法也相同。Aheapofdifficulities(was,were)pressinghim.Amassofinformation(has,have)beenrevealed.Amassofbooks(is,are)arrangedinthebookstore.Lotsofdamage(was,were)causedbythefire.Themassofpeopleinthecountry(is,are)Christian.“noneof…,neitherof…,eitherof…”構(gòu)成的短語作主語的主謂一致noneof后面若接的是可數(shù)名詞，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單復(fù)數(shù)都可以，若接的是不可數(shù)名詞，就用單數(shù)形式。Noneofushave/haseverbeenabroad.Noneofthemoneywaspaidtome.neitherof…和

eitherof…構(gòu)成的短語作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式，但在口語中也可視為復(fù)數(shù)。Neitherofthecarswas/weredamaged.Eitherofthemwere/wearsglasses.“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of…”構(gòu)成的短語作主語的主謂一致在“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+of…”結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果of后面的部分為復(fù)數(shù)，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果后面為單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Three-fourthsofthe

surface

oftheearth(is,are)sea.Aboutonethirdofthebooks(is,are)worthreading.Only30%ofthework(was,were)doneyesterday.About20%ofthestudents

(was,were)absentfromthemeeting.“form(kind,part,piece,portion,section,sort,type等）+of…”短語作主語的主謂一致“formof…”等短語作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于這些詞本身的單復(fù)數(shù)，與of后面的名詞沒關(guān)系。Parts

ofthebookareinteresting.Anew

type

ofbusisnowonshow.Asubstantialportionofthereportsismissing.Thesearetwodifferentforms

ofthesamething.Thekindofbooksanauthorwritesdependsonthekindofmanwhoheis.“Oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞+定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中的主謂一致Thisisoneofthemostinterestingquestionsthathavebeenasked.Hewastheonlyoneoftheboyswhowasgivenaprize.“a（the）

number（avariety）of+可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)的主謂一致“anumber（avariety）of+可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；而the

numberof和thevarietyof等+可數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Thenumberofmistakesissurprising.Agoodnumberofbooksinthemarketareexamination-oriented.Thevarietyofgoodsonsaleinthatshopissurprising.“anamount(amounts)of或aquantity(quantities)of+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語的主謂一致Alargeamountofmoney(is,are)spentontheproject.Alargequantityofdesert(covers,cover)theland.“quantitiesof或amountsof+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。Smallamountsofland(was,were)usedforraisinganimals.Largequantitiesofcoal(is,are)neededinthefactoryeveryyear.“agroupof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語的主謂一致當(dāng)“agroupof/aflockof/acrowdof等+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí)，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是個(gè)體，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Agroupoflittlegirlswas/wereplayinginthepark.Thegroupofyoungpeoplecomefromdifferentpartsoftheworld.a(the)majority(of),a(the)minority(of)短語作主語的主謂一致在a(the)majority)/minorityof…短語中，of后面既可接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，也可接不可數(shù)名詞。如果of后面的名詞是單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)形式。如果of后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，如視為整體，謂語動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)；如視為個(gè)體，謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Themajorityofstudentswere/wasindifferenttothepoliticalmeeting.Onlyaminorityofstudentsreceive(s)thescholarship.ThemajorityofwoolusedinAmericaisimported.Themajoritywere(was)fortheproposal.Theminorityissubordinatetothemajority.并列主語的主謂一致由and并列的結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)的主謂一致both…and…連接兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。由and連接兩個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語時(shí),指的是復(fù)數(shù)概念,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞同時(shí)被兩個(gè)不同的形容詞修飾，表示兩個(gè)不同的概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù).如：Themanagerandthesecretarywerepresentatthemeeting.Goodandbadbutterarethingsquitedifferenttoourtaste.Ancientandmodernhistoryare

thesubjectswearestudying.當(dāng)and連接的并列主語在意義上指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Myneighborandcolleagueiswateringtheflowers.Whiskyandsodaisalwaysmyfavoritedrink.Thehammerandsicklewasflyingfromtallflagpole.Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.Yourassistanceandthatofyourfriendsis

greatlyappreciated.each…andeach…,every…andevery…,no…andno…等作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Eachboyandeachgirliscongratulated.Noteacherandnostudentwaspresent.兩個(gè)部件配成的物品,比如aknifeandfork,acupandsaucer,acartandhorse等,也可視為單數(shù)概念。or,either…or…,notonly…but(also)

…等連接的并列成分作主語時(shí)的主謂一致根據(jù)就近一致的原則處理。Eitherfansoranair-conditionerisnecessaryforthislaboratory.Notonlytheteacherbutalsohisstudentsobjecttothechange.Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherobjects

tothechange.“名詞(或代詞)+介詞詞組”作主語的主謂一致當(dāng)主語后面跟由with,togetherwith,alongwith,like,inadditionto,aswellas,asmuchas,ratherthan,morethan,nolessthan,except等連接的詞組時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞的形式依主語的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。Thepilot

aswellastwoofthepassengershasmiraculouslyescapeddeathMan,nolessthanthelowerformsoflife,is

theproductoftheevolution.Nooneexcepttwoservantswas

latefordinner.DoctorSmith,togetherwithhiswifeandtwosons,is

toarriveontheeveningflight.主語從句中的主謂一致What-分句作主語的主謂一致由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句放在句首,主句謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。Whathurtourfeelingmostwashisruderemarks.如果主句中的主語補(bǔ)語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞也可以是復(fù)數(shù)形式。Whatwasrealtohimwerethedetailsofhislife.當(dāng)what分句的謂語動(dòng)詞及其補(bǔ)足語為復(fù)數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語動(dòng)詞也可以是復(fù)數(shù)形式。Whatareoftenregardedaspoisonousfungiaresometimessafelyedible.that等名詞性分句作主語的主謂一致that等名詞性分句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Thattheywerewronginthesemattersisnowcleartous.Whoistoheadthedelegationisstillopentoquestion.兩個(gè)由and連接的名詞性從句作主語的主謂一致兩個(gè)由and連接的名詞性從句作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Whatcausedtheaccidentandwhowasresponsibleforitremainamysterytous.其他結(jié)構(gòu)中的主謂一致名詞化的形容詞作主語的主謂一致當(dāng)“the+形容詞/過去分詞”表示一類人時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果指某一抽象概念或事物，謂語動(dòng)詞則用單數(shù)。如：Thesick

hereareverywellcaredfor.Inmanystories,

thegoodarewellrewardedandthebadaredoomedtounfortunate.Thebeautifullivesforever.Wecandothedifficultfirst.Theimpossibletakesalittlelonger.Theaccusedwasacquitted.以-sh,-ch和-ese等結(jié)尾的形容詞與定冠詞the連用,表示總稱,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。常見的這類詞有：theChinese,theEnglish,theBritish,theFrench,theJapanese,theDutch,thePolish,theSwedish等。非限定分句作主語的主謂一致單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語或不定式短語作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。Yourleavingussosoonwasagreatdisappointmentforusall.Toplanacompositioninadvanceisagoodidea.如果主語為兩個(gè)并列的非限定動(dòng)詞形式，且并列的兩部分皆指同一概念或事情時(shí)，用單數(shù)謂語動(dòng)詞形式。Weepandwailingdoesnothingtowardssolvingtheproblem.由

“morethanone…”或

“manya…”

構(gòu)成的短語作主語的主謂一致謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式Thereismorethanoneanswertoyourquestion.Manyamanhassacrificedhimforthecauseoftherevolution.不定代詞each,one,noone,some(any,no,every)+body(one或thing)等作主語時(shí)的主謂一致謂語動(dòng)詞一律是單數(shù)Eachcoupleisaskedtocompleteaform.Everyoneofushashadsuchanexperience.Eitherofthestudentsgoestothelibraryeveryday.某些表示時(shí)間，距離，金額，重量，計(jì)量，空間，體積等意義的名詞詞組作主語的主謂一致把這些復(fù)數(shù)名詞看做一個(gè)整體,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Eighthoursofsleepisenough.Tenthousandspoundsisquitealargesum.Twentyyearsi