OfStudy“Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritingan______man.”--FrancisBacon

exact閱讀使人充實，交談使人機智，寫作使人精確。

--培根

培根的Of

Study一文，寫于四百年前。在今天的英國，此文當屬古典文論，其用語不僅典雅，而且古奧，甚至玄秘。四百年前的語言，既便是當時通俗透頂的平民口語，在今人聽來，亦充滿“古色古香”之感。

培根是四百年前英國的哲人名士，學富五車，文震朝野，其散論札記當時亦屬上乘之作。在四百多年來的英國文學史上，培根的文論以其思想精深、藝術精湛和文學精絕而風騷獨領。其在英國文學與思想界之影響，頗似唐宋八大家之在中國，歷久彌新。Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.讀書足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以長才。其怡情也，最見于獨處幽居之時；其傅彩也，最見于高談闊論之中；其長才也，最見于處世判事之際。Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgementwhollybytheirrules,isthehumourofascholar.練達之士雖能分別處理細事或一一判別枝節(jié)，然縱觀統(tǒng)籌，全局策劃，則舍好學深思者莫屬。讀書費時過多易惰，文采藻飾太盛則矯，全憑條文斷事乃學究故態(tài)。Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.讀書補天然之不足，經驗又補讀書之不足，蓋天生才干猶如自然花草，讀書然后知如何修剪移接，而書中所示，如不以經驗范之，則又大而無當。Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.有一技之長者鄙讀書，無知者羨讀書，唯明智之士用讀書，然書并不以用處告人，用書之智不在書中，而在書外，全憑觀察得之。Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.讀書時不可存心詰難讀者，不可盡信書上所言，亦不可只為尋章摘句，而應推敲細思。Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.書有可淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數則須咀嚼消化。換言之，有只需讀其部分者，有只須大體涉獵者，少數則須全讀，讀時須全神貫注，孜孜不倦。Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksare,likecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.書亦可請人代讀，取其所作摘要，但只限題材較次或價值不高者，否則書經提煉猶如水經蒸餾，淡而無味。Readingmake

afullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.讀書使人充實，討論使人機智，寫作使人精確。Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.因此不常做筆記者須記憶力特強，不常討論者須天生聰穎，不常讀書者須欺世有術，始能無知而顯有知。Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtile;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Studiesgotomakeupaman’scharacter.讀史使人明智，讀詩使人靈秀，數學使人周密，科學使人深刻，倫理學使人莊重，邏輯修辭之學使人善辯；凡有所學，皆成性格。Naythereisnostandorimpedimentinthewit,butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies:likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.人之才智但有滯礙，無不可讀適當之書使之順暢，一如身體百病，皆可借相宜之運動除之。滾球利睪腎，射箭利胸肺，慢步利腸胃，騎術利頭腦，諸如此類。Soifaman'switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen;fortheyarecyminisectores.如智力不集中，可令讀數學，蓋演題需全神貫注，稍有分散即須重演；如不能辯異，可令讀經院哲學，蓋是輩皆吹毛求疵之人；Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyers'cases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.

如不善求同，不善以一物闡證另一物，可令讀律師之案卷。如此頭腦中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可醫(yī)。Listenandfillintheblanksperfect wisdomweigh tasteddigested fullreadyexactwisedeepcasesWhatisthestructureofthearticle?ThepurposeofstudyThemethodofstudyTheeffectofstudyTheFirstPart：ThepurposeofstudyTheSecondPart：ThemethodofstudyTheThirdPart：TheeffectofstudyPara1---Para5Para6---Para7Para8---Para9

Thepurposeadvantagesdelightornamentabilitydisadvantagespendtoomuchtime—slothusethemtoomuch—ornamentmakejudgementwhollybytheirrules—scholarcontrast

themethod

taste--

tobereadonlyinparts

swallow--

toberead,butnotcuriouslychewordigest--

tobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattentionextract—to

bereadbydeputySuggestion：reading、conferenceandwriting

metaph0r

theeffectmakeupaman’scharactereverydefecthasaspecialreceiptHistories--wisepoets--witty

mathematics--subtitlenaturalphilosophy--deepmoral--grave

logicandrhetoric--

contend

wanderingwit--mathematicswit--notapttodistinguish

--theschoolmen

notapttobeatovermatters

--thelawyers'casespurposeadvantagesdisadvantagescontrastmethodopinionsuggestionmetaphoreffectcharacterdefectmetaphorConclusionexample1、whatisthemainpointsofthistext?2、whatisthepurposeofthestudy？3、whatdisadvantagesmayappearinthestudy?Exercisedelight,forornament,andforabilityTospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffecta