考研資料免 中SectionIListeningComprehensionThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthat panythem.TherearethreepartsinthisSection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouarengthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartAForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou'veheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)Welch'salPlaceof TransfertoBarnardUniversity Majorat Final GrowingUpInNewGuineaPublished FieldStudyintheSouthPacific Main ProfessorshipatColumbiaStarted Death PartBForquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)Besidesreporters,whoelsewerecampedoutfordays6thespeaker'sOnereportergottothespeaker'sapartmentpretendingto7Thespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedapictureofher8Whereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryusually9Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswilllosereadersunlesseditorsandthenewsPartCYouwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosingA,B,CorD.Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren'shealthydevelopment.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.WhatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnextHowmuchexercisetheygeteveryWhattheyaremostworriedHowlongtheir panythemWhatentertainmenttheyareinterestedTheacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagegetenoughhavemorereceiveearlyhaveregularAccordingtothereport,children'sbedroomsbenoplaceforbenearacommonhavenoTVhaveacomputerforQuestions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantstosaveFamilyBankMonthlySpendingHowmuchcan savebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-day$Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulateInvestintoamutualUsethediscountQuithiseating-outUseonlypaperbillsandsaveQuestions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Glieberman,domestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer'spredictionofthechangeindivorcerate?WhatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirToembracechangesofToadapttothedisintegratedfamilyToreturntothepracticeinthe'60sandTocreatestabilityintheirWhydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsTheyfearedthecomplicatedTheywantedtogoagainsttheTheywereafraidoflosingTheywerewillingtostayYearsagoadivorcedmaninacompanywouldbeenshiftedaroundthehaddifficultybeingenjoyedahappiertastedlittlebitternessofYounowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEETNationalEntranceTestOfEnglishforMA／MSCandidatesB節(jié)和寫作部分必須用藍(lán)（黑）2上答SectionIIUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentofevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened21.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic23,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe24oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading26throughtheegraph,theephone,radio,andmotionpictures27the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin28.ItisimportanttodoItisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediay32.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame"al"too,aswellas33,withdisplay ingsharperandstorage34increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuchItwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm"informationsociety"begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas38bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications."Benefits"havebeenweighed40"harmful"es.Andgeneralizationshaveproved21.[A][B][C][D]22.[A][B][C][D][C][D]24.[A][B][C][D]25.[A][B][C][D]26.[A][B][C][D]27.[A][B][C][D]28.[A][B][C][D]29.[A][B][C][D]30.[A][B][C]31.[A][B][C][D]32.[A][B][C][D]33.[A][B][C][D]34.[A][B][C][D]35.[A]bymeans[B]interms[C]withregard[D]inline36.[A][B][C][D]37.[A][B][C][D]38.[A][B][C][D]39.[A][B][C][D]40.[A][B][C][D]SectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)TextIfyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoples,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedHereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses'convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderful modations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself."Whoisthat?"thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter."Oh,that'sGod,"camethereply,"butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor."Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeortheephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothat esmoreIncludeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetos,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote"Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,giveup"oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youtakeadvantageofdifferentkindsofmakefunofthedisorganizedaddressdifferentproblemstodifferentshowsympathyforyourThejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyimpolitetonewveryconsciousoftheirgodlikeentitledtosomeverybusyevenduringlunchItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublichavebenefitedmanyarethefocusofpublicareaninappropriatesubjectforhaveoftenbeenthelaughingToachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbeinwell-wordedasawkwardlyasinexaggeratedascasuallyasThebesttitleforthetextmayUseHumorAddHumortoDifferentHumorStrategies.Text2Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics--thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyinligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedlerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobo-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy--fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves--goalsthatposearealchallenge."Whileweknowhowtolarobottohandleaspecificerror,"saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,"wecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense'toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld."Indeedthequestfortrueartificialinligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslayhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented-andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated--thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediaydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedtheuseofmachinestoproducesciencethewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingtheinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangeroustheelite'scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringTheword"gizmos"(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablyAccordingtothetext,whatisman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatfulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbraininteractwithhumanbeingshavealittlecommonrespondindependentlytoachangingBesidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanmakeafewdecisionsfordealwithsomeerrorswithhumanimprovefactorycultivatehumanTheauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsexpectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalabletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediafarlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantbestusedinacontrolledTextCouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthanintheRicheconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobileephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarterofthe elossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted- emoreenergy-intensive,andsobemoreseriouslyOnemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist'scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.ThemainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceglobalreductioninfastgrowthinIraq'ssuspensionofItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallypriceofcrudecommoditypricesconsumptionoiltaxesTheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichheavy esmoreenergy-elossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilmanufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslyoilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonWecandrawaconclusionfromthetextoil-priceshocksarelessshockinginflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceenergyconservationcankeepdowntheoilthepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyFromthetextwecanseethatthewriterTextTheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecanrryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof"doubleeffect,"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects--agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen--ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho"untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientsmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastenGeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It'slikesurgery,"hesays."Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirOnanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodemmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt'srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare."Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,"totheextentthatitconstitutes"systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards"mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatare petentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension."Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearndoctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheiritisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirtheSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedpatientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtotheDoctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirModernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessTheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeAdoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisAccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareprolongedmedicalinadequatetreatmentofsystematicdruginsufficienthospitalWhichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword"aggressive"(line4,paragraphGeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifmanagetheir givepatientsmoremedicinethanreducedmgdosagesfortheirprolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients.PartBReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecaus