UnitoneTEXTAII1.Hedefinesgreatnessasthelastingcontributionwhichapersonmakesorhasmadetohumancivilization.2.TheexampleofChurchillshowstheimportanceofpersistenceanddedicationinachievinggreatness.3.Firstbornsandonlychildrentendtomakegoodleadersintimesofcrisis,butmiddle-bornchildrenarebetterpeacetimeleaders.4.A20thcenturypoliticianshouldbeaneffectivepublicspeakerandasocialperson.5.Intelligenceseemstobelessimportantthanotherfactors,suchastheabilitytocommunicateeffectively.6.Theabilitytoovercometraditionalwaysofthinkingisalsocrucial.7.Theysimplydon’tdevotetheamountoftimerequired.8.Thestudyshowedthatenjoyingone’sworkisthebestformofmotivation.IV1.rinsic10.criteria13.contribution(s)11.obsession12.innate14.contemporary15.submitted16.moraleV1.eupwith11.takecharge12.set...apartVIficiency3.emergency6.frequency4.Efficiency5.tendencyVII1.Forsomestudents,it'snotthattheydon'tputinenoughtime—it'sthattheydon'thavegoodstudyhabits.2.Childrenperformdifferentlyatschool.It'snotthattheyhavedifferentIQs—it'sthattheyarebroughtupindifferentenvironments.3.Thecompanyisnotveryproductive.It'snotthatitsstaffaren'ttalented—it'sthattheirenergyhasn'tbeenchanneledeffectively.4.I'mreallysorry.It'snotthatIdon'twanttogotothecinemawithyou—it'sthatIhavetofinishmypapertonight.5.Youhaveastomachache.It'snotthatthefoodwasbad—it'sprobablythatyouhavetoomuch

stressfromyourwork.VIII1.PresidentWilsondidn'ttrytobringtheUSbacktoeconomicandpoliticalisolation.Instead,hebelievedininternationalcooperationthroughanassociationofnations.2.Computersdon'tteachstudentsingroups.Instead,theycanhelpthemlearneffectivelyaccordingtotheirdifferentneeds.3.Weshouldn'tfocusonminorpoints.Instead,weshouldtrytosolvetheproblemofthegreatesturgencyatpresent.4.Hedosen'tgetanybodyelsetohelphim.Instead,helikestoattendtoeverythinghimself.5.Teachingsuccessshouldn'tbemeasuredbythescoresthestudentsreceiveontests.Instead,itshouldbemeasuredbywhetherthestudentshaveinternalizedtheabilityanddesiretolearn.IXBCBADDCABADABCAX西蒙頓說(shuō)，如果事業(yè)上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的話，那就是一種持續(xù)不斷地追求成功的動(dòng)力。“人們往往認(rèn)為他們天生具有一些超常非凡的東西，”他解釋道。“但研究結(jié)果表明，有的偉人并沒(méi)有驚人的智力。有的只是程度上的差異而已。偉大是建立在大量的學(xué)習(xí)、實(shí)踐和獻(xiàn)身精神的基礎(chǔ)之上的?！彼e出二戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的英國(guó)首相溫斯頓?丘吉爾作為一個(gè)永不放棄的冒險(xiǎn)者的典范。丘吉爾在全國(guó)上下士氣最為低落的時(shí)候被推上，臺(tái)并出色地領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了英國(guó)人民。在1940年盟軍敦刻爾克大撤退之后的一次演講中，他的話激勵(lì)了全國(guó)人民，“我們絕不會(huì)衰退、失敗。我們將堅(jiān)持到底??我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)屈服。”XI1.Americanstendtodefinepeoplebythejobstheyhave/do.Suchcharacteristicsastheirfamilyandeducationalbackgroundsareconsideredlessimportant.2.Hisuncompromisingpersonalityexplainswhyhecouldnolongerputupwithhisemployerandeventuallysubmittedhisresignation.3.IfyoureallywanttolearnEnglishwell,youmustputinalotoftimeandenergy,oryou'llgonowhere.Thesamecanbesaidofothersubjects.4.Someactorsfameisbuiltontheirinnatebeauty,butdespitehisshortstature,DustinHoffmanroseaboveanditishisexcellentactingthatsethimapart.5.Afterhetookcharge,wediscoveredthattherewerestrikingdifferencesbetweenhimandhispredecessor.Hehadthedriveandpassion,cameupwithmanynewideas,andfocusedhisworkonhowtoraiseourmorale.6.DengXiaopingmadehistorywhenhedeclaredChina'sreformandopening-uppolicy.Despitetremendousobstacles,hemadelastingcontributionstoourcountry'smodernizationwithhisunrelentingefforts.7.WhycouldsomeonewithageniusIQbeleftbehindbyahardworkingpersonwithanaverageIQ?Ithastobeacknowledgedthatbesidesone'sIQ,manyotherfactorshavemuchtodowithone'sachievements.8.Thisteacherisreallyremarkableinfirstmotivatingherstudentssoshecanreallyteachthemsomething.It'snotthatsheistalented,it'sthatshefocusescompletelyordrawingtheirfullattentioninclass.

unittwoTEXTAII1.Hegotnothanksforreturningawallet,thoughhedeservedto.2.Hewantstoshowhowmuchpeopleneedgratitudetokeepupaspiritofkindnessandcooperation.3.Shesavedupfortwoyears,wenttoNormandyinperson,andgaveherson'sgoldwristwatchtothewoman.4.Hesendashortrecordingexpressinghisappreciationoftheauthor'sthoughtfulnessandsentittotheauthor.5.Apatientwhoselifewassavedbyabloodtransfusioncamebackagainandagaintodonatehisbloodanonymouslysothatmorepatientscouldbesaved.6.HedoesitbycitingW.H.Hudson'sgratitudeforhiswife'sday-to-dayheroism.7.Thosepeoplewhodolittlethingsforusallyearround.8.Itcanmakepeopletakeinfinitepainswiththeirwork.9.Gratitudeisneededallthetimeandnoneofuscangivetoomuchofit.III1.of9.tribute13.slammed7.conventional11.generous12.gratitude14.agreeableIV1.caught/tookmyfancy3.takeforgranted5.savedup2.amistakeonJohn'spart4.thinktwice6.referredto7.boastabout8.tookpainswith10.somethingof12.fedup9.refrainfrom11.inonewayoranotherV1.altitude2.aptitude3.attitude7.latitude4.longitude8.solitude5.fortitude6.mulitiudeVI1.coordination5.co-authored2.coexist3.co-workers4.co-owners8.copilot6.Cooperation7.CoeducationVII1.nosacrificefortheeducationoftheyoungwastoogreat2.Nopriceistoohightopayinordertosavetheirlives

3.cannotbetoocarefulinperforminganexperiment4.Theycannotpraisehimtoomuch5.cannotbeoveremphasized6.cannotbeoverestimatedVIIIBACDDBABCDBADCAIX一些人不愿表達(dá)感激之情，因?yàn)樗麄冇X(jué)得這不會(huì)受歡迎。我的一個(gè)病人在出院幾個(gè)星期后回到醫(yī)院感謝他的護(hù)士。“我沒(méi)有更早地回來(lái)，”他解釋說(shuō)，“是因?yàn)槲也孪肽銈儗?duì)于人們的感激一定厭煩得要命?！薄罢孟喾?，”她回答說(shuō)，“我很高興你來(lái)。很少有人意識(shí)到我們多么需要鼓勵(lì)，我們從那些鼓勵(lì)我們的人身上獲得了多大的幫助。”我們所給予的感激永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)過(guò)多。因?yàn)槲覀兩磉叺娜嗽跇?gòu)筑他們的人生哲學(xué)時(shí)所依據(jù)的正是這些微笑、我們所表示的感謝和我們表示欣賞的各種小小的示意動(dòng)作。X1.HeglaredatJohnandwasannoyedbyhisrefusaltocooperate.2.John'ssincerespeechshowshisgratitudetothepeoplewhorenderedhimgeneroushelpwhenhewasindifficulty.3.Heissomethingofastampcollector.Thefactthatoncehesavedupfortwoyearstobuyararestampisproofofit.4.Thebeautyoftheserosescouldnotbeoverstated.Theytook/caughtallthevisitorsfancyinonewayoranother.5.Atfirsthetookitforgrantedthattheyshouldbuildmorehighwaysinthisarea.Thenacarefulcalculationoftheexpenditurecompelledhimtothinktwicebeforehemadethefinaldecision.6.Eachtimehereceivesagiftfromme,nomatterhowsmall,myfriendBillneverfailstoacknowledgeit.7.Thejournalisthasdecidedtotracetheyoungmanreferredtointheoldcouple'sletter,whichisatributetotheyoungman'seffortatimprovingtheirlivingconditions.8.Thoughhewasfedupwiththesalesmenwhoknockedathisdoorandboastedabouttheirproductseveryday,herefrainedfromslammingthedoorintheirface.unit3TEXTAII1.Hechangedhisperspectiveandobservedpeoplewhodidnothavesmallpox.2.Hewantstogiveagoodexampleoflateralthinking.3.Hecomparesthehumanbraintoacomputerandthechangeofone'spointofviewtothereprogrammingofthecomputer.4.Itistofightit.5.Hecallsitverticalthinking.6.Heusedthetechniqueoflateralthinking.

7.Thekeyistomakeashiftinemphasisinsteadoffightingtheproblemhead-on.8.Theyshouldchangetheirpointofviewandregardthemselvesastheirbody'skeeper.9.Veryoftenlateralthinkingyieldsmuchbetterresultsthanverticalthinking.10.Itisapproachingthetargetfromasidewayspointofviewinsteadofapproachingitdirectly.III1.tactic2.utmost3.structure4.slack5.significance6.head-on7.deadend8.erased9.framework14.affirmed10.vertical;vertical11.ceased12.flaw13.impliesIV1.woundupbeing2.pullingon3.takein5.takeover4.ineffect6.endedupteachingV1.gram10.escape11.fail9.switchVIassistantaccountantservantdependantattendantcontestantdefendantconsultantinhabitantoccupant1.attendant2.servant3.consultans4.contestant5.accountant6.occupants7.assistant8.inhabitants9.dependants10.defendantVII1.ofuse2.ofgreatimportance3.ofgreat/critical/extremesignificance4.oflittlevalue5.ofmarkedbenefit6.ofinvaluablehelpVIII1.shouldhavetoldmeatonce2.2.shouldhavetoldmebeforehand3.3.shouldhaveleftthecompanylongago4.nevershouldhavehappened5.shouldhaveleftthirtyminutesago6.shouldhavephonedIXCDBDABBDBBCABDC

X一般西方人解決問(wèn)題的方法是與之搏斗。“進(jìn)展越困難，硬漢子越向前”這句話便代表了這種解決問(wèn)題的積極進(jìn)取的態(tài)度。不管是什么問(wèn)題，不管可以用來(lái)解決問(wèn)題的方法是什么，我們西方人的思維方式所產(chǎn)生的框架總是搏斗。德?博諾醫(yī)生稱之為縱向思維；即那種傳統(tǒng)的、按順序的、亞里士多德式的邏輯思維，堅(jiān)定地從一步移到下一步，就像玩具積木一塊搭在另一塊之上。當(dāng)然，它的缺陷是，如果在任何時(shí)刻其中一步?jīng)]有達(dá)到，或者一塊積木沒(méi)有放對(duì)，那么整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)就會(huì)坍。塌事情就會(huì)陷入僵局，沮喪、緊張和搏斗的情緒就會(huì)籠罩心頭。橫向思維，德?博諾醫(yī)生說(shuō)，是對(duì)事物進(jìn)行思考的一種新方法——一種完全避免這種拼搏，用一種完全出人意料的方式解決問(wèn)題的方法。XI1.Tomwashungupontheproblembutcoulddonothingaboutituntilhelearnttosolveitwithdifferenttactics.2.Lateralthinkinghashelpedhimtoadvancehisnewtheorywhichhadseemedtoreachadeadend.3.Theframeworkofourlatestconstructionplanhasbeenaffirmedbythelocalgovernment.Whetheritwillbecarriedoutontimeisoftheutmostsignificancetothedevelopmentofthiscoastalcity.4.Whiletryingtofindasolutiontotheproblem,Edwardreachedanimpasseinhisthinking,butlaterhechangedhispointofviewandsolvedtheprobleminanentirelyunexpectedfashion.5.Manypeoplebelievethatcomputerlabswilleventuallytakeoverfromthelibrariesandstudentswhowanttotakeinnewknowledgewillenduplearningeverythinginthecomputerlab.6.Yesterdayhiscarcrashedintoatruckalmosthead-on.Ifhedoesnotstopdrivingsocarelessly,Iamsurehewillwindupintheemergencyroomofahospital.7.Thereisaflawinthestructuraldesignofthepainting.Whydon'tyouerasetheverticallinesandsimplifyitalittlebit?8.Johnshouldhavegivenupsmokingalongtimeago.Afterall,healthisoftheutmostimportancetoeverybody.unit4TEXTAII1.TheIQsamongthestudentswerewithinthenormalrange.2.Thestudyshowedthatateacher'spositiveviewandhighexpectationsofstudentsconvincesthemthattheyaregiftedandenablesthemtodobetterthanaveragework.3.Shedidnotseethisasevidencethatthestudentwasnotbrightorcapable,butrathervieweditasoneday抯poorperformance,anexceptiontoanormallygoodpatternofwork.4.Itishardtodescribeexactly,buthertonewasassuredandshedidnotexpressanynegativequalitiessuchasirony,putdownsand/orirritation.5.Thisshowsthatpositiveexpectationcanbeeffectiveevenonmice,whodonot,ofcourse,

understandhumanlanguage.6.Labelingmeansthinkingofpeopleintermsofthegeneralprejudiceswhichwehaveabouttheirnationality,theirrace,ortheirgender,ratherthanthinkingofthemasindividuals.7.Labelsdefineabroad,heterogenerousgrouptoospecifically.Theyareusuallyprejudicial,non-inclusive,andoftenracistorsexist.8.Thisexampleshowshowlabelingcancreateasenseofguiltinapersonwhodoesnotdowhatisexpected,evenwhenhefollowshistalentsandisquitesuccessful.IV1.breed2.accordingly3.racial4.homogeneous8.irritation5.inclusive9.variables13.readily6.welfare7.deceiving10.uncover11.irony12.verbal14.indifference15.certainty;certainty16.superiorV1.intermsof2.dueto3.measures/livesupto4.asoftenasnot8.inpart5.consistedof6.gothroughwith7.inrealityVI1.unfolded2.unpacked3.undo4.unbend5.unfastende6.unload7.undressing8.unlockedVII1.transmit2.transforming;transferring3.transcribed4.transplanting5.transfer6.transparentVIII1.AStheexampleinthetextmakesclear2.Asimentionedearlier/As(was)mentionedearlier3.Asisknownall4.as(is)agreedoninthecontract5.ashadbeenoriginallyplannedIX1.Theywouldratheroverworkthemselvestomakelifebetterforoursakethanspendtheirhard-earnedmoneyonthemselves2.wouldratherreadabest-sellerthanchatwithothers3.wouldratherconfineyourselfinthelibrarythangoouttomeetandtalkwithlocalpeople4.wouldrathergiveupmyshort-terminterestthanletitslipaway5.wouldrathernottellourparentswhat抯inourmindsthansitdownandcommunicatewiththemlikefriends

XBDADBACADABBACBXI某個(gè)學(xué)生的成績(jī)達(dá)不到老師的期望是常有的事。當(dāng)這種情況發(fā)生時(shí)，那個(gè)學(xué)生面對(duì)的不是失望、憤怒或惱怒。相反，老師認(rèn)為這是一次例外，一件偶然的事情，倒霉的一天，一次暫時(shí)的失誤——而學(xué)生相信了她，并消除了疑慮。下一次，他更加努力了，決心做到老師知道他能做到的事。很難精確地確定老師傳達(dá)的信息：“我期待著最好的成績(jī)，”中到底是哪一部分告訴了孩子。它的一部分包括顯示信心的平和語(yǔ)調(diào)，言語(yǔ)上的耐心，及沒(méi)有諷刺、貶低和惱怒等消極因素。期待著最好成績(jī)的老師滿懷信心地提問(wèn)，因?yàn)樗浪玫降拇鸢甘菍⒄_的，而孩子也感受到了那種信心。XII1.Schoolsshouldavoiddecidingwhoissuperioronlyintermsofstudents'examresultsandtreatingthemaccordingly.Instead,agoodeducationalsystemshouldenableeverystudenttomeasureuptogoodstandardsaswell-roundedpeople.2.Asoftenasnot,whencollegestudentshav