Lecture5CulturalDifferencesinEverydayConversationandtheModesofThinking

日常會話中的文化差異與思維模式GreetingsandFarewellsHaveyoueatenyet?orHaveyouhadyourlunch?Whereareyongoing?orWherehaveyoubeen?I'mpleasedtomeetyou.It'snicemeetingyouorIt'snicetohavemetyouGreetingsandFarewells請留步。慢走，走好，慢點兒騎。Stayherewouldsoundstrange;Goslowly,WalkslowlyorRideslowlyB.WaysofAddress

Tom,Michael,Linda,Jane,etc.-ratherthancallingthepersonMr.Summers,Mrs.HowardorMissJones.B.WaysofAddress

Themainexceptionsone'sparents(Dad,,Mom,MumorMother),one'sgrandparents(Grandpa,Grandma)anolderrelative(AuntMaryorUncleJim).Noticethatthegivenname,andnotthefamilyname,isused.B.WaysofAddress

EnglishBrotherJosephorSisterMarywouldcommonlybeunderstoodasreferringtopersonsbelongingtoaCatholicgrouporsomereligiousorprofessionalsociety.Chineseterm，Englishterm，Englishexplanationifneeded祖父（母）Grandfather，GrandmotherPaternalgrandfather外祖父（母）Maternalgrandfather父Father母Mother兄，弟BrotherElderbrother,younger(kid)brother姐，妹SisterEldersister,younger(kid)sister伯父unclePaternaluncleFather’selderbrother叔父Father’syoungerbrother姑父Husbandoffather’ssister舅父MaternaluncleMother’sbrotherInChinesetherearemanymoretermstodesignatespecificrelationships.ItshouldbementionedthatinEnglishBrotherJosephorSisterMarywouldcommonlybeunderstoodasreferringtopersonsbelongingtoaCatholicgrouporsomereligiousorprofessionalsociety.Inreferringtoanimalsandbirds,theChinesepracticeisgenerally,butnotalways,tousesimply公or母toshowwhetheracreatureismaleorfemale.InEnglish,morespecifictermsareoftenused,includingtermsfortheyoung.

Namebullorcowandcockorhenarefrequentlyusedtodistinguishsex;e.g.,bullseal,(公海豹)cowseal,bullelephant,cowelephant;cockpheasant（公野雞）henpheasant,cocksparrow,hensparrow.Also,usingthetermsmaleorfemale,orsometimesshewiththegenericname,isacceptable,asinmaleleopard(公豹),femalepanda,shewolf.

InEnglishonlyafewoccupationsortitleswouldbeused:Doctor____President____Judge_____Mayor______Governor______Professor_______在job,title前，用Mr.Mr.PresidentMr.GovernorMr.SenatorMr.Mayor吳老師TeacherWu?Mr.WuHowtoaddressateacherhaslongbeenaproblem.TeacherorTeacherZhang?ComradeorComradeLi?MrYang,MrsZhang,MissWu?Inthesenseofateacher,Chinesehasmanymoresynonyms:教師，老師，教員，導(dǎo)師，師長，先生Otherdifficultterms同志,師傅.toattracttheperson’sattention.Excuseme,Pardonme,Isaythere.

ExpressionslikeHey,orHey,youorYou,therearenotconsideredpolite.C.ComplimentsandpraiseAmericanstendtoacceptthecomplimentwhileChinesegenerallymurmursomereplyaboutnotbeingworthyofthepraise.其它社交禮節(jié)Thankyou,andPlease----BothoftheseareusedmorewidelythantheChinese謝謝，請…….Ontheotherhand,theChineseattitude----theappreciationisunderstoodandneednotbeexpressed–中國人相信對方知道自己的感激之情，不必多言—whichissometimestakenforrudenessorlackofconsiderationbyWesterners.不說這些客氣話有些失禮，對別人不夠尊重。RepliestoThankyouaresimilar.ThemostcommonareNotatall,Don’tmentionit,You’rewelcome,沒什么，不用謝。這是我應(yīng)該做的---It’smyduty

I’mgladtobeofhelp.

It’sapleasure.我很樂意（為您效勞）TheChineseterm請TheChineseterm請usuallyregardedasequivalenttoPlease.

Whenofferingofurginganotherpersontobefirstingoingthroughadoororgettinginacar,theexpressionisgenerallyAfteryou(notYougofirst,assomepeoplenotwell-acquaintedwithEnglishareapttosay).請Atthemealtable,Helpyourselfiscustomarywhenurgingsomeonetostarteating,ortotakemoreofthefood.Excuseme----勞駕whenaskingafavororrequestingapersondosomething;借光，請讓一讓whenaskingapersontostepasideormakeroom;請問whenaskingforinformationormakingaquery.TheChinese辛苦了agoodwarmexpressionshowingconcern.Oritmaybeusedinrecognitionofthefactthatapersonhasputinconsiderableeffortorgonethroughsomehardshiptoachievesomething.辛苦了You’vehadahardtimeorYou’vegonethroughalotofhardshipsishardlyenough;insomecircumstancesismightevengivethewrongimpression.辛苦了Ifusedasagreetingtoapersonwhohasjustcompletedalongtrip,辛苦了couldbeexpressedasYoumustbetiredfromsuchalongtripDidyouhaveagoodtrip?

辛苦了Whencommendingpeoplewhohavefinishedadifficulttaskorarestillworkingonit,onemightsayWelldone;Thatwas(You’vegot)ahardjob.（干得不錯，你辛苦了）NoneoftheseEnglishexpressions,however,carriesasmuchmeaningorwarmfeelingastheChinese.ThoughtpattersAstheSapir-Whorfhypothesissuggests,languageandthoughtsarecloselyrelated.Thereasonwhypeoplehavedifferentdiscoursepattersisprobablyduetothedifferencesintheirmodesofthinking.ThoughtpattersThemodeofthinkingisconnectedwiththeworldview,whichinfluencesalaspectsofourperceptionandconsequentlyaffectsourbeliefandvaluesystems,aswellashowwethinkandact.ModesofthinkingWesternerstendtobedualistic(二元的)intheiroutlookwhileChineseareinclinedtobelieveinholism(整體論).ModesofthinkingWesternerstendtodissectthingsintopartsandanalyzetheirrelationshipsinordertounderstandthemproperly.Theiremphasisisuponthepartsratherthanuponthewholeofthings.Chinesearelikelytosynthesizeelementsintoaunit,withtheemphasison“whole”,thesystematicandsyntheticperceptionsofobjects.Modesofthinking:AnalyticthinkingSyntheticthinkingAnalyticthinkingAsanalyticalthinkingprevailsintheWest,peopleinthatculturearegoodatclassificationandcategorizationandtheypursuedichotomies(一分為二)suchasgoodandbad,Godandthedevil,theindividualandthewhole.Inaword,“A”or“not-A”.Thismayleadtothefactthattheyprefermakinguseofconceptsforlogicaljudgmentandreasoning.SyntheticthinkingTheChinesesyntheticmodeofthinkinghasitsowntraits.Itusuallyleadstotheemphasisongainingintuitiveinsight(直覺領(lǐng)悟)andthinkingintermsofimages.Precisionandaccuracyisnotemphasized.MedicineWesternmedicine–doctorsexaminepartsofthebodybydetailedanalysisTraditionalChinesemedicine–takethepatientasawhole,requiringtheconsiderationoftheconnectionsofallpartsofthebody.(patientsufferingfromsevereheadachemaygetsomefoottreatment)PaintingsDifferences(1)TheChinesepaintingisasynthesisofdifferentartform;calligraphy,painting,poetryandstamp.IntheWest,paintingispaintingandpoetryispoetry.Differences(2)InChinesepaintingtheeyeoftheviewerisassumedtomoveacrossthesurfaceofthepaintingIntheWesternpaintingthereisonlyonefocalpoint,onespotfromwhichtheviewerlooksatthepainting.Differences(3)Westernpaintingsseemtobemoretruetolife,precisionbeingobvious.(寫實)TheChinesepainterseekscloseresemblanceinspiritinsteadofaccuratelikenessinappearance，conveyinginsidemeanings（寫意）Westernthinking–analytical,statistical,rational,andcircumspect,(周到的)layingmoreemphasisonobjectivity,specificityandprecision.(客觀性，特異性和準確性)ChinesethinkingSynthetic,intuitive,andconcrete,valuingsubjectivity