托福閱讀根本特性1.篇章數(shù):3+1；1.題目數(shù)量：12-14/篇，總結(jié)題和填表為最后一題〔兩題只占一〕①詞匯題③否認事實信息題⑤句子簡化題⑦指代題⑨總結(jié)題②事實信息題④推斷題⑥修辭□題⑧插入題⑩填表題〔六〕〔80'〕+聽力60'〔90'〕+休息10'+口語20'+寫作50*難度和分數(shù)分布典型加試居多閱讀文章原型大都選自美國大學(xué)本科生使用教材。文章類型：三類：說明文、議論文、史實文。三者合一統(tǒng)稱為：學(xué)術(shù)性文章，具備說理性，即行文邏輯大都遵循著相對固定構(gòu)造模式。托福文章篇章構(gòu)造有規(guī)律可尋，段落構(gòu)成有原那1.學(xué)術(shù)性文章篇章構(gòu)造：Topic話題+Aspects方面+Attitude態(tài)度，這三要素加起來就是原那么學(xué)術(shù)論文體"T+A+A篇章構(gòu)造〞。托福文章大都遵循這種構(gòu)造。2.學(xué)術(shù)性文章段落構(gòu)造學(xué)術(shù)性文章自然段落，普通需要具備兩個構(gòu)成某些：TopicSentenceDetail〞TS+D段落理解了這種TAA篇章構(gòu)造和TS+D段落構(gòu)造行文規(guī)律后，對文章框架把握就會做到心里有數(shù)，更有助于提高閱讀速度和定位有效信息精確度。托福詞匯類問題(VocabularyQuestions)ThewordXinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto用來考察考生某單詞在文章上下文中意思問題類型最為常用。二、答題環(huán)節(jié)第一步：在文章中定位到陰影標(biāo)記單詞或短語。結(jié)識單詞直接選。第三步：依照上下文含義推測含義。笫四步：少量單詞可山詞根驗證答案。選取答案時，不要僅僅山于某個選項符合該單詞某一種對的意思就將其作為對的選項，題LI考察是作者在文章上下文中使用了哪一種詞義。三、解題線索1.論點對論據(jù)TS+DCommensalassociationssometimesinvolveonespecies*obtainingfoodthatisinadvertentlyexposedbyanother.Forinstance,severalkindsofbirdsfeedoninsectsflushedoutofthegrassbygrazingcattle.ThewordinadvertentlyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtondefensiblyBsubstantiallyC.unintentionallyD.partially2.先后搭配Membersofpoorpeasantfamiliesspunorwoveclothandlinensathomeforseantremuneration,inanattempttosupplementmeagerfamilyincome.ThewordmeagerinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.verynecessaryB.verylowC.traditionalD.primary3.并列信息TheworddisruptedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoolongedC.followedD.upset4.因果邏輯In1815hepublishedthefirstmoderngeologicalmapHAMapoftheStrataofEnglandandWaleshatitcanstillbeusedtodayThewordmeticulouslyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtofullyB.quicklyC.frequentlyD.obviously5.反向邏輯TheJovianplanetshaveverythickatmospheresconsistingofvaryingamountsofhydrogen,helium,methane,andammonia.Bycomparison,theterrestrialplanetshavemeageratmospheresatbest.ThewordmeagerinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoichB.thinD.complex6.詞根詞綴Theundisputedpre-ColumbianpreseneeinOceaniaofthesweetpotato,whichisaNewWorlddomesticate,hassometimesbeenusedtosupportHeyerdahl's"AmericanIndiansinthePacific"theories.ThewordundisputedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoAmysteriousC.acknowledgedD.significant托福閱讀指代題被考文章中有一種詞或詞組被加亮，這個詞普通是一種代詞或名詞。指代題形式如下：Theword(orphrase)Xinthepassagerefersto1.依照解題技巧擬定答案2.代入原文驗證，看語義、邏輯和語法上與否通順?biāo)^就近指代，就是被指代對象普通在指代詞前不遠處，如本句或上一句中。有時也出當(dāng)Largewindfarmsmightalsointerferewiththeflightpatternsofmigratorybirdsincertainareas,andtheyhavekilledlargebirdsofprey(especiallyhawks,falcons,andeagles)thatprefertohuntalongthesameridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbines.Thekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbineshaspittedenvironmentalistswhochampionwildlifeprotectionagainstenvironmentalistswhopromoterenewablewindenergy.Researchersareevaluatinghowseriousthisproblemisandhopetofindwaystoeliminateorsharplyreducethisproblem.Thephrasethisprobleminthepassagereferstointerferencewiththeflightpatternsofmigratingbirdsincertainareasbuildingridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbinesthekillingofbirdsofpreybywindturbinesmeetingthedemandsofenvironmentalistswhopromoterenewablewindenergy2.數(shù)格一致被指代對象普通與指代詞在數(shù)〔如單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)〕和格〔主格或賓格〕兩方面相似。如單數(shù)四、重要思路1.主從復(fù)合句中指代在主從復(fù)合句中，第二句代詞主語經(jīng)常指代第一句名詞主語。例如，finsaretuckedintospecialgroovesordepressionssothattheylieflushwiththebodyanddonotThewordtheyinthepassagerefersto1〕qualities2〕fins3〕grooves4〕depressions如果主從復(fù)合句中一種句子〔可以是主句，也可以是從句〕使用被動語態(tài)，包括被動語態(tài)句子中主語常指代另一句中賓語。例如，Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.Thewordnoneinthepassagereferstoodoranimal2.并列動詞中指代如果一種句中有兩個并列動詞，笫二個動詞代詞賓語經(jīng)常指代前一種動詞后名詞賓語。例Artistsarerecognizingthedistinctionbetweenpublicandprivatespaces,andtakingthatintoaccountwhenexecutingtheirpubliccommissions.rt(D)distinction3.平行構(gòu)造中指代former...thelatter等。在這種構(gòu)造中，平行構(gòu)造兩個某些兩個代詞經(jīng)常指代同一對象：前一InSouthwestFranceinthe1940s,playingchildrendiscoveredLascauxGrotto,aseriesofnarrowcavechambersthatcontainhugeprehistoricpaintingsofanimals.Manyofthesebeastsareaslargeas16feet(almost5meters).Somefolloweachotherinsolemnparades,butothersswirlabout,sidewaysandupsidedown.Thewordothersinthepassagereferstoambers4.所有格指代所有格代詞經(jīng)常指代其前面與其最接近名詞。例如，F(xiàn)olk-madeobjectsgivewaytotheirpopularequivalent,usuallybecausethepopularitemismorequicklyorcheaplyproduced,iseasierortimesavingtouse,orlendsmoreprestigetotheowner.to(A)folk5.指代接力棒現(xiàn)象這一現(xiàn)象是指被考代詞相應(yīng)前面一種相似代詞，而前面代詞指代更前一句中名詞。例如，Whilesuchinterviewscanbehighlyentertaining,theyarenotnecessarilyanaccurateindicationofpublicopinion.First,theyreflecttheopinionsofonlythosepeoplewhoappearatacertainlocation.Theword"they"inline8referstos除了上述狀況之外，其她指代，如定語從句中(ofwhich...,inwhich...,fromwhich...)關(guān)系代omtheretheregeography,orclimate.Ifpotshavenobottomsorhavelargeopeningsintheirsides,they