審計(jì)學(xué)頁精美管理第1頁/共233頁2AnIntegratedApproachEighthEdition第2頁/共233頁3Theprimaryemphasisinthistextisontheauditor’sdecision-makingprocess,suchasdeterminingthenatureandamountofevidence.Thepurposeoftheauthoristointegratethemostimportantconceptsofauditingaswellascertainpracticalaspectsinalogicalmannertoassistusinunderstandingauditdecisionmakingandevidenceaccumulation.(e.g.auditsampling)Thetextisdividedinto6parts第3頁/共233頁4PartITHEAUDITINGPROFESSION

(Chapters1-5)Muchofcharter1emphasizesnewassuranceservicesbeingofferedbyCPAfirmssuchasCPAWebTrustandElderCarePlus.Chapter2coverstheCPAprofessionincludingorganizationofCPAfirms,theAICPA,andtheSEC.InCharter3,thereisadetaileddiscussionofauditreports.Charter4explainsprofessionalethicsandtheAICPACodeofProfessionalConduct.Charter5endsthispartwithaninvestigationofauditor’slegalliability.第4頁/共233頁5

PartII

THEAUDITPROCESS

(Chapters6-12)Thefirsttwoofthesechaptersdealwithauditor’sandmanagement’sresponsibilities,auditobjectives,andgeneralconceptsofevidenceaccumulation.Chapter8dealswithplanningtheengagementandthepreparationofauditworkingpapers.Chapter9introducesmaterialityandriskandshowstheireffectontheaudit.ThestudyofinternalcontrolandassessmentofcontrolriskarediscussedinChapter10.………第5頁/共233頁6

PartIII

APPLICATIONOFTHEAUDITPROCESSTOTHESALESANDCOLLECTIONCYCLE

(Chapters13-16)PartIV

APPLICATIONOFTHEAUDITPROCESSTOOTHERCYCLES

(Chapters17-22)PartV

COMPLETINGTHEAUDIT(Chapters23)PartVI

OTHERASSURANCEANDNONASSURANCESERVICES(Chapters24and25)第6頁/共233頁7PARTI(Chapters1-5)THEAUDITINGPROFESSIONThesefirstfivechaptersprovidebackgroundforperformingfinancialaudits,whichisourprimaryfocus.Thisbackgroundwillhelpyouunderstandwhyauditorsperformauditsthewaytheydo.Thispresentationbeginswithadescriptionofassuranceservices,includingauditing,andtheroleofcertifiedpublicaccounting(CPA)firmsandotherorganizationsindoingaudits.PartIemphasizestheregulationandcontrolofCPAfirmsthroughauditingandethicalstandardsaswellasthelegalresponsibilitiesofauditors.Wealsopresentadetaileddiscussionofauditreports,whicharethefinalproductsofaudits.第7頁/共233頁8Indonesia-1993andBre-XMinerals,Ltd.THEDEMANDFORAUDITANDASSURANCESERVICES1ALLTHATGLITTERSISN’TGOLDEachchapter’sopeningvignetteillustratesimportantauditingprinciplesbasedonrealisticsituations.Somevignettesarebasedonpublicinformationabouttheauditsofrealcompanies,whereasothersarefictitious.Anyresemblanceinthelattervignettestorealfirms,companiesorindividualsisunintendedandpurelycoincidental.1849-TheCaliforniaGoldRushSutter’sMill“AfterBre-X,theGlowisGone”第8頁/共233頁91

AssuranceservicesEconomicdemandforauditingNatureofauditingDistinctionbetweenauditingandaccountingTypesofauditsTypesofauditorsCertifiedpublicaccountantMainContents第9頁/共233頁10ASSURANCESERVICESAssuranceservices

areindependentprofessionalservicesthatimprovethequalityofinformationfordecisionmakers.(reliabilityandrelevance)Assuranceservices

canbeperformedbyCPAsorbyavarietyofotherprofessionals.CPAshaveprovidedmanyassuranceservicesforyears,particularlyassurancesabouthistoricalfinancialstatementinformation.OBJECTIVE1-1DescribeassuranceservicesanddistinguishauditservicesfromotherassuranceandnonassuranceservicesprovidedbyCPAs.第10頁/共233頁11AttestationServicesAn

attestationservice

isatypeofassuranceserviceinwhichtheCPAfirmissuesawrittencommunicationthatexpressesaconclusionaboutthereliabilityofawrittenassertion

ofanotherparty.第11頁/共233頁12AuditofHistoricalFinancialStatementsIsaformofattestationserviceinwhichtheauditorissuesawrittenreportexpressinganopinionaboutwhetherthefinancialstatementsareinmaterialconformitywithgenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples.第12頁/共233頁13ReviewofHistoricalFinancialStatementsAreviewofhistoricalfinancialstatementsisanothertypeofattestationservice

performedbyCPAs.Thistypeofreviewisoftenadequatetomeetusers’needsandcanbeprovidedbytheCPAfirmatamuchlowerfeethananaudit.(moderateamountofassurance,lessevidence)第13頁/共233頁14OtherAttestationServicese.g.1:banksrequiredebtorstoengageCPAstoprovideassuranceaboutthedebtorscompliancewithcertainfinancialcovenantprovisionsstatedintheloanagreement.e.g.2:CPAsprovideassuranceabouttheeffectivenessofaclient’sinternalcontrolsoverfinancialreporting.e.g.3:CPAscanattesttotheinformationinaclient’sforecastedfinancialstatements.第14頁/共233頁15Audit,AttestationandAssuranceAudit:Writtenreportonwhetherfinancialstatementsareinaccordancewithgenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples(AuditingStandards)Attestation:

Writtenreportonreliabilityofan assertion(AttestationStandards)Assurance:

Servicetoimprovethequality ofinformation(AssuranceStandards)第15頁/共233頁16OtherAssuranceServices“ANDTHEOSCARGOESTO…”“THERESHEIS,MISSAMERICA…”“WELCOMETOTHENEWYORKSTATELOTTERY…”YouprobablyrecognizethesestatementsfromtheAcademyAwards,theMissAmericaPageant,andtheNewYorkStateLotterydrawing.Whatyoumaynotrecognizeiswhatthesewell-knowneventhavetodowithassuranceservices.EacheventisobservedbyCPAsfromamajoraccountingfirmtoassureviewersthatthecontestswerefairlyconducted.SowhenyoubecomeamemberofaCPAfirm,youmightnotwinanOscar-butyoucouldbeontheOscars!Example:OscarAwards,MissAmericaPageant,Lottery第16頁/共233頁17DifferencesbetweenAttestationServicesandOtherAssuranceServicesa.ThepotentialcompetitionisfacedbyCPAfirmswhenperformingotherassuranceservices.b.TheCPAisnotrequiredtoissueawrittenreport.c.Theassurancedoesnothavetobeaboutthereliabilityofanotherparty’swrittenassertionaboutcompliancewithspecifiedcriteria.d.Theassuranceisaboutthereliabilityandrelevanceofinformation,whichmayormaynothavebeenassertedbyanotherparty.第17頁/共233頁18ElliottCommitteeReportTheElliottCommitteewaschargedwithresearchinganddevelopingnewassuranceservicesopportunitiesforCPAstoprovidetobusinessandindividualclientswhoneedrelevantandreliableinformationforcriticaldecisionmaking.AssuranceServicesonInformationTechnologyThereisevengreaterdemandforassuranceaboutcomputercontrolssurroundinginformationtransactedelectronicallyandthesecurityoftheinformationrelatedtothetransactions.CPAscanhelpprovideassuranceaboutthesefunctions.Twoexamples:1.AssurancesoverWebsitecontrols

2.

Assurancesaboutinformationsystemreliability第18頁/共233頁19CPAWebTrustCPAfirmsthatarelicensedbytheAICPAtoperformthisserviceprovideassurancetousersofWebsitesthroughtheCPA’selectronicWebTrust

sealaffixedtotheWebsite.ThissealassurestheuserthattheWebsiteownerhasmetestablishedcriteriarelatedtobusinesspractices,transactionintegrity,andinformationprocesses.WebTrustisanattestationservice,andthe

WebTrust

sealisasymbolicrepresentationoftheCPA’sreportonmanagement’sassertionsaboutitsdisclosureofelectroniccommercepractices.第19頁/共233頁20NonassuranceServicesAccountingandbookkeepingTaxservicesManagementconsultingservices第20頁/共233頁21FIGURE1-1

ASSURANCESERVICESNONASSURANCESERVICESATTESTATIONSERVICESAuditsReviewsOtherAttestationServices(e.g.,CPAWebTrust)OtherAssuranceServices(e.g.,ElderCarePlus)CertainManagementConsultingOtherManagementConsultingAccountingandBookkeepingTaxServicesRelationshipamongAssuranceServices,AttestationServices,andNonassuranceServices第21頁/共233頁22Figure1-1Reflectstherelationshipbetweenassuranceandnonassuranceservices.Audits,reviews,andotherattestationservicesareallexamplesofattestationservices,whichfallunderthescopeofassuranceservices.第22頁/共233頁23ECONOMICDEMANDFORAUDITINGObjective1-2Explaintheimportanceofauditinginreducinginformationrisk.InformationRiskreflectsthepossibilitythattheinformationuponwhichthebusinessriskdecisionwasmadewasinaccurate.Auditingcanhaveasignificanteffectoninformationrisk.Ifthebankmanagerissatisfiedthatthereisminimalinformationriskbecauseaborrower’sfinancialstatementsareaudited,theriskissubstantiallyreducedandtheoverallinterestratetotheborrowercanbereduced.第23頁/共233頁24Objective1-3Listthecausesofinformationrisk,andexplainhowthisriskmaybereduced.CausesofInformationRisk1.RemotenessofInformation2.BiasesandMotivesoftheProviderVoluminousDataComplextransactionsReducingInformationRiskForlargerbusinesses,itisusuallypracticaltoincurcoststoreduceinformationrisk.Therearethreemainwaystodothis.1.UserVerifiesInformation2.UserSharesInformationRiskwithManagement3.AuditedFinancialStatementsareProvided第24頁/共233頁25NATUREOFAUDITINGObjective1-4Describeauditing.Auditingistheaccumulationandevaluationofevidenceaboutinformationtodetermineandreportonthedegreeofcorrespondencebetweentheinformationandestablishedcriteria.Auditingshouldbedonebyacompetent,independentperson.第25頁/共233頁26InformationandEstablishedCriteriaTodoanaudit,theremustbeinformationinaverifiableformandsomestandards(criteria)bywhichtheauditorcanevaluatetheinformation.AccumulatingandEvaluatingEvidenceEvidenceisanyinformationusedbytheauditortodeterminewhethertheinformationbeingauditedisstatedinaccordancewiththeestablishedcriteria.第26頁/共233頁27Competent,IndependentPersonTheauditormustbequalifiedtounderstandthecriteriausedandmustbecompetenttoknowthetypesandamountofevidencetoaccumulatetoreachtheproperconclusionaftertheevidencehasbeenexamined.Thecompetenceoftheindividualperformingtheauditisoflittlevalueifheorsheisbiasedintheaccumulationandevaluationofevidence.ReportingThefinalstageintheauditingprocessispreparingthe

AUDITREPORT

whichisthecommunicationoftheauditor’sfindingstousers.第27頁/共233頁28FIGURE1-2

AuditofaTaxReturnInternalrevenueagentExaminescancelledchecksandothersupportingrecordsFederaltaxreturnsfiledbytaxpayerInternalRevenueCodeandallinterpretationsReportontaxdeficienciesCompetent,independentpersonAccumulatesandevaluatesevidenceEstablishedcriteriaReportonresultsInformationDeterminescorrespondence第28頁/共233頁29DISTINCTIONBETWEENAUDITING&ACCOUNTINGObjective1-5Distinguishbetweenauditingandaccounting.ACCOUNTING-

istherecording,classifying,andsummarizingofeconomiceventsinalogicalmannerforthepurposeofprovidingfinancialinformationfordecisionmaking.AUDITING-

isauditingaccountingdata,determiningwhetherrecordedinformationproperlyreflectstheeconomiceventsthatoccurredduringtheaccountingperiod.Theauditormustpossessexpertiseintheaccumulationandinterpretationofauditevidence.Itisthisexpertisethatdistinguishesauditorsfromaccountants.第29頁/共233頁30TYPES

ofAUDITSObjective1-6Differentiatethethreemaintypesofaudits.1.

FinancialStatementAudit-isconductedtodeterminewhethertheoverallfinancialstatements(theinformationbeingverified)arestatedinaccordancewithspecifiedcriteria(GAAP).2.OperationalAudit-isareviewofanypartofanorganization’soperatingproceduresandmethodsforthepurposeofevaluating

efficiency

andeffectiveness.3.ComplianceAudit-istodeterminewhethertheauditeeisfollowingspecificprocedures,rules,orregulationssetbysomehigherauthority.第30頁/共233頁31TABLE1-2:

ExamplesoftheThreeTypesofAuditsTypesofAuditExampleInformationEstablishedCriteriaAvailableEvidenceFinancialStatementAnnualAuditofGeneralGeneralMotors’FinancialGenerallyacceptedDocuments,records,andAudit Motors’financialstatementStatement AccountingprinciplesoutsidesourcesofevidenceOperationalAuditEvaluatewhethertheNumberofpayrollrecordsCompanystandardsforErrorreports,payrollrecords computerizedpayroll processedinamonth,efficiencyandandpayrollprocessing processingforsubsidiaryHcostsofthedepartment,andeffectivenessinpayrollcosts isoperatingefficientlyandnumberoferrorsmadedepartment effectivelyComplianceAuditDeterminewhetherbankCompanyrecordsLoanagreementprovisionsFinancialstatementsand requirementsforloan calculationsbythe continuationhavebeenmet auditor第31頁/共233頁32

TYPESOFAUDITORSObjective1-7Identifytheprimarytypesofauditors.CertifiedPublicAccountingFirmsGeneralAccountingOfficeAuditorsInternalRevenueAgentsInternalAuditors第32頁/共233頁33Objective1-8DescribetherequirementsforbecomingaCPA.ThreeRequirementsforBecomingaCPA CERTIFIEDPUBLICACCOUNTANTFIGURE1-3EducationalRequirementUniformCPAExaminationRequirementExperienceRequirementNormally,anundergraduatedegreewithamajorinaccountingincludingaminimumnumberofaccountingcredits.Somestatesrequire150semestercredits(225quartercredits)beforetakingtheexamination;othersmandatefewercreditsbeforetakingtheexaminationbutrequire150semestercreditsbeforereceivingthecertificate.CPAComputer-BasedExamination(startonApril5,2004)Auditing&AttestationFinancialAccounting&ReportingRegulationBusinessEnvironment&Concepts.

Varieswidelyfromnoexperienceto2years,includingauditing.Somestatesincludeexperienceworkingforgovernmentalunitsorininternalauditing.第33頁/共233頁342THECPAPROFESSIONOODAUDITINGINCLUDESGOODCLIENTSERVICE第34頁/共233頁352

CertifiedpublicaccountingfirmsActivitiesofCPAfirmsStructureofCPAfirmsAICPAGenerallyacceptedauditingstandardsStatementsonauditingstandardsQualitycontrolSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionMainContents第35頁/共233頁36Objective2-1DescribethenatureofCPAfirms,whattheydo,andtheirstructure.CERTIFIEDPUBLICACCOUNTINGFIRMSThelegalrighttoperformauditsisgrantedtoCPAfirmsbyregulationofeachstate.CPAfirmsalsoprovidemanyotherservicestotheirclients,suchastaxandconsultingservices.1.

BigFourInternationalFirms-ThefourlargestCPAfirmsintheUnited Statesarecalledthe“BigFour”internationalCPAfirms.2.

NationalFirms-ThreeCPAfirmsintheUnitedStatesarecallednational firmsbecausetheyhaveofficesinmostmajorcities.3.

RegionalandLargeLocalFirms-

Thereareonlyapproximately 100CPAfirmswithprofessionalstaffsofmorethan50people.4.

SmallLocalFirms-

Morethan95percentofallCPAfirmshave fewerthan25professionalsinasingle-officefirm.第36頁/共233頁37ActivitiesofCPAfirmsotherthanassuranceserviceManagementConsultingServicesTaxServicesAccountingandBookkeepingServices第37頁/共233頁38STRUCTUREOFCPAFIRMSThreemainfactorsinfluencetheorganizationalstructureofallfirms:1.Theneedforindependencefromclients.2.Theimportanceofastructuretoencouragecompetence.3.Theincreasedlitigationriskfacedbyauditors.第38頁/共233頁39OrganizationalStructuresProfessionalCorporationGeneralCorporationLimitedLiabilityCompanyProprietorshipGeneralPartnershipLimitedLiabilityPartnership第39頁/共233頁40

監(jiān)督管理表示在業(yè)務(wù)中有過失或欺詐

有限責(zé)任無限連帶責(zé)任

A合伙人B合伙人

CDE(審計(jì)人員)FGH

有限責(zé)任合伙制第40頁/共233頁41HierarchyofTypicalCPAFirmStaffLevelsandResponsibilitiesStaffLevelAverageExperience TypicalResponsibilitiesStaffAssistant 0-2yearsPerformsmostofthedetailedauditwork.Seniororin-charge2-5yearsCoordinatesandisresponsiblefortheauditfieldwork,auditor includingsupervisingandreviewingstaffwork.Manager 5-10yearsHelpsthein-chargeplanandmanagetheaudit,reviews thein-charge’swork,andmanagesrelationswiththe client.Amanagermayberesponsibleformorethan oneengagementatthesametime.Partner 10+yearsReviewstheoverallauditworkandisinvolvedin significantauditdecisions.Apartnerisanownerof thefirm,andthereforehastheultimateresponsibility forconductingtheauditandservingtheclient.TABLE2-2第41頁/共233頁42Objective2-2DescribethekeyfunctionsperformedbytheAICPA.TheAICPAsetsprofessionalrequirementsforCPAs,conductsresearch,andpublishesmaterialsonmanydifferentsubjectsrelatedtoaccounting,auditing,attestationandassuranceservices,managementconsultingservices,andtaxes.(330,000members,voluntaryorganization)第42頁/共233頁43VISIONFORTHEFURURECPAVisionProjectTheAICPAhasestablishedtheCPAVisionProjecttoprovideacorepurposeandavisionfortheCPAprofessionintheyear2011andbeyond.ThecorepurposeoftheCPAVisionProjectis“CPAs….makingsenseofachangingandcomplexworld.”

ThefuturesuccessoftheCPAprofessionreliesagreatdealonpublicperceptionsofCPAs’abilitiesandroles.CPAsmustbecomemarketdrivenandnotdependentonregulationstokeeptheminbusiness.Themarketdemandslessauditandaccountingandmorevalue-addingconsultingservices.SpecializationiscriticalforthefutureoftheCPAprofession.ThemarketdemandsthatCPAsbeconversantinglobalbusinesspracticesandstrategies.第43頁/共233頁44TheAICPAisempoweredtosetstandards(guidelines)andrulesthatallmembersandotherpracticingCPAsmustfollow.TherequirementsaresetbycommitteesmadeupofAICPAmembers.

第44頁/共233頁45TherearefourmajorareasinwhichtheAICPAhasauthoritytosetstandardsandmakerules.1.AuditingStandards（SASs,GAAS）2.CompilationandReviewStandards(SSARS)3.OtherAttestationStandards(SSAE)4.CodeofProfessionalConduct第45頁/共233頁46theActcreatesafive-memberPublicCompanyAccountingOversightBoard(PCAOB),whichhastheauthoritytosetandenforceauditing,attestation,qualitycontrolandethics(includingindependence)standardsforauditorsofpubliccompanies.Italsoisempoweredtoinspecttheauditingoperationsofpublicaccountingfirmsthatauditpubliccompaniesaswellasimposedisciplinaryandremedialsanctionsforviolationsoftheboard'srules,securitieslawsandprofessionalauditingandaccountingstandards.theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002

第46頁/共233頁47Objective2-3Usegenerallyacceptedauditingstandardsasabasisforfurtherstudy.GenerallyAcceptedAuditingStandardsGAAS

GenerallyacceptedauditingstandardsdevelopedbytheAICPAin1947andwithminimalchangeswhich,haveremainedthesame.Three(3)Categories10generallyacceptedauditingstandards.GAASGENERALSTANDARDSSTANDARDSOFFIELDWORKSTANDARDSOFREPORTING第47頁/共233頁48a.Theauditistobeperformedbyapersonorpersonshavingadequatetechnicaltrainingandproficiencyasanauditor.(formaleducation,practicalexperience,continuingprofessionaleducation)b.Inallmattersrelatingtotheassignment,anindependenceinmentalattitudeistobemaintainedbytheauditororauditors.c.Dueprofessionalcareistobeexercisedintheplanningandperformanceoftheauditandthepreparationofthereport.(diligentlyandcarefully)GENERALSTANDARDS1.第48頁/共233頁49a.Theworkistobeadequatelyplannedandassistants,ifany,aretobeproperlysupervised.b.Asufficientunderstandingofinternalcontrolistobeobtainedtoplantheauditandtodeterminethenature,timing,andextentofteststobeperformed.c.Sufficientcompetentevidentialmatteristobeobtainedthroughinspection,observation,inquiries,andconfirmationstoaffordareasonablebasisforanopinionregardingthefinancialstatementsunderaudit.2.STANDARDSOFFIELDWORK第49頁/共233頁50a.Thereportshallstatewhetherthefinancialstatementsarepresentedinaccordancewithgenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples.b.Thereportshallidentifythosecircumstancesinwhichsuchprincipleshavenotbeenconsistentlyobservedinthecurrentperiodinrelationtotheprecedingperiod.c.Informativedisclosuresinthefinancialstatementsaretoberegardedasreasonablyadequateunlessotherwisestatedinthereport.d.Thereportshallcontainanexpressionofopinionregardingthefinancialstatements,takenasawhole.3.STANDARDSOFREPORTING第50頁/共233頁51SUMMARYOFGENERALLYACCEPTEDADUITINGSTANDARDSGenerallyAcceptedAuditingStandardsGeneralqualificationsandconductFieldWorkperformanceoftheauditReportingresultsAdequatetrainingandproficiencyIndependenceinmentalattitudeDueprofessionalcareProperplanningandsupervisionSufficientunderstandingofinternalcontrolSufficientcompetentevidenceWhetherstatementswerepreparedinaccordancewithGAAPCircumstanceswhenGAAPnotconsistentlyfollowedAdequacyofinformativedisclosuresExpressionofopiniononfinancialstatements第51頁/共233頁52SASs:statementonauditingstandardsThe10GAASaretoogeneraltoprovidemeaningfulguidancetoauditors.SASsintegratethe10GAASandarethemostauthoritativereferences.SASshavethestatusofGAASandareoftenreferredtoasauditingstandardsorGAASTherelationbetweenGAASandSASs第52頁/共233頁53INTERNATIONALSTANDARDSDEVELOPINGHARMONYInternationalStandardsonAuditing(ISAs)areissuedbytheInternationalAuditingandAssuranceStandardsBoard(IAASB)oftheInternationalFederationofAccountants(IFAC).IFACistheworldwideorganizationfortheaccountancyprofession,with143memberorganizationsin103countries,representingmorethan2millionaccountants.TheISAsaregenerallysimilartoU.S.GAAS,althoughtherearesomedifferences.Thereisaninterestandtrendtowardharmonization,whichmeansdevelopinguniformaccountingandauditingstandardsthroughouttheworld.第53頁/共233頁54Objective2-4Identifyqualitycontrolstandardsandpracticeswithintheaccountingprofession.1.Independence,integrity,andobjectivity2.PersonnelManagement3.AcceptanceandContinuationofClients andEngagements4.EngagementPerformance5.Monitoring第54頁/共233頁55RelationshipsamongGAAS,QualityControl,DivisionofCPAFirms,andPeerReviewQualityControlStandardsStandardsapplicabletoaCPAfirmtoaidinsatisfyinggenerallyacceptedauditingstandardsDivisionofCPAFirmsSECPracticeSectionPrivateCompaniesPracticeSectionOrganizationsintendedtohelpfirmsmeetqualitycontrolstandardsandGAASGenerallyAcceptedAuditingStandardsStandardsapplicabletoeachauditPeerReviewMethodtodeterminewhetheraCPAfirmmeetsqualitycontrolstandards(atleastonceevery3years)第55頁/共233頁56Objective2-5SummarizetheroleoftheSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninAccountingandAuditing.Theoverallpurposeofthe

SecuritiesandExchangeCommission(SEC),anagencyofthefederalgovernment,istoassistinprovidinginvestorswithreliableinformationuponwhichtomakeinvestmentdecisions.第56頁/共233頁57WaystheProfessionandSocietyEncourageCPAstoConductThemselvesataHighLevelGAASandinterpretationsCPAexaminationQualitycontrolPeerreviewContinuingeducationrequirementsLegalliabilityDivisionofCPAfirmsCodeofProfessionalConductSEC,PCAOBConductofCPAfirmpersonnel第57頁/共233頁583THEAUDITREPORTWASTIMELY,BUTATWHATCOST?第58頁/共233頁593

StandardunqualifiedauditreportUnqualifiedauditreportwithexplanatoryparagraphormodifiedwordingDeparturesfromanunqualifiedauditreportMaterialityDiscussionofconditionsrequiringadepartureAuditor’sdecisionprocessforauditreportsMainContents第59頁/共233頁60FourCategoriesofAuditReportsUnqualifiedAdverseFIGURE3-2StandardUnqualifiedDisclaimerQualifiedUnqualifiedwithExplanatoryParagraphorModifiedWording第60頁/共233頁611.ReportTitle2.AuditReportAddress3.IntroductoryParagraph4.ScopeParagraph5.OpinionParagraph6.NameofCPAFirm7.AuditReportDate第61頁/共233頁62FIGURE3-1StandardUnqualifiedReporton ComparativeStatementsIndependentauditor’sReportTotheStockholdersGeneralRingcorporationWehaveauditedtheaccompanyingbalancesheetsofGeneralRingCorporationasofDecember31,1999and1998,andtherelatedstatementsofincome,retainedearnings,andcashflowsfortheyearsthenended.ThesefinancialstatementsaretheresponsibilityoftheCompany’smanagement.Ourresponsibilityistoexpressanopiniononthesefinancialstatementsbasedonouraudits.Weconductedourauditsinaccordancewithgenerallyacceptedauditingstandards.Thosestandardsrequirethatweplanandperformtheaudittoobtain

reasonableassuranceaboutwhetherthefinancialstatementsarefreeofmaterial