本文格式為Word版，下載可任意編輯——博士入學(xué)考試2023Theunemploymentrateisastandardmeasureofjoblessnessinacommunity,state,ornationasawhole.ComputedbystandardssetbytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofLabor,themeasureismadebytakingarandomsampleofhouseholdsinanarea.Itisanestimateofthepercentageofpeoplewhoarenotworkingbutarelookingforwork.

Theunemploymentratehasbeensaidtounderrepresenttheactualunemployedbecausethosewhohavestoppedlookingforworkarenotcounted.Itisacomparablestatisticfromstatetostate,however,becauseitiscomputedinthesamemanner.Traditionallyanunemploymentrateof4percentisconsideredfullemploymentbecausepeoplequit,changejobs,orarefiredregardlessoftherelativehealthoftheeconomy.Incontrastthenationalunemploymentratereachedashighas25percentduringtheGreatDepressionofthe1930s.

Whenunemploymentislow,peopleworkandreceivepayment.Theyinturnbuygoodsandservicesthatkeeptheworkforceemployedandgrowing.Thisisanexpandingeconomy.Whenunemploymentishigh,thereislessmoneytopurchasegoodsandservicesbecausefewerpeopleareworking.Fewergoodsaresold,andbusinesslosemoneyandreducethenumberofworkers.Thisisacontractingeconomy.

TheUnitedStatesgovernmenthasmanysafeguardsfortheeconomy.Itcannot,however,preventdislocationsduetotechnologicalchange.Amanufacturingprocesscansuddenlybecomeobsoletewhenanewtechnologyisdeveloped.Economichardshipmayoccurinaregioneventhoughthesamegoodsarestillbeingproduced.AnexampleistheindustrialMid-westintheearly1980s.Increasinglymanufacturers,bothintheUnitedStatesandabroad,wereusingforeignsteeltomakeproducts.Morefinishedproductswerealsobeingimported,replacingAmerican-madegoods.Manyworkerswerelaidoff,causingdisruptionofnormaleconomicactivities.

Meanwhilehigh-techmanufacturingprocessesweredevelopingelsewhere.California’sso-calledSiliconValley,southofSanFrancisco,becamefamousforitscomputer-relatedgoodsandcomputer-assisteddesignandmanufacturing(CAD/CAM)process.Thiswasoflittlebenefittoworkersdisplacedbytheobsolescenceoftraditionalmanufacturing.Becauseofalackoftransferableskills,manycouldnotmakethechange.Someworkerswerefurloughedindefinitely,forcingthemtoacceptjobsthatpaidlessorimposinguponthemessentiallypermanentunemployment.

LeadersinAmericanbusinessandeducationaresensitivetotheseissues.Increasinglyconcernedwiththeproductivityoftheindividualworker,businesspeopleandeducatorshaveformedalliancestosavelocaljobsbyimprovingtheworkforceandbyredesigningthecurriculaofschoolsandtrainingcenterstoencouragethedevelopmentofusefulskills.

17.Accordingtothepassage,unemploymentrate__________.A)bynomeansrepresentstheactualunemployment

B)somewhatrepresentstherelativehealthoftheeconomy

C)isusually4percentregardlessoftherelativehealthoftheeconomyD)isanestimateofthepercentageofpeoplewithoutajob

18.Whichofthefollowingwillhappeninacontractingeconomy?A)Employmentratewillbehigh.

B)Moregoodsandserviceswillbesold.

C)Businesswillreducethenumberofworkers.

D)Peoplewillbuyrealestatetoavoiddepreciationoftheirsaving.

19.Thedevelopmentofhigh-techmanufacturingprocesses__________.A)contributesalottotherapiddevelopmentofthenationaleconomyB)maynotbebeneficialtoworkers

C)willinevitablyimposeuponworkerspermanentunemploymentD)generallyresultsinalowunemploymentrate

20.BusinesspeopleandeducatorsintheUnitedStates__________.A)aremainlyresponsibleforthehealthofthenationaleconomy

B)areconcernedmorewiththeproductivityoftheindividualworkerthanwith

thedevelopmentofthenationaleconomy

C)areconcernedwiththedevelopmentofusefulskillsratherthanwiththe

productivityoftheindividualworker

D)areeagertosavelocaljobsbytakingvariouseffectivemeasure

PartIICloze(10%)(20minutes)

Directions:Inthispartthereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreachblank

therearefouralternativechoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshouldchoosetheonethatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenwriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingplaceonyourAnswerSheet.U.S.employerscutafewer-than-expected216,000jobsinAugust,whiletheunemploymentraterosetoa26-yearhigh,thegovernmentsaidonFridayinareportshowingastillfragilelabormarket.TheLaborDepartmentsaidtheunemployment21roseto9.7percentafterdippingto9.4percentinJulyandthe__22__inpayrollswasthesmallestinayear.Thedepartment__23__joblossesforJuneandJulytoshow49,000morejobslostthan__24__reported.Analystshadexpectednon-farmpayrollstodrop225,000inAugustandtheunemploymentrateto__25__to9.5percent.Thelaborforceincreasedby73,000inAugust,indicatingthereturnofsome_26_workerswhohadgivenuplooking__27__workaccountingforpartoftheriseintheunemploymentrate.SincethestartoftherecessioninDecember2023,theeconomyhasshed6.9millionjobs,thedepartmentsaid.Stubbornly__28__unemploymentiswearingonconsumerconfidenceandcrimping(阻礙)domestic__29__,pointingtoananemic(貧血的)__30__fromtheworstslump__31__70years.Consumerspending__32__forovertwo-thirdsofU.S.economicactivity.However,theAugustreport__33__thepaceoflayoffswas__34__from

earlythisyear,whennearlythreequartersofamillionjobswere__35__inJanuary.Manufacturing__36__fellby63,000,withatotalof2millionfactoryjobslostsincethe__37_oftherecession.Payrollsinconstructionindustriesdropped65,000afterfalling73,000inJuly.Theservice-providingsectorpurged(清除)80,000workersinAugust,__38__thegoods-producingindustriesshed136,000__39__.Educationandhealthservicescontinued__40_addjobs,withpayrollsincreasing52,000inAugustafterrising21,000inJuly.Governmentemploymentfell18,000afterslipping28,000inJuly.

21.A)standardB)levelC)nameD)rate22.A)declineB)riseC)movementD)loss23.A)highlightedB)revisedC)abridgedD)reviewed24.A)previouslyB)freelyC)franklyD)hurriedly25.A)dwindleB)riseC)raiseD)hold

26.A)helplessB)recklessC)heartlessD)jobless27.A)toB)withC)forD)up28.A)highB)lowC)middleD)direct29.A)courageB)wealthC)questionD)demand30.A)revulsionB)repetitionC)recoveryD)relocation

31.A)onB)inC)betweenD)for32.A)countsB)accountsC)discountsD)recounts33.A)confirmedB)conformedC)reformedD)deformed34.A)easingB)restingC)freshingD)degrading35.A)predictedB)rejectedC)wantedD)lost

36.A)unemploymentB)employeeC)employmentD)employer37.A)endB)startC)middleD)between38.A)whileB)andC)butD)where39.A)positionsB)spotsC)locationsD)work40.A)intoB)fromC)toD)for

PartIIITranslation(30%)(60minutes)

SectionA

Directions:PutthefollowingtwoparagraphsintoChinese.Pleasewriteyour

translationonyourAnswerSheet.

1.Sofar,nostudieshaveprovenbeyondquestionthattheradiosignalsfrom

cellphonescausebraincancerorotherhealthproblems.ButanewstudybygovernmentscientistsintheUnitedStateshassomepeoplewonderingwhattothink.Thescientistsfoundthatholdingacellphonetoyourearforatleastfifty

minutesincreasesbraincellactivity.Eventhescientiststhemselvesarenotsureaboutthemeaningoftheirfindings.Aspartofthetest,onephonewasactivatedbutmutedforfiftyminutes.Theotherphonewasoff.Afterthat,thepeopleweretestedwithbothphonesturnedoff.Dr.Volkowsaysthebrainscansshowedincreasedactivityinbraincellsclosesttotheactivatedphone.

2.Americanindividualisma