CheckthelockseverytwoLookaftertheJohnsons’MovetoanotherA)HewouldliketowarmupfortheHedidn’twanttobeheldupinHedidn’twanttomisstheHewantedtocatchasmanygamebirdsasA)Itwasburned B)ItwasC)Itwasblown D)ItwasclosedA)Sheisn’tgoingtochangeherShenstomajorintaxShestudiesinthesameschoolasherSheisn’tgoingtoworkinherbrother’sA)Themanshouldphonethe forThemancanaskthedepartmentstoreforShedoesn’thavethe ’sphoneThe isjustaroundtheA)shedoesn’texpecttofinishallherworkinthirtyShehastodoalotofthingswithinashortShehasbeenoverworkingforalongShedoesn’tknowwhytherearesomanythingstoSectionBCompoundPartⅡReadingDirections:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageQuestions11to15arebasedonthefollowingLow-levelslash-and-burnfarmingdoesn’tharmrain.Onthecontrary,ithelpsfarmersandimprovessoils.ThisistheunorthodoxviewofaGermansoilscientistwhohasshownthatburntclearingsintheAmazon,datingbackmorethan1,000years,helpedcreatepatchesofrich,fertilesoilthatfarmersstillbenefitfromtoday.Mostrainsoilsarethinandpoorbecausetheylackmineralsandbecausetheheatandheavyrainfalldestroymostorganicmatterinthesoilswithinfouryearsofitreachingthefloor.Thismeanstopsoilcontainsfewoftheingredientsneededforlong-termsuccessfulfarming.ButBrunoGlaser,asoilscientistoftheUniversityofBayreuth,hasstudiedunexpectedpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon.Thesesoilscontainlotsoforganicmatter.Glaserhasshownthatmostofthisfertileorganicmattercomesfrom“blackcarbon”-theorganicparticlesfromcampfiresandcharred(燒成炭的)woodleftoverfromthousandsofyearsofslash-and-burnfarming.ThesoilsknownasTerraPretacontainedupto70timesmoreblackcarbonthanthesurroundingsoil,”saysGlaser.Unburntvegetationrotsquickly,butblackcarbonpersistsinthesoilformanycenturies.RadiocarbondatingshowsthatthecharredwoodinTerraPretasoilsistypicallymorethan1,000yearsold.“Slash-and-burnfarmingcanbegoodforsoilsprovideditdoesn’tcompleyburnallthevegetation,andleavesbehindcharredwood,”saysGlaser.“Itcanbebetterthanmanure(糞肥).”Burning justoncecanleavebehindenoughblackcarbontokeepthesoilfertileforthousandsofyears.Andrainseasilyregrowaftersmall-scaleclearing.Contrarytotheconventionalviewthathumanactivitiesdamagetheenvironment,Glasersays:”BlackcarboncombinedwithhumanwastesisresponsiblefortherichnessofTerraPretasoils.”TerraPretasoilsturnupinlargepatchesallovertheAmazon,wheretheyarehighlyprizedbyfarmers.Allthepatchesfallwithin500squarekilometersinthecentralAmazon.Glasersaysthewidespreadpresenceofpottery(陶器)confirmsthesoil’shumanorigins.ThefindingsaddweighttothetheorythatlargeareasoftheAmazonhaverecoveredsowellfrompastperiodsofagriculturalusethattheregrowthhasbeenmistakenbygenerationsofbiologistsfor“virgin”.Duringthepastdecade,researchershavediscoveredhundredsoflargeearthworksdeepinthejungle.Theyareupto20metershighandcoveruptoasquarekilometer.Glaserclaimsthattheseearthworks,builtbetweenAD400and1400,wereattheheartofurbancivilizations.NowitseemstherichnessoftheTerraPretasoilsmayexinhowsuchcivilizationsmanagedtofeedWelearnfromthepassagethatthetraditionalviewofslash-and-burnfarmingis itdoesnoharmtothetopsoiloftheitdestroysrainithelpsimproverainitdiminishestheorganicmatterinrainMost soilsarethinandpoor thecompositionofthetopsoilisratherblackcarboniswashedawaybyheavyorganicmatterisquicklylostduetoheatandlong-termfarminghasexhaustedtheingredientsessentialtontGlasermadehisdiscovery studyingpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralexaminingpotteryleftoverbyancienttest-burningpatchesoftreesinthecentralradiocarbon-datingingredientscontainedinWhatdoesGlasersayabouttheregrowthofrainTheytakecenturiestoregrowafterbeingTheycannotrecoverunlessthevegetationisburnt TheirregrowthwillbehamperedbyhumanTheycanrecovereasilyafterslash-and-burnFromthepassageitcanbeinferredthathumanactivitieswilldogravedamagetorainAmazonrainsoilsusedtobetherichestinthefarmingisresponsibleforthedestructionoftheAmazonrainthereonceexistedanurbancivilizationintheAmazonrain PassageTwoQuestions16to20arebasedonthefollowingAsawisemanoncesaid,weareallultimayalone.ButanincreasingnumberofEuropeansarechoosingtobesoataneverearlierage.Thisisn’tthestuffofgloomyphilosophicalcontemtions,butafactofEurope’sneweconomiclandscape,embracedbysociologists,real-estatedevelopersandadexecutivesalike.Theshiftawayfromfamilylifetosololifestyle,observesaFrenchsociologistispartofthe“irresistiblemomentumofindividualismoverthelastcentury.Thecommunicationsrevolution,theshiftfromabusinesscultureofstabilitytooneofmobilityandthemassentryofwomenintotheworkhavegreatlywreakedhavocon(擾亂)Europeans’privatelives.Europe’sneweconomicclimatehaslargelyfosteredthetrendtowardindependence.Thecurrentgenerationofhome-alonerscameofageduringEurope’sshiftfromsocialdemocracytothesharper,moreindividualisticclimateofAmericanstylecapitalism.Raisedinaneraofprivatizationandincreasedconsumerchoice,today’stech-savvy(精通技術(shù)的)workershaveembracedamarketinloveaswellaseconomics.ModernEuropeansarerichenoughtoaffordtolivealone,andtemperamentallyindependentenoughtowanttodoso.Onceuponatime,peoplewholivedalonetendedtobethoseoneithersideofmarriage-twentysomethingprofessionalsorwidowedseniorcitizens.Whilepensioners,particularlyelderlywomen,makeupalargeproportionofthoselivingalone,thenewestcropofsinglesarehighearnersintheir30sand40swhoincreasinglyviewlivingaloneasalifestylechoice.Livingalonewasconceivedtobenegative-darkandcold,whilebeingtogethersuggestedwarmthandlight.Butthencamealongtheideaofsingles.Theywereyoung,beautiful,strong!Now,youngpeoplewanttolivealone.Theboomingeconomymeanspeopleareworkingharderthanever.Andthatdoesn’tleavemuchroomforrelationships.PimpiArroyo,a35-year-oldcomposerwholivesaloneinahouseinParis,sayshehasn’tgottimetogetlonelybecausehehastoomuchwork.“Ihavedeadlineswhichwouldmakelifewithsomeoneelsefairlydifficult.”O(jiān)nlyanIdealWomanwouldmakehimchangehislifestyle,hesays.Kaufmann,authorofarecentbookcalled“TheSingleWomanandPrinceCharming,”thinksthisfiercenewindividualismmeansthatpeopleexpectmoreandmoreofmates,sorelationshipsdon’tlastlong-iftheystartatall.Eppendorf,ablondBerlinerwithadeeptan,teachesgradeschoolinthemornings.Intheafternoonshesunbathesorsleeps,restingupforgoingdancing.Justshyof50,shesaysshe’dneverhavewantedtodowhathermotherdid-giveupacareertoraiseafamily.Instead,“I’vealwaysdonewhatIwantedtodo:liveaself-determinedlife.”MoreandmoreyoungEuropeansremainsingle theyaredrivenbyanoverwhelmingsenseoftheyhaveenteredthe atamuchearliertheyhaveembracedabusinesscultureoftheyarepessimisticabouttheireconomicWhatissaidaboutEuropeansocietyintheIthasfosteredthetrendtowardssmallItisgettingclosertoAmerican-styleIthaslimitedconsumerchoicedespite ItisbeingthreatenedbyirresistibleAccordingtoParagraph3,thenewestgroupofsingles warmand B)oneithersideofC)negativeand D)healthyandTheauthorquotesEppendorftoshow somemodernwomenpreferalifeof thefamilyisnolongerthebasicunitofsocietyinpresent-daysomeprofessionalpeoplehavetoomuchworktodotofeelmostEuropeansconceivelivingasinglelifeasWhatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingtheToreviewtheimpactof inghighTocontemtethephilosophyunderlyingToexaminethetrendofyoungpeoplelivingTostresstherebuildingofalrelationships.PassageThreeQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingSupportersofthebiotechindustryhaveaccusedanAmericanscientistofmisconductaftershetestifiedtotheNewZealandernmentthatageneticallymodified(GM)bacteriumcouldcauseseriousdamageifreleased.TheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetwork,anassociationofpro-GMscientistsandorganisations,saystheviewexpressedbyElaineIngham,asoilbiologistatOregonStateUniversityinCorvallis,wasexaggeratedandirresponsible.Ithasaskedheruniversitytodisciplineher.tryingtocausetroublewithmyuniversityandgetmefired,”InghamtoldNewThecontroversybeganon1February,whenInghamtestifiedbeforeNewZealand’sRoyalCommissiononGeneticModification,whichwilldeterminehowtoregulateGMorganisms.InghamclaimedthataGMversionofacommonsoilbacteriumcouldspreadanddestroyntsifreleasedintothewild.Otherresearchershadpreviouslymodifiedthebacteriumtoproducealcoholfromorganicwaste.ButInghamsaysthatwhensheputitinsoilwithwheatnts,ofthentsdiedwithina“Wewouldloseterrestrial(陸生的)nts...thisisanorganismthatispotentiallydeadlytothesurvivalofhumanbeings,”shetoldthecommission.SheaddedthattheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)canceleditsapprovalforfieldtestsusingtheorganismonceshehadtoldthemaboutherresearchin1999.ButlastweektheNewZealandLifeSciencesNetworkaccusedInghamof“presentingcarelessandexaggeratedinformationand“generatingspeculativedoomsdayscenarios(世界的局面)thatarenotscientificallysupportable”.Theysaythatherstudydoesn’tevenshowthatthebacteriawouldsurviveinthewild,muchlesskillmassivenumbersofnts.What’smore,thenetworksaysthatcontrarytoIngham’sclaims,theEPAwasneveraskedtoconsidertheorganismforfieldtrials.TheEPAhasnotcommentedonthedispute.Butane-mailtothenetworkfromJanetAnderson,directoroftheEPA’sbio-pesticides(生物殺蟲劑divisionsays“thereisnorecordofareviewand/orclearancetofieldtest”theorganism.InghamsaysEPAofficialshadtoldherthattheorganismwasapprovedforfieldtests,butsaysshehasfewdetails.It’salsonotclearwhethertheorganism,firstengineeredbyaGermaninstituteforbiotechnology,isstillinuse.WhetherInghamisrightorwrong,hersupporterssayopponentsaretryingunfairlytosilenceher.“Ithinkherconcernsshouldbetakenseriously.Sheshouldn’tbeharassedinthisway,”saysClarke,antbiologistattheUniversityofGuelphinCanadawhoalsotestifiedbeforethecommission.“It’snattempttosilencetheopposition.”Thepassagecentersonthe betweenAmericanandNewZealandbiologistsovergeneticastowhetherthestudyofgeneticmodificationshouldbeoverthepossibleadverseeffectofaGMbacteriumonaboutwhetherElaineInghamshouldbefiredbyherInghaminsiststhathertestimonyisbased evidenceprovidedbytheEPAoftheUnitedtheresultsofanexperimentsheconductedevidencefromhercollaborativeresearchwithGermantheresultsofextensivefieldtestsinCorvallis,AccordingtoJanetAnderson,the hascancelleditsapprovalforfieldtestsoftheGMhasn’treviewedthefindingsofIngham’shasapprovedfieldtestsusingtheGMhasn’tgivenpermissiontofieldtesttheGMAccordingtoAnnClarke,theNewZealandLifeSciences shouldgatherevidencetodiscreditIngham’sshouldrequirethattheresearchbytheirbiologistsbeshouldn’tdemandthatInghambedisciplinedforvoicinghershouldn’tappeasetheoppositioninsuchaquietWhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutInghamisHertestimonyhasn’tbeensupportedbytheHercredibilityasascientisthasn’tbeenSheisfirmlysupportedbyherShehasmadegreatcontributionstothestudyofGMbacteria.PassageFourQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingEveryfall,likeclockwork,LindaKrentzofBeaverton,Oregon,feltherbraingoonstrike.“Ijustcouldn’tgetgoinginthemorning,”shesays.“I’dgetdepressedandgain10poundseverywinterandlosethemagaininthespring.”Thenshereadaboutseasonalaffectivedisorder,aformofdepressionthatoccursinfallandwinter,andshesawthelight-lilly.Everymorningnowsheturnsonaspeciallyconstructedlightboxforhalfanhourandsitsinfrontofittotrickherbrainintothinkingit’sstillenjoyingthoselongsummerdays.Itseemstowork.Krentzisnotalone.Scientistsestimatethat10millionAmericanssufferfromseasonaldepressionand25millionmoredevelopmilderversions.Butthere’sneverbeendefinitiveproofthattreatmentwithverybrightlightsmakesadifferenceAfterallit’shardtodoadouble-blindtestwhenthesubjectscanseeforthemselveswhetherornotthelightison.That’swhynobodyhaseverseparatedtherealeffectsoflighttherapyfromcebo(安慰劑)effects.Untilnow.Inthreeseparatestudiespublishedlastmonth,researchersreportnotonlythatlighttherapyworksbetterthanacebobutthattreatmentisusuallymoreeffectiveintheearlymorningthanintheevening.Intwoofthegroups,theceboproblemwasresolvedbylingpatientstheywerecomparinglightboxestoanewanti-depressantdevicethatemitsnegativelychargedions(離子).Thethirdusedthetimingoflighttherapyasthecontrol.Whydoeslighttherapywork?Noonereallyknows.“Ourresearchsuggestsithassomethingdowithshiftingthebody’sinternalclock,”sayspsychiatristDr.Lewey.Thebodyisprogrammedtostartthedaywithsunrise,heexins,andthisgetslaterasthedaysgetshorter.Butwhysuchsubtleshiftsmakesomepeopledepressedandnotothersisamystery.Thathasn’tstoppedthousandsofwinterdepressivesfromtryingtohealthemselves.Lightboxesforthatpurposeareavailablewithoutadoctor’sprescription.ThatbotherspsychologistMichaelTermanofColumbiaUniversity.Heisworriedthattheboxesmaybetriedbypatientswhosufferfrommentalillnessthatcan’tbetreatedwithlight.Termanhasdevelopedaquestionnairetohelpdeterminewhetherexpertcareisneeded.Inanyevent,youshouldchooseareputablemanufacturer.Whateverproductyouuseshouldemitonlyvisiblelightbecauseultravioletlightdamagestheeyes.Ifyouarephotosensitive(對光敏感的),youmaydeveloparash.Otherwise,themaindrawbackishavingtositinfrontofthelightfor30to60minutesinthemorning.That’saninconveniencemanywinterdepressivescanlivewith.WhatistheprobablecauseofKrentz’sAnunexpectedgaininbodyUnexinedimpairmentofhernervousWeakeningofhereyesightwiththesettinginofPooradjustmentofherbodyclocktoseasonalBysayingthatLindaKrentz“sawthelight”(Line4,Para.1),theauthormeansthatshe learnedhowtoloserealizedwhatherproblemcametoseetheimportanceofbecamelight-heartedandItseffectremainstobeItservesasakindofItprovestobeaneffectiveIthardlyproducesanyWhatispsychologistMichaelTerman’smajorWinterdepressiveswillbeaddictedtousinglightNomentalpatientswouldbothertoconsultInferiorlightboxeswillemitharmfulultravioletLighttherapycouldbemisusedbycertainmentalWhichofthefollowingstatementsisWinterdepressivespreferlighttherapyinspiteofitsLighttherapyincreasesthepatient’sEyedamageisasideeffectoflightLightboxescanbeprogrammedtocorrespondtoshiftsinthebodyPartⅢVocabulary(20Directions:Thereare30 pletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ChoosetheNOEanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Susan theelbowsofherson’sjacketwithleatherpatchestomakeitmore B)C) D)Althoughwetriedtoconcentrateonthelecture,wewere bythenoiseformthenext B)disC) D)Thereasonwhysomanychildrenliketoeatthisnewbrandofbiscuitisthatitisparticularlysweetand B)C) D)Don’ttrustthespeakeranymore,sincetheremarkshemadeinhislecturesarenever thefacts. B)C) D)Theyhadtoeat meal,ortheywouldbetoolateforthe B)C) D)Havinga(n) attitudetowardspeoplewithdifferentideasisanindicationthatonehasbeenwelleducated. B)C) D)Noformofernmentintheworldis ;eachsystemreflectsthehistoryandpresentneedsoftheregionorthenation. B)C) D)Inspiteof economicforecast,manufacturingoutputhasrisen B)C) D)ToooftenDr.Johnson’slectures howtoprotectthedoctorratherthanhowtocurethelook B)dwellC)permeate D)shrugLocatedinWashingtonD.C.,theLibraryofCongresscontainsanimpressive ofbooksoneveryconceivablesubject. B)C) D)Somefeltthattheywerehurryingintoanepochofunprecedentedenlightenment,inwhichbettereducationandbeneficialtechnologywould wealthandleisureforall. B)C) D) opticcablescancarryhundredsofephone B)C) D)Excellentfiarethose nationalandcultural B)C) D)Thelawofsupplyanddemandwilleventuallytakecareofashortage of B)C) D)OnethirdoftheintheUnitedStateslivein intheSanFrancisco B)C) D)Aftertheterribleaccident,Idiscoveredthatmyear ing A)B)C)D)47.NowthecheersandinasinglesustainedA)B)C)D)Amongallthepublicholidays,NationalDayseemstobethemostjoyfultothepeopleofcountry;onthatdaythewholecountry inafestival B)C) D)Thewoodencasesmustbesecuredbyoverallmetalstrapsothattheycanbestrongtostandroughhandling.A)B)C)D)Nowadaysmanyruralpeopleflocktothecitytolookforjobsontheassumptionthatthestreetsthereare withgold. B)C) D)Itisa knownfactthatthecat lionsand C) D)MybosshasfailedmesomanytimesthatInolongerce onwhathe B)C) D)TheEnglishlanguagecontainsa ofwordswhicharecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation. B)C) D)Itwassucha(n) whenPatandMikemeteachotherinTokyo.EachthoughtthattheotherwasstillinHongKong. B)C) D)Parentshavetolearnhowtofollowabody sbehaviorandadaptthetoneoftheir thebady scapabilities. B)C) D)ernmentstodayyanincreasinglylargerroleinthe ofwelfare,economics,and B)C) Ifbusinessmenaretaxedtoomuch,theywillnolongerbe toworkhard,withtheresultthattaxrevenuesmightactuallyshrink. B)C) D)Jackisnotverydecisive,andhealwaysfindshimselfina asifhedoesn’tknowwhathereallywantstodo. B)C) D)Heisapromisingyoungmanwhoisnowstudyingatourgraduateschool.Ashissupervisor,Iwouldliketo himtoyournotice. B)C) D)Itwasawonderfuloccasionwhichwe formanyyearsto B)C) D)PartⅣCloze(15Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD)ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.AlthoughtherearemanyskillfulBraillereaders,thousandsofotherblindpeoplefinditdifficulttolearnthatsystem.Theyaretherebyshut61fromtheworldofbooksandnewspapers,havingto62onfriendstoreadaloudtothem.AyoungscientistnamedRaymondKurzweilhasnowdesignedacomputerwhichisamajor63inprovidingaidtothe64.Hismachine,Cyclops,hasacamerathat65anypage,interpretstheprintintosounds,andthendeliversthemorallyinarobot-likethroughaspeaker.Bypressingtheappropriatebuttons67Cyclops’skeyboard,ablindcan“read”any68 intheEnglishlanguage.Thisremarkableinventionrepresentsatremendous69forwardintheeducationofthehandicapped.Atpresent,Cyclopscosts＄50,000.70,Mr.Kurzweilandhisassociatesarepreparingasmaller71improvedversionthatwillsell72lessthanhalfthatprice.Withinafewyears,Kurzweil73thepricerangewillbelowenoughforeveryschoolandlibraryto74one.MichaelHingson,DirectoroftheNationalFederationfortheBlind,hopesthat75willbeabletobuyhome76ofCyclopsforthepriceofagoodevisionset.Mr.Hingson’sorganizationpurchasedfivemachinesandisnowtestingtheminMaryland,Colorado,Iowa,California,andNewYork.Blindpeoplehavebeen77inthosetests,makinglotsof78suggestionstotheengineerswhohelpedtoproduceCyclops.“Thisisthefirsttimethatblindpeoplehaveeverdoneindividualstudies79awasputonthemarket,”Hingsonsaid.“Mostmanufacturersbelievedthathavingtheblindhelptheblindwaslikelingdisabledpeopletoteachotherdisabledpeople.Inthat80,themanufacturershavebeentheblindones.”A)upB)downC)inD)A)dwellB)relyC)pressD)A)executionB)distinctionC)breakthroughD)A)paralyzedB)uneducatedC)invisibleD)A)scansB)enlargesC)ske