中國(guó)政法大學(xué)在職碩士?？加⒄Z(yǔ)試題DA英語(yǔ)試題公共英語(yǔ)部分PutthefollowingpassageintoChinese: 1、Criticsofearlyschoolingciteresearchthatquestionswhether4-year-oldchildrenarereadytotakeonformallearning.Educatorsfindthatoldertoddlersaremorelikelytosucceedduringtheirschoolcareers,whereastheiryoungercounterpartsaremorelikelytofail.Kindergartenchildrenwhoturnfiveduringthelatterhalfoftheyearseemtobeatadisadvantagewhenitcomestophysical,emotional,social,andintellectualdevelopment.Additionally,childrenwhoarenearlysixwhentheyenterkindergartentendtoreceivebettergradesandscorehigheronachievementteststhroughouttheirschoolingexperiencethandothosewhobeginkindergartenhavingjustturnedfive.Beingbrightandverballyskillfulandbeingreadyforschooldonotseemtobethesamething.Itiseasytoconfusethesuperficialpoiseandsophisticationofmanyoftoday’schildrenwithinnermaturity.Indeed,evidencesuggeststhatearlyschoolingboomerangs:Youngsterswhoseparentspushthemtoattainacademicsuccessinpreschoolarelesscreative,havemoreanxietyabouttests,and,bytheendofkindergarten,failtomaintaintheirinitialacademicadvantageovertheirless-pressuredpeers.andmorewillnowbeaskedof4-year-olds.Thesepsychologistsandeducatorsbelievewearedrivingyoungchildrentoohardandtherebydeprivingthemoftheirchildhood.許多心理學(xué)家和教育工作者對(duì)4歲兒童接受正規(guī)教育仍持懷疑態(tài)度。他們質(zhì)疑豐富環(huán)境是否能顯著地改變貧窮家庭孩子的成長(zhǎng)時(shí)間表。但并不否認(rèn)托兒所、幼兒園的舒適環(huán)境、讓孩子自由玩耍、自由成長(zhǎng)、提升社交能力的種種好處。但他們指出，過去孩子在小學(xué)一年級(jí)學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)現(xiàn)已在幼兒園進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)，他們擔(dān)心越來越多的孩子被要求在4歲開始學(xué)習(xí)。這些心理學(xué)家和教育工作者認(rèn)為，家長(zhǎng)望子成龍心切，從而剝奪了孩子們的童年。2、Incountryaftercountry,talkofnonsmokers’rightisintheair.Whileamajorityofcountrieshavetakenlittleornoactionyet,some30nationshaveintroducedlegislativestepstocontrolsmoking.Manylawshavebeenintroducedinothercountriestohelpcleartheairfornonsmokers,ortocutcigaretteconsumption.Insomedevelopedcountriestheconsumptionofcigaretteshasbecomemoreorlessstabilized.However,inmanydevelopingnations,cigarettesmokingisseenasasignofeconomicprogress—andisevenencouraged.Asmoretobaccocompaniesgointernational,newmarketsaresoughttogainnewsmokersinthosecountries.Forexample,greateffortsaremadebytheAmericantobaccoindustrytosellcigarettesintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica—whereU.S.tobaccoexportsincreasedbymorethan27percentin1974.Smokingisharmfultothehealthofpeople.Worldgovernmentsshouldconductseriouscampaignsagainstit.Restrictionsoncigaretteadvertisement,plushealthwarningsonpackagesandbansonpublicsmokingincertainplacessuchastheaters,cinemasandrestaurants,arethemostpopulartoolsusedbynationsinsupportofnonsmokersorincurbingsmoking.Butworldattentionalsoisfocusingonanotherstepwhichwillmakethesmokerincreasinglyself-consciousanduncomfortableabouthishabit.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallyofthedreadfulconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.Andcigarettepriceshouldbeboosted.Inthelongrun,thereisnodoubtthateverybodywouldbemuchbetter-offifsmokingwerebannedaltogether,butpeoplearenotreadyforsuchdrasticaction.不吸煙者的權(quán)利問題，正在一個(gè)又一個(gè)國(guó)家里開始議論。至今多數(shù)國(guó)家很少或還沒有采取措施，有三十個(gè)左右的國(guó)家已經(jīng)采取法律程序控制吸煙。另一些國(guó)家則已制訂旨在為不吸煙者凈化空氣或消減紙煙消費(fèi)量的多種法律。在某些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中。紙煙的消費(fèi)量已漸趨穩(wěn)定。然而在許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家里，吸煙卻被視為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一種標(biāo)志——甚至受到鼓勵(lì)。隨著更多的煙草公司走上國(guó)際化的道路，它們?cè)谶@些國(guó)家中尋找新的市場(chǎng)，爭(zhēng)取更多的吸煙者。吸煙對(duì)人民健康有害。世界各國(guó)政府應(yīng)該開展認(rèn)真的反對(duì)吸煙運(yùn)動(dòng)。限制香煙廣告，每包香煙上加印有害健康的警告，以及禁止在諸如影劇院和餐館等某些公共場(chǎng)所吸煙，這些都是許多國(guó)家用以支持不吸煙者和控制吸煙最常用的辦法。同時(shí)，人們也正把注意力集中在另一項(xiàng)措施上。這項(xiàng)措施將使吸煙者越來越意識(shí)到自己的不良習(xí)慣并為此感到不安。應(yīng)該做出巨大努力告訴青年人抽煙的危害性，特別是養(yǎng)成抽煙習(xí)慣的可怕后果。而且香煙價(jià)格應(yīng)予提高。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)觀點(diǎn)看，毫無疑問，如果能完全禁止吸煙，那么每個(gè)人的境況將得到很大的改善。但對(duì)于采取這種極端措施，人們尚無準(zhǔn)備。3、Wearetoldthemassmediaarethegreatestorgansforenlightenmentthattheworldhasyetseen;thatinBritain,forinstance,severalmillionpeopleseeeachissueofthecurrentaffairsprogramme,Panorama.Itistruethatneverinhumanhistoryweresomanypeoplesooftenandsomuchexposedtosomanyintimationsaboutsocieties.Thiskindofexposuremaywellbeapointofdepartureforacquiringcertainimportantintellectualandimaginativequalities,widthofjudgment,asenseofthevarietyofpossibleattitudes.Yetinitselfsuchexposuredoesnotbringintellectualorimaginativedevelopment.Itisnomorethanthemassesofstonewhichliearoundinaquarryandwhichmay,conceivably,gotothemakingofacathedral.Themassmediacannotbuildthecathedral,andtheirwayofshowingthestonesdoesnotalwayspromptotherstobuild.Forthestonesarepresentedwithinaself-containedandself-sufficientworldinwhich,itisimplied,simplytolookatthem,toobservefleetinglyindividuallyinterestingpointsofdifferencebetweenthemissufficientinitself.我們被告知，大眾媒體是世界上已見到的最大的啟蒙機(jī)關(guān);例如，在英國(guó)幾百萬(wàn)人全景看到每個(gè)問題的時(shí)事節(jié)目。的確，在人類歷史上從來沒有這么多的人如此頻繁和如此多的接觸到的關(guān)于社會(huì)的許多通知。這種接觸可能是獲得某些重要的智力和想象力品質(zhì)，寬度的判斷，多種可能的態(tài)度的感覺的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。然而，這種接觸本身并不帶來智力或想象力的發(fā)展。它只不過是位于采石場(chǎng)的石頭群，而且可以想象地去建造一座大教堂。大眾傳媒不能建造大教堂，他們展示石頭的方式并不總是促使他人建造。因?yàn)槭^是在一個(gè)自給自足的的世界中呈現(xiàn)的，在這個(gè)世界里，暗示著只是看著它們，稍微觀察它們之間各自有趣的差異點(diǎn)就足夠了。Lifeisindeedfullofproblemsonwhichwehaveto—orfeelweshouldtryto—makedecisions,ascitizensorasprivateindividuals.Butneithertherealdifficultyofthesedecisions,northeirtrueanddisturbingchallengetoeachindividual,canoftenbecommunicatedthroughthemassmedia.Thedisinclinationtosuggestrealchoice,individualdecision,whichistobefoundinthemassmediaisnotsimplytheproductofacommercialdesiretokeepthecustomerhappy.Itiswithinthegrainofmasscommunications.TheorgansoftheEstablishment,howeverwell-intentionedtheymaybeandwhatevertheirform(theState,theChurch,voluntarysocieties,politicalparties),haveavestedinterestinensuringthatthepublicboatisnotviolentlyrocked,andwillsoaffectthosewhoworkwithinthemassmediathattheywillbeledinsensiblytowardsformsofproductionwhich,thoughtheygothroughthemotionsofdisputeandenquiry,donotbreakthroughtheskintowheresuchinquiriesmightreallyhurt.Theywilltendtomove,whenexposingproblems,wellwithintheacceptedcliché-assumptionsofdemocraticsocietyandwilltendneitherradicallytoquestiontheseclichésnortomakeadisturbingapplicationofthemtofeaturesofcontemporarylife.Theywillstressthe“stimulation”theprogramsgive,butthissoonbecomesanagitationofproblemsforthesakeoftheinterestofthatagitationitself;theywilltherefore,again,assistaformofacceptanceofthestatusquo(現(xiàn)狀).Therewereexceptionstothistendency,buttheyareuncharacteristic.無論作為公民或私人個(gè)人，生活確實(shí)充滿了我們必須（或者覺得我們應(yīng)該努力）作出決定的問題。但是，無論是做決定的真正困難，還是它們對(duì)每個(gè)人的真實(shí)和煩人的挑戰(zhàn)，通常都不可以通過大眾媒體交流。建議真正的選擇，個(gè)人的決定，這是在大眾媒體中找到的不是簡(jiǎn)單地是保持客戶滿意的商業(yè)愿望的產(chǎn)品。它在大眾傳播的谷物之內(nèi)。機(jī)構(gòu)的機(jī)構(gòu)，不管其意圖是什么，無論他們的形式（國(guó)家，教會(huì)，志愿社團(tuán)，政黨），都有既得利益確保公共船不會(huì)被猛烈搖晃，并將影響那些在大眾媒體中工作的人，他們將被毫不知情地引導(dǎo)到生產(chǎn)形式，盡管他們經(jīng)歷了爭(zhēng)議和調(diào)查的動(dòng)議，但不會(huì)突破皮膚，這樣的查詢可能真正傷害。當(dāng)暴露問題時(shí)，他們傾向于移動(dòng)，完全在民主社會(huì)所接受的陳詞濫調(diào)中，并且不會(huì)從根本上質(zhì)疑這些陳詞濫調(diào)，也不會(huì)使他們對(duì)當(dāng)代生活的特征產(chǎn)生令人不安的應(yīng)用。他們將強(qiáng)調(diào)程序給出的“刺激”，但這很快就成為一個(gè)激動(dòng)的問題，為了本身的興趣的興趣;他們將再次幫助接受現(xiàn)狀的現(xiàn)狀。這種趨勢(shì)有例外，但它們是不典型的。Theresultcanbeseeninahundredradioandtelevisionprogramsasplainlyasinthenormaltreatmentofpublicissuesinthepopularpress.Differentlevelsofbackgroundinthereadersorviewersmaybeassumed,butwhatusuallytakesplaceisasubstitutefortheprocessofarrivingatjudgment.Programssuchasthisarenoteworthylessforthe“stimulation”theyofferthanforthefactthatstimulation(repeatedatregularintervals)maybecomeasubstituteforandsoahindrancetojudgmentscarefullyarrivedatandtestedinthemindandonthepulses.Masscommunications,then,donotignoreintellectualmatters;theytendtocastrate(使…喪失活力)them,toallowthemtositonthesideofthefireplace,sleekanduseless,afamilyplaything.結(jié)果可以在一百個(gè)廣播和電視節(jié)目中看到，正如普通新聞中公眾問題的正常處理一樣。可以假定讀者或觀看者中的不同級(jí)別的背景，但是通常發(fā)生的是替代判斷的過程。這樣的程序?qū)τ谒鼈兲峁┑摹按碳ぁ憋@然比對(duì)于刺激（以固定間隔重復(fù)）可能成為代替并且因此妨礙在心理和脈沖中仔細(xì)地到達(dá)和測(cè)試的判斷的事實(shí)而言更少。那么，大眾傳播，不要忽視智力問題;他們傾向于閹割（讓...喪失活力）他們，讓他們坐在壁爐邊，時(shí)尚而無用，家庭玩弄。4、Writing,asacareer,offersarangeofpersonalrewards.Itenablespeopletoexpressthemselves,aswellastoentertain,inform,andinfluenceothers.Withonlyafewtools--paper,atypewriter,apencil,andoftenapersonalcomputer,awritercanhaveanimpactonthesurroundingworld.Butmostauthorsspendhundredsofhoursperfectingtheirskillsbeforetheycansellanyoftheirworks.寫作，作為一個(gè)職業(yè)，能為個(gè)人提供一系列的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。它使人們能夠表達(dá)自己，以及娛樂自己娛樂，通知和影響他人。只需要幾個(gè)工具-紙，打字機(jī)，鉛筆，通常是個(gè)人電腦，作家就可以對(duì)周圍的世界產(chǎn)生影響。但是大多數(shù)作者花費(fèi)數(shù)百小時(shí)完善他們的技能，然后才能銷售出他們的作品。Apersonwhowantstobeawritershouldsetasidesometimetowriteeveryday.Learningtoexpressideasclearlyandeffectivelyinwritingtakesagreatdealofpractice.Manyexperiencedwriterskeepajournal.Ajournalcanserveasastorehouseforinformation,observations,andideas.Itcanalsobeaplacetodevelopnewmaterial.一個(gè)想成為作家的人應(yīng)該每天留出一些時(shí)間寫作。學(xué)習(xí)以書面形式清楚有效地表達(dá)想法需要大量的實(shí)踐。許多有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的作家保留一個(gè)日志。日志可以儲(chǔ)存信息，觀察和想法。它也可以是開發(fā)素材的地方。Beginningwritersshouldreadmanykindsofwritingencounteredeverydayandpayspecialattentiontowhattheyfindmostinteresting.Newsitems,featurestories,textbooks,cookbooks,repairmanuals,poems,essays,shortstories,novels,andplaysdifferintheirmethodsoforganizingandpresentingmaterial.Abeginningwriterwhoreadswidelyandcarefullywilldevelopanappreciationofdifferentwritingapproachesandstyles.Intime,thewritercanacquireamoreflexibleapproachtohisorherownwork.新作家應(yīng)該閱讀每天遇到的各種類型的作品，并特別注意他們最感興趣的內(nèi)容。新聞項(xiàng)目，特色故事，教科書，烹飪書，維修手冊(cè)，詩(shī)歌，散文，短篇小說，小說和戲劇在組織和呈現(xiàn)素材的方法上有所不同。作為廣泛而仔細(xì)閱讀的新作家，將會(huì)了解不同的寫作方法和風(fēng)格。隨著時(shí)間的推移，作家會(huì)更靈活的方式來處理自己的文字工作。Successfulauthorswriteaboutsubjectstheyknowandunderstand.Theysometimestakeweeksormonthsrevisingorrefininganarticle,poem,orstory.Beginningwritersusuallybenefitfromfindingoneormorefriendlycriticswhowillreadtheirworkanddiscussitsstrengthsandweaknesseswiththem.成功的作家寫關(guān)于他們知道和理解的主題。他們有時(shí)需要幾個(gè)星期或幾個(gè)月來修改或改進(jìn)文章，詩(shī)歌或故事。新作家通常受益于找到一個(gè)或多個(gè)友好評(píng)論家，他們將閱讀他們的工作，并與他們討論其優(yōu)勢(shì)和弱點(diǎn)。Highschoolsandcollegesoffermanylearningopportunitiesforyoungwriters.Compositionandliteraturecoursescanbehelpful.Creativewritingandjournalismcoursesmayfurtherassistabeginningwriterindevelopinghisorherskills.Manystudentsworkonliterarymagazines,newspapers,oryearbookspublishedbytheirschools.Theymaywritestories,editarticles,orgainothervaluableexperience.高中和學(xué)院為年輕作家提供了許多學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)。作文課和文學(xué)課能提供有幫助。創(chuàng)意寫作和新聞?wù)n程可以進(jìn)一步幫助初學(xué)者發(fā)展他或她的技能。許多學(xué)生為學(xué)校出版的文學(xué)雜志，報(bào)紙或年鑒工作。他們可以寫故事，編輯文章或獲得其他寶貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。5、Fewpeopledoubtthefundamentalimportanceofmothersinchild-rearing,butwhatdofathersdo?Muchofwhattheycontributeissimplytheresultofbeingasecondadultinthehome.Bringingupchildrenisdemanding,stressfulandexhausting.Twoadultscansupportandmakeupforeachother'sdeficienciesandbuildoneachother'sstrengths.很少有人懷疑母親在育兒方面的根本重要性，但父親做什么？他們貢獻(xiàn)的大部分僅僅是在家里成為第二個(gè)成年人的結(jié)果。撫養(yǎng)孩子是要求很高的，充滿壓力和令人疲憊的。兩個(gè)成年人可以支持和彌補(bǔ)彼此的缺陷，優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)。Fathersalsobringanarrayofuniquequalities.Somearefamiliar:protectorandrolemodel.Teenageboyswithoutfathersarenotoriouslypronetotrouble.Thepathwaytoadulthoodfordaughtersissomewhateasier,buttheymuststilllearnfromtheirfathers,inwaystheycannotfromtheirmothers,howtorelatetomen.Theylearnfromtheirfathersaboutheterosexualtrust,intimacyanddifference.Theylearntoappreciatetheirownfemininityfromtheonemalewhoismostspecialintheirlives.Mostimportant,throughlovingandbeinglovedbytheirfathers,theylearnthattheyarelove-worthy.父親也帶來了一系列獨(dú)特的品質(zhì)。有些很常見：保護(hù)者和榜樣。沒有父親的十幾歲的男孩是出了名的容易制造麻煩。女孩成年的路徑從某種意義上容易一些，但他們?nèi)匀槐仨毾蛩麄兊母赣H學(xué)習(xí)如何與男人相處，這是他們不能從母親那里學(xué)習(xí)的。他們從父親那里了解異性戀的信任，親密和差異。他們學(xué)會(huì)從一個(gè)在他們的生活中最特別的男性中欣賞自己的女性氣質(zhì)。最重要的是，通過愛和被他們的父親愛，他們知道他們是愛的結(jié)晶。Currentresearchgivesmuchdeeper--andmoresurprising--insightintothefather'sroleinchild-rearing.Onesignificantlyoverlookeddimensionoffatheringisplay.Fromtheirchildren'sbirththroughadolescence,fatherstendtoemphasizeplaymorethancaretaking.Thefather'sstyleofplayislikelytobebothphysicallystimulatingandexciting.Witholderchildrenitinvolvesmoreteamwork,requiringcompetitivetestingofphysicalandmentalskills.Itfrequentlyresemblesateachingrelationship:comeon,letmeshowyouhow.Mothersplaymoreatthechild'slevel.Theyseemwillingtoletthechilddirectplay.目前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)父親在育兒中的起著更深入和更令人驚訝的作用。一個(gè)被嚴(yán)重忽視父親育兒的方式是玩耍。從他們的孩子的誕生到青春期，父親更傾向于強(qiáng)調(diào)玩耍甚于細(xì)心照顧。父親的游戲風(fēng)格一般是身體、精神都刺激和興奮的。對(duì)于年齡較大的兒童，需要更多的團(tuán)隊(duì)合作，需要體力和心理技能的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性測(cè)試。它經(jīng)常類似于教學(xué)關(guān)系：來吧，讓我告訴你怎么做。母親的陪玩更多與孩子相同水平。他們似乎愿意讓孩子直接玩。Kids,atleastintheearlyyears,seemtoprefertoplaywithdaddy.Inonestudyof2-5-yearoldwhoweregivenachoice,morethantwo-thirdschosetoplaywiththeirfather.Thewayfathersplayhaseffectsoneverythingfromthemanagementofemotionstointelligenceandacademicachievement.Itisparticularlyimportantinpromotingself-control.Accordingtooneexpert,"childrenwhoroughhousewiththeirfathersquicklylearnthatbiting,kickingandotherformsofphysicalviolencearenotacceptable."Theylearnwhento"shutitdown."孩子，至少在早期，似乎更喜歡和爸爸一起玩。在一項(xiàng)對(duì)2-5歲兒童進(jìn)行選擇的研究中，超過三分之二選擇與他們的父親一起玩。父親玩的方式對(duì)從情緒管理到智力和學(xué)業(yè)成就的一切都有影響。這對(duì)促進(jìn)自我控制尤其重要。據(jù)一位專家說，“與他們的父親一起玩耍的孩子很快就知道咬人，踢和其他形式的身體暴力是不能接受的。他們學(xué)習(xí)什么時(shí)候“關(guān)閉”。Atplayandinotherrealms,fatherstendtostresscompetition,challenge,initiative,risktakingandindependence.Mothers,ascaretakers,stressemotionalsecurityandpersonalsafety.Ontheplaygroundfathersoftentrytogetthechildtoswingevenhigher,whilemothersarecautious,worryingaboutanaccident.在游戲和其他領(lǐng)域，父親傾向于強(qiáng)調(diào)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，挑戰(zhàn)，主動(dòng)性，冒險(xiǎn)和獨(dú)立。作為照顧者的母親，強(qiáng)調(diào)情緒安全和人身安全。在操場(chǎng)上，父親常常試圖讓孩子擺得更高，而母親則謹(jǐn)慎，擔(dān)心事故。6、Sociologically,advertisingsupportsthemasscommunicationmedia.Itpaysallthecostsofcommercialtelevisionandradio.Itprovidesviewerswithfreeentertainmentandnewsprograms,thoughviewersareoftenannoyedbycommercialinterruptions.Withoutadvertising,readerswouldhavetopayahigherpricefornewspapersandmagazines,andmanyofthepublicationswouldgooutofbusiness.在社會(huì)學(xué)上，廣告支持大眾傳播媒體。它支付商業(yè)電視和廣播的所有費(fèi)用。它為觀眾提供免費(fèi)娛樂和新聞節(jié)目，盡管觀眾經(jīng)常被商業(yè)中斷打擾。沒有廣告，讀者就需要為報(bào)紙和雜志付出更高的價(jià)格，而且許多出版物將會(huì)失去業(yè)務(wù)。7、Mostpublicationshavelotsofadvantages.Paperispleasanttohandle,easytoread,andveryportable:youcanreaditalmostanywhere.Ontheotherhand,printhasitsweaknesses.Paperisexpensive,andarticlesareoftencuttofitthespaceavailable.Printinganddistributingpaperisexpensiveandtakestime.Printedmaterialsareexpensivetostoreandalmostimpossibletosearch.Electronicpublishingofferssolutionstoalltheseproblems.大多數(shù)出版物有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn)。紙張手持很舒適，易于閱讀，非常便攜：你幾乎可以在任何地方閱讀它。另一方面，印刷有它的弱點(diǎn)。紙張是昂貴的，并且文章經(jīng)常被裁剪以適合可用的空間。打印和分發(fā)紙張是昂貴的并且需要時(shí)間。印刷材料存儲(chǔ)起來很貴，幾乎不可能搜索。電子出版為所有這些問題提供解決方案。8、Nowadays,wehearalotaboutthegrowingthreatofglobalization,accompaniedbythosewarningsthattherichpatternoflocallifeisbeingundermined,andmanydialectsandtraditionsarebecomingextinct.Butstopandthinkforamomentaboutthemanypositiveaspectsthatglobalizationisbringing.Readonandyouareboundtofeelcomforted,readytofacetheglobalfuture,whichissurelyinevitablenow.ConsidertheInternet,thatprimeexampleofourshrinkingworld.Leavingasidetheall-to-familiarworriesaboutpornographyandpoliticalextremism,eventhemostnarrow-mindedmustadmitthatthenetoffersimmeasurablebenefits,notjustintermsofeducation,thesectorforwhichitwasoriginallydesigned,butmoreimportantlyonagloballevel,thespreadofnewsandcomment.Itwillbeincreasinglydifficultforpoliticianstomaintaintheirregimesofmisinformation,astheoppressedwillnotonlyfindsupportandcomfort,butalsobeabletoorganizethemselvesmoreeffectively.MTVisanotherglobalproviderthatisoftencriticizedforimposingpopularcultureontheunsuspectingmillionsaroundtheworld.Yettheviewers'judgmentonMTVisundoubtedlypositive;itisregardedasindispensablebymostoftheglobalteenagegenerationwhowatchit,avitalpartofgrowingup.Andinthefinalanalysis,whatharmcanafewsongsandvideoscause?IstheworlddominanceofbrandslikeNikeandCoca-Colasobadforuswhenallissaidanddone?Sportswearandsoftdrinksareharmlessproductswhencomparedtothemanyotherthingsthathavebeengloballyavailableforalongerperiodoftimeheroinandcocaine,forexample.Inanycase,justbecauseNikeshoesandCokecansareforsale,itdoesn'tmeanyouhavetobuythemevenglobalizationcannotdeprivetheindividualofhisfreewill.Criticsofglobalizationcanstopissuingtheirdoomandgloomstatements.Lifegoeson,andhasmoretoofferformanycitizensoftheworldthanitdidfortheirparents'generation.如今，我們聽到了不少有關(guān)全球化的威脅在不斷增長(zhǎng)的說法，還聽到了這樣的警告：豐富多彩的地方生活方式正在遭到破壞，許多方言和傳統(tǒng)正在消亡。但是，靜下心來，考慮一下全球化帶來的許多有利之處。繼續(xù)思考下去，你肯定會(huì)覺得有所慰藉，樂于面對(duì)全球化的未來——現(xiàn)在看來，這種未來不可避免。想一想因特網(wǎng)這個(gè)使我們這個(gè)世界變小的絕好例子。不用考慮人們對(duì)色情文學(xué)和政治極端化的普遍擔(dān)憂，就連最目光短淺的人都肯定承認(rèn)：因特網(wǎng)給我們帶來了不可估量的利益，不只是在教育方面——因特網(wǎng)最初就是為教育設(shè)計(jì)的，更重要的是全球范圍內(nèi)信息和觀念的傳播。對(duì)于政治家來說，要想維持他們誤傳的政權(quán)將會(huì)越來越困難，因?yàn)楸粔浩日邔⒉粌H得到支持與安慰，而且能夠更有效地組織自己。音樂電視是另一個(gè)全球性的傳播物——因?yàn)樵谌澜鐢?shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)沒有疑心的人中強(qiáng)行推廣流行文化而經(jīng)常受到批評(píng)。不過，毫無疑問，觀眾對(duì)音樂電視的看法還是肯定的;全世界看過音樂電視的大多數(shù)青少年——正在成長(zhǎng)的主要群體——都認(rèn)為音樂電視絕對(duì)必要?？偠灾瑤资赘韬蛶撞夸浵衲軌蛟斐稍鯓拥膿p害?在該說的都說了、該采取的行動(dòng)也采取了時(shí)，像耐克和可口可樂這樣的世界主導(dǎo)品牌就會(huì)對(duì)我們有害嗎?同許多其他更長(zhǎng)時(shí)期內(nèi)在全世界都可得到的產(chǎn)品相比——比如海洛因和可卡因，運(yùn)動(dòng)裝和不含酒精的飲料沒有害處。無論如何，正是因?yàn)槟涂诉\(yùn)動(dòng)鞋和可樂易拉罐在待銷，所以并不意味著你非得購(gòu)買它們不可——即使是全球化也不可能剝奪人們的自由意愿。全球化的批評(píng)者可以停止發(fā)表他們的悲觀言論了。生活會(huì)繼續(xù)，生活將給予世界上許多人的樂趣比給予這些人的父輩的樂趣多。9、Aqualityeducationistheultimateliberator.Itcanfreepeoplefrompoverty,givingthemthepowertogreatlyimprovetheirlivesandtakeaproductiveplaceinsociety.Itcanalsofreecommunitiesandcountries,allowingthemtoleapforwardintoperiodsofwealthandsocialunitythatotherwisewouldnotbepossible.Forthisreason,theinternationalcommunityhascommitteditselftogettingalltheworld'schildrenintoprimaryschoolby2015,acommitmentknownasEducationforAll.Caneducationforallbeachievedby2015?Theanswerisdefinitely"yes",althoughitisadifficulttask.Ifwenowmeasurethegoalintermsofchildrensuccessfullycompletingaminimumoffiveyearsofprimaryschool,insteadofjustenrollingforclasses,whichusedtobethemeasuringstickforeducation,thenthechallengebecomesevenmoredifficult.Only32countrieswereformerlybelievedtobeatriskofnotachievingeducationforallonthebasisofenrollmentrates.Thenumberrisesto88ifcompletionratesareusedasthecriterion.Still,thegoalisachievablewiththerightpoliciesandtherightsupportfromtheinternationalcommunity.59ofthe88countriesatriskcanreachuniversalprimarycompletionby2015iftheybringtheefficiencyandqualityoftheireducationsystemsintolinewithstandardsobservedinhigher-performingsystems.Theyalsoneedsignificantincreasesinexternalfinancingandtechnicalsupport.The29countrieslaggingfarthestbehindwillnotreachthegoalwithoutunprecedentedratesofprogress.Butthisisattainablewithcreativesolutions,includinguseofinformationtechnologies,flexibleandtargetedforeignaid,andfewerpeoplelivinginpoverty.Akeylessonofexperienceaboutwhatmakesdevelopmenteffectiveisthatacountry'scapacitytouseaidwelldependsheavilyonitspolicies,institutionsandmanagement.Whereacountryscoreswellonthesecriteria,foreignassistancecanbehighlyeffective.素質(zhì)教育是最根本的解放。它可以使人們擺脫貧困，賦予他們能力迅速改善他們的生活，從事社會(huì)中具有創(chuàng)造性的工作。它還可以使社會(huì)和國(guó)家解除負(fù)擔(dān)，使它們迅速跨入富裕與社會(huì)和睦的時(shí)期，而用別的方式是不可能達(dá)到這種效果的。因此，國(guó)際社會(huì)承諾：到二○一五年時(shí)，將讓世界上的所有兒童都上小學(xué)，這就是著名的“教育面向所有人”的承諾。到二○一五年時(shí)，“教育面向所有人”的目標(biāo)能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)嗎?盡管這是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)，但回答肯定是“能夠”。如果我們現(xiàn)在根據(jù)孩子順利讀完最少五年的小學(xué)來評(píng)估該目標(biāo)，而不只是根據(jù)班級(jí)的注冊(cè)人數(shù)來評(píng)估該目標(biāo)——過去用于評(píng)估教育的方法，那么，這種挑戰(zhàn)就會(huì)更加艱難。以前，根據(jù)注冊(cè)率，只有三十二個(gè)國(guó)家被認(rèn)為面臨實(shí)現(xiàn)不了“教育面向所有人”目標(biāo)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。如果把畢業(yè)率當(dāng)作評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的話，那么這個(gè)數(shù)字會(huì)上升為八十八個(gè)。盡管如此，只要政策合適，國(guó)際社會(huì)又給予適當(dāng)?shù)脑?，該目?biāo)還是可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的。如果八十八個(gè)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的國(guó)家使其教育體系的效率和質(zhì)量達(dá)到效率更高的體系所奉行的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，那么，到二○一五年時(shí)，其中的五十九個(gè)國(guó)家就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)“所有孩子都能夠小學(xué)畢業(yè)”的目標(biāo)。這些國(guó)家也需要國(guó)際社會(huì)給予資金和技術(shù)方面的大力援助。如果沒有空前的發(fā)展速度，二十九個(gè)最落后的國(guó)家將不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)該目標(biāo)。但是，如果有創(chuàng)造性的解決方法，這個(gè)目標(biāo)也可以實(shí)現(xiàn)——包括使用信息技術(shù)，國(guó)際社會(huì)靈活、目的明確的援助以及更少的生活貧困的人們。10、Speech-writingThesuccessofaspeechisoftenattributedtotheskillofthespeaker,withmeritbeinggiventospeakerswhoareconfident,articulate,knowledgeableandabletodeliveraspeechwithconviction.演講的成功往往歸功于演講者的技巧。他們足夠自信、能夠進(jìn)行精彩地演說、博學(xué)廣知并且堅(jiān)信自己所表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)。Butoftenitisnotthespeakerswhowritethesemovingspeeches,itisaspeechwriter.Andoneindustryinwhichthispracticeiscommonisthatofpolitics.Sowhatdoesittaketobeapoliticalspeechwriter?但通常并不是演講者自己寫出這些動(dòng)人的話語(yǔ)，是演講稿作者寫的。政治行業(yè)，這種做法非常常見。那么，作為一個(gè)政治演講的撰稿人，需要做些什么呢？Onetechniqueisintroducingcontrast.Thisisextremelyusefulwhenpresentingapositivespinonanegativeissue.OneofthemostfamousexamplesofthiscanbeseeninaspeechgivenbyformerAmericanPresidentJohnFKennedy:"Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyoubutwhatyoucandoforyourcountry."一種技術(shù)是運(yùn)用對(duì)比。當(dāng)在一個(gè)負(fù)面問題上呈現(xiàn)積極色彩時(shí)，這是非常有用的。其中最著名的例子可以在前美國(guó)總統(tǒng)約翰·F·肯尼迪的演講中看到：“不要問你的國(guó)家能為你做什么，但問你能為你的國(guó)家做什么。Anothertechniqueistheuseofthree-partlists.Thiscanbeanexcellentwayofaddingfinalityorconfirmingastatement.FormerBritishPrimeMinisterTonyBlairwasafanofthistechnique.Oneofhismostfamouscampaignsloganswas"education,education,education".另一種技術(shù)是三段式的運(yùn)用。這可以是增加確定性或確認(rèn)語(yǔ)句的絕佳方式。前英國(guó)首相托尼·布萊爾是這種技術(shù)的粉絲。他最著名的競(jìng)選標(biāo)語(yǔ)之一是“教育，教育，教育”。Thesetechniquescanbeusedliketools-theycanbechosenfromatoolboxandappliedasnecessary.Afewothertechniquesyoumightfindinaspeechwriter'stoolboxmightbetheuseofimagery,anecdotesandalliteration.Sonexttimeyouhavetoprepareaspeechorpresentation,tryapplyingoneormoreofthesetechniquesandseeifyouhavewhatittakestobeawinningspeechwriter.這些技巧就像工具一般，當(dāng)你需要的時(shí)候，你只需從工具箱里選擇一件合適的就行。在演講稿撰寫者的工具箱中可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些其他技術(shù)可能是使用圖像，軼事和諷刺。所以，下一次你必須準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)演講或演示文稿的時(shí)候，試著用上面提到的技巧，看看你是否能成為一個(gè)成功的演講稿撰寫人。11、Whatmakesanoriginalcontributorinscienceisoftennotonlyability,butalsosomethingelse,somethingapparentlyintangible,andnoteasilydetected.Thisextrasomethingliesdeeplywithintheindividualandneedstobenurturedandtested.一個(gè)人在科學(xué)上要有獨(dú)創(chuàng)的貢獻(xiàn)，往往并非單純的能力問題，而是還有一些別的因素，一些表面上觸摸不著的、難于覺察的東西。這些外加的東西深深寓于個(gè)人之中，需要培養(yǎng)并經(jīng)受考驗(yàn)。Motivationisapersonaltraitthatisprimarilyinstilledbyseniorssuchasteachersorparents.Animportantaspectindevelopingmotivationisthesettingofgoals.Apersonprobablyhassetlong-rangegoals,oratthispointmorelikedreams,suchaswinningtheNobelPrize.Thisisgreataslongastheindividualisrealisticallyworkingtowardshort-rangegoalsalso.Thesearetheday-to-dayaccomplishmentsthatreallymakeworkinghardseemfun.動(dòng)力是因人而異的，主要由長(zhǎng)者逐漸灌輸，諸如教師或父母。培養(yǎng)動(dòng)力的一個(gè)重要方面是確定目標(biāo)。一個(gè)人可能已樹立起長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的奮斗目標(biāo)，這在當(dāng)時(shí)看來還很不現(xiàn)實(shí)，比方說要獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)。其實(shí)這是很好的，只要他同時(shí)能現(xiàn)實(shí)地向短期的目標(biāo)去努力，這些就是日常的成就，這些成就確實(shí)能使艱苦工作顯得饒有興趣。Proficiencyinanythingrequiresagreatdealofdeterminationandself-discipline.Iaddition,aperson’sabilitytocopewithfrustrationisalsoanimportantfactorinone’slifecareer.Repeatedfailuresatmakingexperimentsmaybetoomuchformanytalentedwould-bescientists.Thedeterminationtocontinue,withtherealizationthateverythingworthwhiletakesagreatdealofpatience,isanessentialrequirement.Thesefactors,togetherwithinherentdedication,willbringabouttherealizationofone’saspirations.Throughallthisitisnotthetriumphbutthestrugglethatbringsaboutthecompletepersonalsatisfactioninknowingthatyouasascientisthavegivenyourall.要精通任何事情都需要極大的決心和自律精神。此外，一個(gè)人應(yīng)付挫折的能力也是他畢生事業(yè)中起作用的一個(gè)重要因素。對(duì)于許多有天賦的想要成為科學(xué)家的人來說，在實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中屢遭失敗，可能是非常難受的。認(rèn)識(shí)到凡是值得去做的一切事情都需要極大的耐心并決心繼續(xù)做下去，這是必備的基本條件。這些因素，再加上固有的獻(xiàn)身精神，將會(huì)促使個(gè)人的強(qiáng)烈愿望得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。由于這一切并不是勝利，而是奮斗，你會(huì)產(chǎn)生一種只有你本人才能領(lǐng)略到的完全的滿足，因?yàn)槟阋庾R(shí)到作為一個(gè)科學(xué)工作者你已經(jīng)獻(xiàn)出了你的一切。12、Iwouldcomparereadingtovisitingfriends—inthespiritualratherthanphysicalsense.Openingthebookislikegettingintothedooruninvited;andturningafewpages,wemayfindourselvesinhisstudy.Besides,wecangovisithimasfrequentlyaswewantandatanytimewewish.Ifwefailtogetthepithofhisargument,wecanjustleavewithoutsaying"good-bye"orturntosomeoneelseforhelp,andcomebacktochallengehim.在我覺得讀書好比串門兒——“隱身”的串門兒。要參見欽佩的老師或拜謁有名的學(xué)者，不必事前打招呼求見，也不怕攪擾主人。翻開書面就闖進(jìn)大門，翻過幾頁(yè)就升堂入室；而且可以經(jīng)常去，時(shí)刻去，如果不得要領(lǐng)，還可以不辭而別，或者另找高明，和他對(duì)質(zhì)。Wecangetclosetothehostandlistentoeverywordhehastosay,nomatterwhereheresides,athomeorabroad,whatapersonhewasoris,acontemporaryoramanofthepast,whateverfieldhespecializesin,orwhetherheistalkingaboutaserioussubjectofimportanceorsimplychattingpluscrackingjokes.-不問我們要拜見的主人住在國(guó)內(nèi)國(guó)外，不問他屬于現(xiàn)代古代，不問他什么專業(yè)，不問他講正經(jīng)大道理或聊天說笑，都可以挨近前去聽個(gè)足夠。Wecanindulgeourselvesintheanecdotesandamazingtalesofthepast,andappreciatetheprofoundnouveautheoriesofourownageorhearsensationalargumentsmeanttoshocktheworld.Inanutshell,wecanbangthedoorshut—closingthebookthatis—theminutewefindanythingdisagreeableordistasteful,andleaveforthwith.Noonewillblameus.Thisisthekindoffreedomwecanhardlyexpectotherthanfromthebooks.我們可以傾聽前朝列代的遺聞逸事，也可以領(lǐng)教當(dāng)代最?yuàn)W妙的創(chuàng)新理論或有意驚人的故作高論。反正話不投機(jī)或言不入耳，不妨抽身退場(chǎng)，甚至砰一下推上大門——就是說，拍地合上書面——誰(shuí)也不會(huì)嗔怪。這是書以外的世界里難得的自由！13、ThecurrentvisittoTaiwanforexchange,briefandcursoryasitis,hasenabledustoseemanyplaces,tovisitoldfriendswhilemakingnewacquaintances.Wheneverpeoplegathertogether,animportanttopicofdiscussionhasbeenhowtheChinesenationcanbecomeprosperousandpowerfulinthe21stcentury.AlthoughtheyoungpeopleontheMainlandandinTaiwanliveindifferentsocialcontexts,withtheirindividuallydifferentexperiencesoflife,intheinnermostrecessesoftheirheartsarewroughtanindeliblemarkbythefinetraditionsoftheChineseculture.TheyallcherishthesameidealtorejuvenatetheChinesenation.Inthisgreatepochattheturnofthecentury,ourmotherlandisdevelopingtowardgreaterprosperityandpowerfulness.PeopleacrosstheTaiwanStraitsareboundtostrengthentheirexchangesandwillmutuallypromotetheearliestpossibleachievementofthegreatcauseofreunificationofthemotherland.Thepreciousopportunitiesandthetremendouschallengesattheturnofthecenturyhavepushedtheyoungpeopletotheforegroundofthehistoricalarena.Atthistransitionalphasebetweenthetwomillennia,inwhatwaytheyounggenerationshouldembracetheforthcomingnewcenturyrepletewithhopesisaquestiontowhichwehavetoseekananswer.這次到臺(tái)灣訪問交流，雖然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，訪了舊友，交了新知，大家走到一起，談?wù)摰囊粋€(gè)重要話題就是中華民族在21世紀(jì)的強(qiáng)盛。雖然祖國(guó)大陸、臺(tái)灣的青年生活在不同的社會(huì)環(huán)境中，有著各自不同的生活經(jīng)歷，但大家的內(nèi)心都深深銘刻著中華文化優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)的印記，都擁有著振興中華民族的共同理想。在世紀(jì)之交的偉大時(shí)代，我們的祖國(guó)正在走向繁榮富強(qiáng)