美國(guó)文學(xué)浪漫主義時(shí)期第1頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)OverviewFromtheendof18thcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar,arisingAmericawasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.Historically,itwasthetimeofwestwardexpansion.ThewesternboundaryhadreachedtothePacificby1860.第2頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Economically,thewholenationwasexperiencinganindustrialtransformation,whichaffectedtheruralaswellastheurbanlife.Politically,democracyandequalitybecametheidealofthenewnation,andthetwo-partysystemcameintobeing.Culturallyandliterally,thenationfeltanurgetohaveitsownliteraryexpression,tomakeknownitsnewexperiencethatothernationsdidnothave:theearlyPuritansettlement,theconfrontationwiththeIndians,thefrontiersmen'slife,andthewildWest.第3頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)RomanticisminAmericacoincidedwiththeperiodofnationalexpansionandthediscoveryofadistinctiveAmericanvoice.ThesolidificationofanationalidentityandthesurgingidealismandpassionofRomanticismnurturedthemasterpiecesof"theAmericanRenaissance."第4頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)RomanticismTheRomanticMovement,whichoriginatedinGermanybutquicklyspreadtoEngland,France,andbeyond,reachedAmericaaroundtheyear1820,some20yearsafterWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridgehadrevolutionizedEnglishpoetrybypublishingLyricalBallads.

第5頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Romanticismwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Theystressedthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature,emphasizedindividualismandaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself.Theycherishedstronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedievalandwereattractedbythewild,theirregular,theindefinite,theremote,themysterious,andthestrange.第6頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Themovementappealedtothoselongingtobreakfreeofthestrictreligioustraditionsofearlysettlement.ItappealedtothoseinoppositionofCalvinism,whichinvolvedthebeliefthattheuniverseandalltheeventswithinitaresubjecttothepowerofGod.TheRomanticMovementgaverisetoNewEnglandTranscendentalismwhichportrayedalessrestrictiverelationshipbetweenGodandUniverse.ThenewreligionpresentedtheindividualwithamorepersonalrelationshipwithGod.第7頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystemized.Romanticliteraturewaspersonal,intense,andportrayedmoreemotionthaneverseeninneoclassicalliterature.America'spreoccupationwithfreedombecameagreatsourceofmotivationforRomanticwritersasmanyweredelightedinfreeexpressionandemotionwithoutsomuchfearofridiculeandcontroversy.Theyalsoputmoreeffortintothepsychologicaldevelopmentoftheircharacters.第8頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)WaltWhitman,

NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,EdgarAllanPoe,EmilyDickinson,andtheTranscendentalistsrepresentthefirstgreatliterarygenerationproducedintheUnitedStates.第9頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)EarlyRomanticists

BeforetheRevolutionaryWar,Americanliterature--fromChristopherColumbus'stravelaccountstoBenjaminFranklin'sautobiography--hadbeenprimarilynonfictionalnarratives,sermons,essays,diaries,andimitationsofEnglishverse,mostofitwritteninprivateorsharedinsmallcircles.WiththepoliticalrevolutionagainstEngland,however,cameaculturalrevolution,andAmericansslowlybegantobuildanindependentculturalidentity,whichincludedastrongliterarycomponent.第10頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Forthefirsttime,Americahadasignificantnumberofmenandwomenofletters--thatis,writerswhocreatedworksappreciatedfortheiraestheticvalueandwhomadeacareeroratleastaseriousavocationofliterature.ThefirstofthesewriterswasWashingtonIrving,whoseSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,firstpublishedin1819,wasasensationinEnglandandhelpedbuildtheUnitedStates'reputationforcreativeliterature.SomeotherrepresentativemanofletterswereJamesFenimoreCooperinfiction,WilliamCullenBryant,andHenryWadsworthLongfellowinpoetry.第11頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)第12頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)第13頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)WashingtonIrving(1783-1859)WashingtonIrvingwasanAmerican

author,essayist,biographerandhistorianoftheearly19thcentury.Hewasbestknownforhisshortstories"TheLegendofSleepyHollow"and"RipVanWinkle",bothofwhichappearinhisbookTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent(1819-1820).

WashingtonIrvinghasbeencalledthefatheroftheAmericanshortstorybecauseofhisuniquecontributionstotheform.HeestablishedanartisticstandardandmodelforsubsequentgenerationsofAmericanshortstorywriters.第14頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)InTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.(1819-20),hewoveelementsofmythandfolkloreintonarratives,suchas"RipVanWinkle"and"TheLegendofSleepyHollow,"thatachievedalmostimmediateclassicstatus.AlthoughIrvingwasalsorenownedinhislifetimeforhisextensiveworkinhistoryandbiography,itwasthroughhisshortstoriesthathemoststronglyinfluencedAmericanwritinginsubsequentgenerationsandintroducedanumberofnow-familiarimagesandarchetypesintothebodyofthenationalliterature.第15頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Atransitionalfigure,IrvingsomewhatironicallycontributedtoAmerica'sliteraryindependencewhileproducingworkthatwasdistinctivelyEuropeanincontentandstyle.HismasterfuluseofstylizedproseanduseofEuropeanlegendalldemonstratethestronginfluenceoftheOldWorldonhiswork.Thisattentiontothepast,asIrvingscholarWilliamP.Kellyhasnoted,wasonereasonforIrving'ssuccesswithhisAmericanaudience.第16頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)KellypointsoutthatAmericans,recentlyseveredfromtheirEuropeanheritage,werestrugglingwithanidentitycrisisatthetimetheywerereadingIrving'swork,whichitselflooksbothforwardandbackward.ManycriticsreadRip'stwenty-yearsleepasarejectionofthecapitalisticvaluesofhissociety—ferociouslypersonifiedbytheshrewishDameVanWinkle—andanembracingoftheworldoftheimagination.IchabodCrane,too,hasbeenviewedbysuchcriticsasRobertBoneasrepresentingtheoutcastartist-intellectualinAmericansociety.第17頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)LifeandLiteraryAchievementsWashingtonIrvingwasborninNewYorkCityattheendoftheRevolutionaryWaronApril3,1783.Hisparents,Scottish-Englishimmigrants,weregreatadmirersofGeneralGeorgeWashington,andnamedtheirsonaftertheirhero.AtagesixIrvingmethisnamesake,whowasthenlivinginNewYorkafterhisinaugurationaspresidentin1789.IntheyearstocomeIrvingwouldwriteoneofhisgreatestworks,TheLifeofGeorgeWashington(1855-59).第18頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)The1798outbreakofyellowfeverinManhattanpromptedhisfamilytosendhimtohealthierclimesupriver.ItwasinTarrytown,NewYorkthatIrvingbecamefamiliarwiththenearbytownofSleepyHollow,withitsquaintDutchcustomsandlocalghoststories.IrvingmadeseveralothertripsuptheHudsonasateenager,includinganextendedvisittoJohnstown,NewYork,wherehepassedthroughtheCatskillmountainregion,thesettingfor"RipVanWinkle"."OfallthesceneryoftheHudson",Irvingwrotelater,"theCatskillMountainshadthemostwitchingeffectonmyboyishimagination".第19頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)In1809,Irvingcompletedhisfirstmajorbook,AHistoryofNew-YorkfromtheBeginningoftheWorldtotheEndoftheDutchDynasty,byDiedrichKnickerbocker(

theimaginary‘DietrichKnickerbocker',whowassupposedtobeaneccentricDutch-Americanscholar).AHistoryofNew-YorkdescribesandpokesfunatthelivesoftheearlyDutchsettlersof

Manhattananditwasoneoftheearliestfantasiesofhistory.

第20頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)ThenameKnickerbockerwaslaterusedtoidentifythefirstAmericanschoolofwriters,theKnickerbockerGroup,ofwhichIrvingwasaleadingfigure.ThebookbecamepartofNewYorkfolklore,andeventuallythewordKnickerbockerwasalsousedtodescribeanyNewYorkerwhocouldtraceone'sfamilytotheoriginalDutchsettlersanditiswherethebasketballteamTheNewYorkKnickerbockers(Knicks)gotitsname.第21頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Irving'ssuccesscontinuedwithTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.(1819-20),acollectionofessays,sketchesandtales,whichallowedhimtobecomeafull-timewriter.Publishedin1819underanotherpenname,"GeoffreyCrayon,Gent,"thestorieswereheavilyinfluencedbytheGermanfolktales.TheSketchBookincludestheshortstories“TheLegendofSleepyHollow”and

“RipVanWinkle”.

第22頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)ThefictionalSleepyHollowisactuallythelowerHudsonValleyareanearTarrytown,N.Y.,andRipVanWinklesleepsthroughtheentireRevolutionaryWarintheCatskillmountainsof

upstateNewYork.

IntheSketchBook,IrvingtransformstheCatskillMountainsalongtheHudsonRivernorthofNewYorkCityintoafabulous,magicalregion.AmericanreadersgratefullyacceptedIrving'simagined"history"oftheCatskills,despitethefactthathehadadaptedhisstoriesfromaGermansource.IrvinggaveAmericasomethingitbadlyneededinthematerialisticearlyyears:animaginativewayofrelatingtothenewland.

第23頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Bythelate1820s,IrvinghadgainedareputationthroughoutEuropeandAmericaasagreatwriterandthinker.Becauseofhispopularity,Irvingreceivedmanyimportanthonors.Irvingnevermarriedorhadchildren.

OnNovember28,1859,ontheeveoftheCivilWar,WashingtonIrvingdiedatSunnysidesurroundedbyhisfamily.HewasburiedintheSleepyHollowCemeteryattheOldDutchChurchinSleepyHollow,N.Y第24頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)“RipVanWinkle”PlotSummaryThestoryofRipVanWinkleissetintheyearsbeforeandaftertheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.RipVanWinkle,avillagerofDutchdescent,livesinanicevillageatthefootofNewYork'sCatskillMountains.Anamiablemanwhosehomeandfarmsufferfromhislazyneglect,heislovedbyallbuthiswife.第25頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Oneautumndayheescapeshisnaggingwifebywanderingupthemountains.Thereheencountersstrangelydressedmen,rumoredtobetheghostsofHenryHudson'screw,whoareplayingnine-pins.Afterdrinkingsomeoftheirliquor,hesettlesdownunderashadytreeandfallsasleep.Hewakesandreturnstohisvillage,wherehefindstwentyyearshavepassed.Hefindsoutthathiswifehasdiedandthathisclosefriendshavediedinawarorgonesomewhereelse.第26頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)HeimmediatelygetsintotroublewhenheproclaimshimselfaloyalsubjectofKingGeorgeIII,notknowingthattheAmericanRevolutionhastakenplace.Anoldlocalrecognizeshim,however,andRip'snowgrowndaughtertakeshimin.Ripresumeshishabitualidleness,andhistaleissolemnlybelievedbytheoldDutchsettlers,withcertainhen-peckedhusbandswishingtheysharedRip'sgoodluck.第27頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Setting

ThestorybeginsaboutfiveorsixyearsbeforetheAmericanRevolutionandendstwentyyearslater.TheactiontakesplaceinavillageineasternNewYork,neartheHudsonRiverandtheCatskillMountains.TheriverwasnamedafterEnglishmanHenryHudson,whoexploreditin1609.TheCatskillMountainswerenamedafterKaaterskill,theDutchwordforalocalstream,WildcatCreek.TheCatskillscontainmanyotherstreams,aswellaslakes,waterfalls,andgorges.

TypeofWork

"RipVanWinkle"isashortstory–oneofAmerica'smostbeloved–basedonGermanfolktales.第28頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)THEFOLLOWINGtalewasfoundamongthepapersofthelateDiedrichKnickerbocker,anoldgentlemanofNewYork,whowasverycuriousintheDutchhistoryoftheprovince...WhoeverhasmadeavoyageuptheHudsonmustremembertheCatskillMountains…SelectedReading第29頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Itisalittlevillageofgreatantiquity,havingbeenfoundedbysomeoftheDutchcolonists,…Inthatsamevillage,andinoneoftheseveryhouses,therelivedmanyyearssince,whilethecountrywasyetaprovinceofGreatBritain,asimple,good-naturedfellow,ofthenameofRipVanWinkle.

第30頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Ihaveobservedthathewasasimple,good-naturedman;hewas,moreover,akindneighborandanobedient,henpeckedhusband.Indeed,tothelattercircumstancemightbeowingthatmeeknessofspiritwhichgainedhimsuchuniversalpopularity;forthosemenaremostapttobeobsequious(tryinghardtoplease)andconciliating（makesb.lessangryormorefriendly)abroadwhoareunderthedisciplineofshrewsathome.第31頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Theirtempers,doubtless,arerenderedpliant（溫順的）

andmalleable(easilychangedandinfluenced)inthefieryfurnaceofdomestictribulation(greatsuffering),andacurtainlectureisworthallthesermonsintheworldforteachingthevirtuesofpatienceandlong-suffering.Atermagant（專橫的女人）

wifemay,therefore,insomerespects,beconsideredatolerableblessing;andifso,RipVanWinklewasthriceblessed.…

第32頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)ThegreaterrorinRip’scompositionwasaninsuperableaversiontoallkindsofprofitablelabor.…inaword,Ripwasreadytoattendtoanybody’sbusinessbuthisown;butastodoingfamilyduty,andkeepinghisfarminorder,itwasimpossible.Infact,hedeclareditwasofnousetoworkonhisfarm;itwasthemostpestilentlittlepieceofgroundinthewholecountry;everythingaboutitwentwrong,andwouldgowrong,inspiteofhim.…Hischildren,too,wereasraggedandwildasiftheybelongedtonobody….

第33頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)RipVanWinkle,however,wasoneofthosehappymortals,offoolish,well-oileddispositions,whotaketheworldeasy,eatwhitebreadorbrown,whichevercanbegotwithleastthoughtortrouble,andwouldrather

starveonapennythanworkforapound.Iflefttohimself,hewouldhavewhistledlifeaway,inperfectcontentment;buthiswifekeptcontinuallydinninginhisearsabouthisidleness,hiscarelessness,andtheruinhewasbringingonhisfamily.

第34頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Morning,noon,andnight,hertonguewasincessantlygoing,andeverythinghesaidordidwassuretoproduceatorrentofhouseholdeloquence.Riphadbutonewayofreplyingtoalllecturesofthekind,andthat,byfrequentuse,hadgrownintoahabit.

Heshruggedhisshoulders,shookhishead,castuphiseyes,butsaidnothing.This,however,alwaysprovokedafreshvolleyfromhiswife,sothathewasfaintodrawoffhisforces,andtaketotheoutsideofthehouse—theonlysidewhich,intruth,belongstoahenpeckedhusband.

第35頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Rip’ssoledomesticadherentwashisdogWolf,whowasasmuchhenpeckedashismaster;forDameVanWinkleregardedthemascompanionsinidleness,andevenlookeduponWolfwithanevileye,asthecauseofhismaster’ssooftengoingastray.Trueitis,inallpointsofspiritbefittinganhonorabledog,hewasascourageousananimalaseverscouredthewoods—butwhatcouragecanwithstandtheever-duringandall-besettingterrorsofawoman’stongue?

第36頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)ThemomentWolfenteredthehousehiscrestfell,histaildroopedtotheground,orcurledbetweenhislegs;hesneakedaboutwithagallowsair,castingmanyasidelongglanceatDameVanWinkle,andattheleastflourishofabroomstickorladlewouldflytothedoorwithyelpingprecipitation.

第37頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)TimesgrewworseandworsewithRipVanWinkleasyearsofmatrimonyrolledon;atarttempernevermellowswithage,andasharptongueistheonlyedgedtoolthatgrowskeenerbyconstantuse.

…

PoorRipwasatlastreducedalmosttodespair;andhisonlyalternative,toescapefromthelaborofthefarmandclamorofhiswife,wastotakeguninhandandstrollawayintothewoods.

第38頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)…Asheapproachedthevillage,hemetanumberofpeople,butnonewhomheknew,whichsomewhatsurprisedhim,forhehadthoughthimselfacquaintedwitheveryoneinthecountryround.Theirdress,too,wasofadifferentfashionfromthattowhichhewasaccustomed.

Theyallstaredathimwithequalmarksofsurprise,andwhenevertheycasttheireyesuponhim,invariablystrokedtheirchins.

第39頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)…Theveryvillagewasaltered:itwaslargerandmorepopulous.Therewererowsofhouseswhichhehadneverseenbefore,andthosewhichhadbeenhisfamiliarhauntshaddisappeared.Strangenameswereoverthedoors—strangefacesatthewindows—everythingwasstrange.

Hismindnowbegantomisgivehim;hedoubtedwhetherbothheandtheworldaroundhimwerenotbewitched.

第40頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)…Riplooked,andbeheldaprecisecounterpartofhimself,ashewentupthemountain:apparentlyaslazy,andcertainlyasragged.Thepoorfellowwasnowcompletelyconfounded.Hedoubtedhisownidentity,andwhetherhewashimselforanotherman.Inthemidstofhisbewilderment,themaninthecockedhatdemandedwhohewas,andwhatwashisname?

第41頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)

“Godknows,”exclaimedhe,athiswit’send;“I’mnotmyself—I’msomebodyelse—that’smeyonder—no—that’ssomebodyelse,gotintomyshoes—Iwasmyselflastnight,butIfellasleeponthemountain,andthey’vechangedmygun,andeverything’schanged,andI’mchanged,andIcan’ttellwhat’smyname,orwhoIam!”第42頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)…Howthattherehadbeenarevolutionarywar—thatthecountryhadthrownofftheyokeofoldEngland—andthat,insteadofbeingasubjectofhisMajesty,GeorgeIII.,hewasnowafreecitizenoftheUnitedStates.Rip,infact,wasnopolitician;thechangesofstatesandempiresmadebutlittleimpressiononhim;buttherewasonespeciesofdespotismunderwhichhehadlonggroaned,andthatwas—petticoatgovernment;happily,thatwasatanend;第43頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)hehadgothisneckoutoftheyokeofmatrimony,andcouldgoinandoutwheneverhepleased,withoutdreadingthetyrannyofDameVanWinkle.Wheneverhernamewasmentioned,however,heshookhishead,shruggedhisshoulders,andcastuphiseyes;whichmightpasseitherforanexpressionofresignationtohisfate,orjoyathisdeliverance….第44頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Commentson"RipVanWinkle""RipVanWinkle"hasbeenseenasasymbolofseveralaspectsofAmerica.Rip,likeAmerica,isimmature,self-centered,careless,anti-intellectual,imaginative,andjollyastheovergrownchild.TheDameisanothersymbol-ofpuritanicaldisciplineandthework-ethicofFranklin.ThetownitselfisemblematicofAmerica-foreverrapidlychanging.Rip'sconflictsanddreamsarethoseofthenation-theconflictofinnocenceandexperience,workandleisure,theoldandthenew,theheadandtheheart.第45頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Themesmanhasdifficultiesfacinghisadvancingage.thecontradictoryimpulsesinAmericatowardwork-thepuritanattitudeasopposedtotheAmericandesireforleisure.thethemeofescapefromone'sresponsibilitiesandevenone'shistory.thelossofidentity.第46頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Tosomeextent,itrevealstheconservativeattitudeoftheauthor.Becausethechangethatoccurredinthe20yearswasnotalwaysforthebetterforhim.E.g.,beforethewar,therehadbeenpeaceandharmony.Nowtherecamestrugglingforpowerbetweenpartieseverywhere.Thetempooflifequickened.Pre-warleisurelyexistenceisreplacedbyabusy,bustlinglife.Changeandrevolutionupsetthenaturalorderofthings.ItcanbetakenasanillustrationofthefactthatIrvingneverseemedtoacceptamoderndemocraticAmerica.第47頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)第48頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)"TheLegendofSleepyHollow"mp3PlotSummaryTheLegendofSleepyHollowwasbasedonaGermanfolktale,setintheDutchcultureofPost-RevolutionaryWarinNewYorkState.Thestoryopenswithalongdescriptivepassageofferedinthefirstpersonbythenarrator,whoisrevealedattheendofthestorytobeamaninatavernwhotoldthestorytoD.K.Irving'scontemporaries,andreadersoftheentireSketchBook,knowthatD.K.isDiedrichKnickerbocker,thefictionalauthorofanearlierbookofIrving's.第49頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)IchabodcomestoSleepyHollow,NewYork,fromhishomestateofConnecticut,tobetheschoolmasterofthevillage.SleepyHollowisasmall,veryquiettownsaidtobeundersomekindofenchantment.Itsresidentsallseemtomovealittleslower,daydreamalittlemore,andbemorepronetobelieveinthesupernatural.SleepyHollow,maybeforthatreasonormaybebecauseitsresidentsarealmostalldescendedfromitsoriginalDutchsettlers,hasmorethanitsfairshareofsupernaturaloccurrences,oratleaststoriesofthem.第50頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)SleepyHollow’smostfamoussupernaturalphenomenonistheghostoftheHeadlessHorseman,saidtobeaHessiansoldierwholosthisheadtoacannonballduringtheRevolutionaryWar.TheHorsemanisseenmostoftenridingbythechurch,wherelocalhistorianssayhewasburied.Heisbelievedtobealwaysinsearchofhishead.Ichabodisfascinatedbythisstory,beingespeciallyinterested(andpronetobelieve)intalesofthesupernatural.第51頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Ichabodisastrictteacherbutnotacruelone,dolingouthispunishmentoftherodonlytothosewhocanhandleit.Ichabodmakesalmostnomoney,anditiscustomaryinthevillageforthefarmerswhosesonsheteachestofeedandboardhiminrotation.Alongwiththis,Ichabodmakessomeextramoneyteachingsinginglessons—heprideshimselfgreatlyonhismagnificentvoice.Thisarrangementkeepshimemployedandgiveshimmanyopportunitiestohearghoststoriesfromthefarmers’wivesandeatmealswiththefarmers’daughters.Healsohasaninsatiablehungerandatasteforthefinerthings.第52頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)KatrinaVanTassel,abeautifulyoungwomanofeighteen,isoneofIchabod’sstudents.SheisalsotheonlychildofBaltusVanTassel,oneofthemoresuccessfulfarmersinthearea.Ichabodisquicklytakeninbyherflirtatiouscharms,butitiswhenhefirstvisitsherfather’sabundantfarmthatheconsidershimselftrulyinlovewithher,oratleastherlikelyinheritance.第53頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Hequicklysetsouttowinherhandinmarriage,comingbytheVanTasselfarmfrequentlytowooher.IchabodisnotaloneinhisattentionstoKatrina,however.Herbeauty,charm,andwealthhaveentrancedmanyothermeninthevillage,especiallytheformidableBromVanBrunt,alsoknownasBromBones.Bromisnotoriousforhisboisterouspersonality,loveofpranks,andgreatskillathorsebackriding—allofwhichmakehimsomethingofavillagehero.第54頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)BromhasalreadyscaredoffmanyofKatrina’sothersuitors,butIchabodishardertoshake,avoidingphysicalconfrontationwithBrom,whichisBrom’smainmethodofintimidation.Withoutthatoption,Bromturnstohisnextbestskill—pranks.Hefillstheschoolhousewithsmoke,trainsadogtofollowIchabodaroundhowling,andsetsmanyotherprankstofrustrateandhumiliateIchabod.第55頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Oneday,amessengercomestotheschoolhousetoinviteIchabodtoapartyattheVanTassels’.Atthisparty,heapparentlyfindshimselfthebestmaninthehouse,andwhenthepartyisoverhestaysbehind.Forsomereason,however,Katrinadisappointshim.Ichabodleavescrestfallen.第56頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Hefindsthepathhomedarkandeerilyquiet.Hetriestokeephimselffromgettingtooscared,butsoonafterhehaspassedthepossiblyhauntedMajorAndre’stree,heseesalarge,darkfigureloomingnearby.Itdoesnotrespondtohiscall,butashepassesby,itstartstomoveandjoinshimonthepathridingalarge,darkhorse.Ichabodisgreatlydisturbedandtriestoshakeoffhispursuer,buthefails.Finally,henoticesthattheriderhasnoheadonhisshoulders;theheadseemstobesittingonthesaddleinfrontoftheman.Ichabodtriestogethisdecrepithorsetorunhomeasfastasitcan,butheisnotaskilledriderandthehorseresists.第57頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Theyendupbythechurch,thesceneofmostofthestoriesoftheHeadlessHorseman,andIchabodracestothebridgewheretheghostissaidtodisappearandnotfollow.Ichabodcrossesthebridgeandlooksback,butheseestheHorseman,insteadofdisappearing,hurlhisdetachedheadathim.ItknocksIchabodoffofhishorse.第58頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Thenextday,Ichabod’shorsereturnstoitsowner’sfarm,butthereisnosignofIchabod.AsearchpartyfindshoofprintsandIchabod’shat,withasmashedpumpkinleftnexttoit.IchabodisneverheardfromagaininSleepyHollow,althoughlateronitseemsthatheisaliveelsewhereandhastoldhisstory.SomeofthetownspeoplebelievethatBromBonespulledoffagreatprank—whichputBrominthefinalpositiontomarryKatrina—buttheoldwomenandlocalfolkloremaintainthathewastakenbytheHeadlessHorseman.第59頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)CommentThestorydemonstratesthetwoqualitiesforwhichIrvingisbestknown:hishumor,andhisabilitytocreatevividdescriptiveimagery.ConstructedfromGermantalesbutsetinAmerica,itisaclassictaleoftheconflictbetweencityandcountry,andbetweenbrainsandbrawn(physicalstrength).IchabodCranecourtsKatrinaVanTassel,butisfrightenedawaybyhisrival,BromBones,masqueradingastheheadlesshorseman.第60頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Thetalebringsalovestoryandaghoststorytogether,butmostofallitisacomictale.Icabodisabookwormandhasthesupposedtraitssuchasfrailtyandcowardice.Bromisunthinkingandroughbutnotwithouthisclevernessandmischief.Thecontrastseemstopointtowardaconflictbetweenpretentiousintellectualismandanti-intellectualism.Neitherwinstheheartofthereaders,butBromwinsthegirl.第61頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)Theplotappealstocommonsentiments,butthestorymakesfunofcommunitiesthataresosleepythattheyneedghostsandghoststoriestokeeppeopleoccupied.Italsomakesfunofaschoolmasterwhoissupposedtobeoneofthesmartestpeopleinthetown,yethebelievesinghostsandiseasilyspookedandtrickedbyapracticaljoke.第62頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)第63頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)第64頁(yè)/共400頁(yè)JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)JamesFenimoreCooperwasaprolificandpopularAmericanwriteroftheearly19thcentury.Hismostpopularwork,TheLastoftheMohicans,hasremainedoneofthemostwidelyreadnovelsthroughouttheworldandit,alongwiththeot