Jian(James)Pang,Ph.D.2009年7月16日J(rèn)uly16,2009ChanganAutomobileCo.Ltd.整車NVH控制技術(shù)AutomotiveNVHControlTechnology1汽車NVH問題NVHProblems汽車NVH控制方法

NVHControlMethods汽車NVH技術(shù)的發(fā)展DevelopmentofNVHTechnology中國汽車NVH狀態(tài)StatusofChinaAutomotiveNVH2NVH的重要性ImportanceofNVHNVH對顧客非常重要NVHisveryimportanttocustomersNVH的好壞是顧客購買汽車的一個(gè)非常重要的因素.

NVH影響顧客的滿意度NVHinfluencescustomers’satisfaction在所有顧客不滿意的問題中,約有1/3是與NVH有關(guān).NVH影響到售后服務(wù)NVHinfluencesafter-saleservices約1/5的售后服務(wù)與NVH有關(guān)3動態(tài)性能Attributes噪聲與振動（NVH）碰撞安全性能Safety行駛操縱性能Dynamics燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性能Performance/FuelEconomy環(huán)境溫度性能ClimateControl乘坐的舒適性能RideComfort排放性能Emission剎車性能Breaking防盜安全性能Security電子系統(tǒng)性能Electricity可靠性能Durability。。。。。。在所有動態(tài)性能領(lǐng)域（NVH，安全碰撞、操控、燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性、等）中，NVH是涉及面最廣的領(lǐng)域。NVH涉及面非常廣NVHInvolvesAlmostAllSystemsofaVehicle車身Body發(fā)動機(jī)、變速器及動力系統(tǒng)Powertrian底盤及懸架Suspension環(huán)境控制系統(tǒng)ClimateControl電子系統(tǒng)Electricity

……4目標(biāo)設(shè)定與分解噪聲振動源的控制噪聲振動傳遞通道的控制NVH的評價(jià)NVH的試驗(yàn)與分析手段TargetSettingandcascadingSourceControlPathControlNVHEvaluationNVHTestandAnalysis汽車NVH問題NVHProblems汽車NVH控制方法

NVHControlMethods汽車NVH技術(shù)的發(fā)展DevelopmentofNVHTechnology中國汽車NVH狀態(tài)StatusofChinaAutomotiveNVH5整車系統(tǒng)子系統(tǒng)零部件戰(zhàn)略決策開發(fā)開始項(xiàng)目確認(rèn)試生產(chǎn)出廠目標(biāo)分解性能驗(yàn)證NVH開發(fā)是一個(gè)目標(biāo)制定-分解-驗(yàn)證的過程N(yùn)VHdevelopmentisaprocessof“TargetSetting–Cascading–Verification”BenchmarkingCompetitionVehicleandsystemleveldatabaseQuickcontributionanalysis–Competitivevehicles目標(biāo)設(shè)定SetTargetsFuturewithrespecttocompetitiveactionsBalancewithrespecttootherattributes,cost,weight目標(biāo)分解CascadeRequirementtoSubsystems設(shè)計(jì)論證DesignVerification目標(biāo)制定-分解-驗(yàn)證

TargetSetting–Cascading-Verification6決定NVH的因素

HowtoDetermineNVH顧客的要求CustomersWant政府法規(guī)GovernmentRegulation公司的需要和技術(shù)能力CorporateWantsandTechnologyAvailable競爭車BenchmarkVehicles7leaderAmongtheleaderCompetitor車1,2,3是市場上最好的三款車Car1,car2andcar3arethebestcarsinthemarkets這三款車作為benchmark的汽車The3carsareusedforbenchmarkvehicles根據(jù)benchmark的結(jié)果,設(shè)定目標(biāo)Basedonthebenchmarktestresults,newtargetwillbesetup目標(biāo)的分類TargetClassification:領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者Leadership:aboveBest-In-Class領(lǐng)導(dǎo)群體之中AmongtheLeaders(Best-in-Class)競爭者Competitor目標(biāo)設(shè)定TargetSetting目標(biāo)的級別TargetLevels整車(顧客)級目標(biāo),例如車內(nèi)噪聲Vehiclelevel(Customerlevel),suchasinteriorsound系統(tǒng)級目標(biāo),如動力系統(tǒng)的噪聲Systemlevel,suchaspowertrainnoise子系統(tǒng)級目標(biāo),如排氣口的噪聲Subsystemlevel,suchasexhausttailpipenoise部件級目標(biāo),如消聲器的傳遞損失Componentlevel,suchasMufflerTL8整車級目標(biāo)VehicleLevelTarget系統(tǒng)級目標(biāo)SystemLevelTarget子系統(tǒng)級目標(biāo)SubsystemLevelTarget部件級目標(biāo)ComponentLevelTarget目標(biāo)分解TargetCascading目標(biāo)分解是從上至下Targetsettingisfromupperleveltolowerlevel目標(biāo)設(shè)定也是雙向的Targetsettingisatwo-wayprocessing目標(biāo)分解也是雙向的Targetcascadingisatwo-wayprocessing開發(fā)一款車，需要設(shè)置幾百個(gè)NVH目標(biāo)9怠速頻率模態(tài)分離策略ModalSeparation

Strategy在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的初期,對所有系統(tǒng)和部件建立模態(tài)頻率表Setupmodalfrequencychartforallsystemsandcomponentsatthebeginningofproductiondevelopment為設(shè)計(jì)和目標(biāo)制定提供模態(tài)分析的策略

Provideastandardmodalanalysisstrategyforvehicleprogramdesignandtargetsetting10多通道分析Multi-PathAnalysis源-通道-接受體Source–Path–Response源Sources動力系統(tǒng)Powertrain風(fēng)Wind路面Road其他Other通道Paths

(Structure-borneandairborne)

底盤Chassis車身Body內(nèi)飾Interior其他Other接受體Reception耳朵Driver’sandpassenger'sears手Driver’sandpassenger'shands(steeringwheel)腳Driver’sandpassenger'sfeet(pedal,toeboard)座椅Driver’sandpassenger'sbut(seats)11發(fā)動機(jī)噪聲振動源EngineNoiseandVibrationSources燃燒噪聲CombustionNoise機(jī)械振動與噪聲MechanicalVibration&Noise流動噪聲FlowNoise變速器噪聲振動源TransmissionNoiseSources變速器嘯叫TransmissionWhine變速器敲擊TransmissionRattle源12進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)和排氣系統(tǒng)的NVHIntakeandExhaustNVH排氣系統(tǒng)Exhaustsystem進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)InductionsystemTailpipeOrifice進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)的噪聲源進(jìn)氣口噪聲Intakeorificenoise

殼體的輻射噪聲Shellradiationnoise排氣系統(tǒng)的噪聲振動源掛鉤傳遞到車體的力Hangerforcetransferredtobody排氣尾管噪聲Tailpipenoise殼體輻射噪聲Shellradiationnoise源13傳遞軸系的NVHDrivelineNVH變速箱分動器后傳遞軸后驅(qū)動橋后半軸前傳遞軸前驅(qū)動橋前半軸支撐軸承萬向節(jié)BalancePlane第一階傳遞軸激勵(lì)Firstorderdrivelineexcitation(dynamicimbalance)傳遞齒輪嘯叫Transmissiongearwhine(Geardynamicmeshingforce)2階激勵(lì)2ndorderexcitationbyCardonJoint源14路面-懸掛-底盤的NVHRoad/Suspension/ChassisNVH激勵(lì)源ExcitationSources路面表面的形狀Roadsurfaceprofile輪胎的剛度和壓力Tirestiffness&pressure輪胎塊的長度和形狀Tirepatchlengthandshape輪胎的寬度和尺寸Tirewidth&size汽車的速度Vehiclespeed源15風(fēng)激勵(lì)噪聲WindNoise風(fēng)激勵(lì)噪聲Windnoise:由于氣流繞著汽車運(yùn)動而產(chǎn)生的噪聲thenoisecausedbyairmovementaroundthevehicle激勵(lì)源Excitation:空氣動力湍流Aerodynamicturbulence其他:天線的渦流,擋風(fēng)玻璃的湍流產(chǎn)Other:antennavortex,windshieldturbulenceCavityresonance>90km/h源16結(jié)構(gòu)通道控制:車身控制

StructuralPathControl:BodyControl車身的結(jié)構(gòu)模態(tài)應(yīng)該與其他相鄰結(jié)構(gòu)模態(tài)分開BodyModesshouldbeseparatedfromothersystems車身結(jié)構(gòu)模態(tài)應(yīng)該與車身聲腔模態(tài)分開Bodystructuralmodesshouldbeseparatedwithbodycavitymodes白車身和裝飾車身模態(tài)的剛度要足夠大,以避免產(chǎn)生奇異噪聲Whitebodyandtrimmedbodymodesshouldstiffenoughtoavoidcausingsqueakandrattle局部模態(tài)應(yīng)該足夠高,以避免引起NVH問題,如轟鳴聲,等.LocalmodesshouldbestiffnessenoughtoavoidNVHproblems,suchboom,resonance,etc.車身要實(shí)現(xiàn)風(fēng)噪最小設(shè)計(jì)Bodydesignshouldletwindnoiseminimized

通道17結(jié)構(gòu)通道控制:底盤/懸掛的控制Chassis/SuspensionNVH輪胎的控制:tirecontrol聲腔模態(tài)acousticcavity結(jié)構(gòu)模態(tài)structuralmode輪胎的平衡typebalance懸架系統(tǒng)的控制

Suspensioncontrol懸架的模態(tài)頻率suspensionmode懸架的剛度與阻尼stiffnessanddamping懸架跳動的頻率hopfrequency懸架部件的頻率partsfrequency隔振墊

Isolator隔振墊的控制isolatorcontrol隔振墊的剛度isolatorstiffness隔振墊的剛度與車架剛度的比值isolatorstiffnessandframestiffness通道18振動通道的控制VibrationPathControl振動通道控制的方法有:Vibrationpathiscontrolledby:隔振器Vibrationisolators

吸振器Vibrationabsorption,e.g.,dampers阻尼材料Dampingmaterials

提高結(jié)構(gòu)和支架的剛度,阻止振動的傳遞Highstructureandbracketstiffness車身連接點(diǎn)靈敏度的控制Bodyconnectedpointsensitivitycontrol通道19聲學(xué)通道控制:聲學(xué)包裝

AcousticPathControl:SoundPackage噪聲通道是由聲學(xué)包裝來完成的Noisepathiscontrolledbysoundpackage,including:車身的密封Sealingofvehiclebody

孔洞的控制Controlofopenholesandopenings隔聲材料的應(yīng)用Soundisolationmaterial吸聲材料的應(yīng)用Soundabsorptionmaterial通道20汽車NVH的兩方面的評估

TwoEvaluationsofVehicleNVH車外通過噪聲的評估

Pass-byNoiseEvaluation

車內(nèi)NVH的評估

InteriorNVHEvaluation車內(nèi)NVH評估的兩個(gè)方面InteriorNVH

Evaluation主觀駕評

Subjectivedrivingevaluation客觀測試評估

Objectivetestingevaluation主觀駕評打分

SubjectiveEvaluationRating評估21客觀評估ObjectiveEvaluation整車級客觀評估的內(nèi)容:ItemsofVehicleLevelObjectiveEvaluations:駕駛員和乘客耳朵的聲音:Driverandpassengerearssound:soundlevelandsoundquality地板或座椅軌道的振動Floororseattrackvibration方向盤的振動Steeringwheelvibration椅子和人體的振動SeatvibrationandhumanbodyvibrationMicrophoneAccelerometer駕車狀況DrivingCondition:IdleWideOpenThrottle(WOT)PartialOpenThrottle(POT)CruiseReverseCoastdownTip-in,tip-out評估22不同級別的客觀評估

Vehicle,

SystemandComponentObjectiveEvaluationsVehicleNVHtargetExhaustTailpipeNoiseTargetMufflerTLExhaustVibrationHangerForce例子Example:整車級評估

Vehiclelevelevaluation系統(tǒng)級評估

Systemlevelevaluation部件級評估

Componentlevelevaluation評估23試驗(yàn)道路:TestRoad環(huán)道circleroad直道straightroad平整的瀝青路面asphaltroad平整的水泥路面smoothroad粗糙的水泥路面coarseroad磚做的路面brickroad鵝石路面cobblestoneroad斜坡路面sloperoad試驗(yàn):道路試驗(yàn)RoadTest駕車狀況DrivingCondition:IdleWideOpenThrottle(WOT)PartialOpenThrottle(POT)CruiseReverseCoastdownTip-in,tip-out試驗(yàn)24試驗(yàn):實(shí)驗(yàn)室試驗(yàn)LabTest模態(tài)試驗(yàn)Modaltest振動響應(yīng)Vibrationresponse異響識別Squeal&rattle隔振器剛度Isolatorstiffness激光測量,等Lasermeasurement振動試驗(yàn)VibrationTest車內(nèi)噪聲Interiorsound進(jìn)氣噪聲Intakenoise排氣噪聲Tailpipenoise動力總成輻射噪聲Powertrainradiationnoise

殼體輻射噪聲shellradiationnoise通過噪聲Passbynoise噪聲測試NoiseTest聲學(xué)靈敏度測量Acousticsensitivity振動靈敏度測量Vibrationsensitivity聲傳遞損失測量Soundtransferloss靈敏度測量SensitivityMeasurement風(fēng)洞噪聲試驗(yàn)WindNoiseTest試驗(yàn)25NVH分析方法

NVHAnalysisMethods有限元分析FiniteElementAnalysis邊界元分析BoundaryElementAnalysis統(tǒng)計(jì)能量分析StatisticalEnergyAnalysis其它聲學(xué)分析OtherAcousticAnalysis模態(tài)綜合分析ModalSynthesisAnalysis傳遞路經(jīng)分析TransferPathAnalysis26以聲品質(zhì)主導(dǎo)的NVH開發(fā)NVH主動及半主動控制高里程N(yùn)VH問題NVH穩(wěn)健性分析其他NVH技術(shù)發(fā)展領(lǐng)域汽車NVH問題NVHProblems汽車NVH控制方法

NVHControlMethods汽車NVH技術(shù)的發(fā)展DevelopmentofNVHTechnology中國汽車NVH狀態(tài)StatusofChinaAutomotiveNVHSoundQualityActive&Semi-activecontrolHighmileNVHNVHRobustnessAnalysisOtherNVHTechniques27傳統(tǒng)上,噪聲控制就是降低聲音的大小Historically,ApproachVehicleSoundasNoiseControl

僅考慮聲級的大小和頻率成分OnlysoundLevelandfrequencycontentareconsidered八十年代后,在汽車界開始使用聲品質(zhì)SoundQualityinAutomotiveIndustryinlate1980s汽車的聲音與發(fā)動機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速有關(guān)Soundisrelatedwithenginespeed汽車的聲音與發(fā)動機(jī)發(fā)火階次有關(guān)Soundisrelatedwithenginefiringorders聲音的成分影響聽覺Soundcontentsinfluencelistening聲音影響到顧客的滿意度Allvehiclesoundscaninfluencecustomersatisfaction部件的聲品質(zhì)Componentsoundquality影響汽車的品牌AStrongIndicatorofVehicleBrand

品牌的象征BrandImage(Powertrain)

汽車的DNA

VehicleDNA以聲品質(zhì)主導(dǎo)的NVH開發(fā)NVHDevelopmentBasedonSoundQuality28291.動力系統(tǒng)的聲品質(zhì)控制技術(shù)SoundQualityControlofPowertrianSystem2.車身聲品質(zhì)控制技術(shù)SoundQualityofVehicleBody3.電器系統(tǒng)聲品質(zhì)控制技術(shù)SoundQualityforElectricalSystem三大聲品質(zhì)問題SoundQualityinThreeFields好聽的聲音安靜 頻率低(結(jié)實(shí))一次碰撞聲沒有額外的噪聲不好聽的聲音聲音大高頻率象鈴的聲音多次碰撞聲,嘁嘁喳喳.例子(example)：關(guān)門聲品質(zhì)Close-DoorSoundQualityGoodSound

QuietLowFrequency(Solid)OneImpact NoExtraneousNoise

PoorSoundLoudHighFrequency(Tinny,Cheap)RingsOn(Bell)Rattles,Chirps,etc.29EngineFrameActuatorControllerExtraEnergySensor主動控制的元件ActiveControlComponents機(jī)械激勵(lì)器Mechanicalactuator傳感器Sensor電子控制器Electroniccontroller額外能量Extraenergysupplier動力總成主動振動控制

PowerplantActiveVibrationControl音響裝置與揚(yáng)聲器麥克風(fēng)揚(yáng)聲器主動控制裝置與麥克風(fēng)車內(nèi)噪聲主動控制InternalNoiseActiveControlNVH主動及半主動控制NVHActiveControlandSemi-Activecontrol30傳統(tǒng)上Traditionally:汽車設(shè)計(jì)是要求0里程有良好的NVH性能VehicleshavebeendesignedintentionallytohavegoodNVHat0mile通常高里程的可靠性很重要,但是NVH不是關(guān)注的對象Highmileagedurabilityisimportant,buthighmileageNVHisnotaconcern高里程N(yùn)VH問題HighMileageNVH現(xiàn)在Now:

高里程N(yùn)VH性能對顧客長期的滿意度來說越來越重要VehiclehighmileageNVHperformanceisbecomingmorecrucialforlongtermcustomersatisfaction有必要識別引起高里程N(yùn)VH惡化的原因Necessarytoidentifymajorreasonswhichcausehigh-mileNVHdegradation31穩(wěn)健性:

在使用的壽命內(nèi),當(dāng)有外界干擾因素的情況下,系統(tǒng)仍然按照設(shè)計(jì)的功能工作.也就是說,產(chǎn)品的性能對輸入源的變化不敏感Robustness:

theconceptofaproducttoperformitsintendedfunctionconsistentlyinthepresenceofnoiseduringitsexpectedlife.Thatis,theperformanceoftheproductisinsensitivetosourcesofvariability.工程系統(tǒng)EngineeringSystem輸入信號InputSignal設(shè)計(jì)功能IntendedFunction控制因素ControlFactors干擾因素NoiseFactorsManufacturingvariationSysteminteractionsCustomerusage/dutycyclesExternalenvironmentTargetNVH穩(wěn)健性分析NVHRobustnessAnalysis32噪聲振動傳遞路徑的精確分析TransferPathAnalysis源及通道對車內(nèi)貢獻(xiàn)量分析技術(shù)SourceandPathContributionAnalysis整車高速風(fēng)噪控制與車身優(yōu)化技術(shù)WindNoiseandBodyDesign整車道路噪聲控制與懸架系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化技術(shù)RoadandSuspensionNVHControl輪胎噪聲的研究TireNoiseAnalysis發(fā)動機(jī)的燃燒噪聲EngineCombustionAnalysis動力總成輻射噪聲控制技術(shù)PowerplantRadiationNoiseControl變速器的嘯叫和敲擊TransmissionWhineandRattle

發(fā)動機(jī)-離合器-變速器傳動系統(tǒng)的振動控制PowerplantShaftVibrationControl由摩擦引起的噪聲與振動分析NVHCausedbyFriction新能源汽車的NVH控制NewEnergyVehicleNVHControl輕量化材料和結(jié)構(gòu)的噪聲與振動研究NVHforLight-Material新型隔聲材料及結(jié)構(gòu)的研究NewSoundIsolationMaterialandStructureAnalysis

異響的前期控制技術(shù)AdvancedControlforSquealandRattle測量技術(shù)的研究StudyofMeasurementTechnology。。。。。。其他NVH技術(shù)發(fā)展領(lǐng)域OtherNVHTechnologyDevelopmentFields33汽車NVH問題NVHProblems汽車NVH控制方法

NVHControlMethods汽車NVH技術(shù)的發(fā)展DevelopmentofNVHTechnology中國汽車NVH狀態(tài)StatusofChinaAutomotiveNVH各個(gè)方面越來越重視試驗(yàn)室和CAE的大量投入人才隊(duì)伍迅速發(fā)展自主轎車NVH水平大大提升存在的問題長安NVH開發(fā)狀況MoreandmoreattentiononNVHHugemoneyonlabsandCAERapidgrowthofNVHengineersSignificantlyimprovementonCapacityExistedproblemsStatusofChanganNVHdevelopment34企業(yè)意識到NVH的重要ImportanceofNVHisrealizedbymanycompanies逐年增加投入MoneyspentonNVHisincreasedyearbyyear招聘一流人才ThebestNVHexpertsarehired行業(yè)關(guān)注NVHAttentionfromautoindustry例子：各種會議和培訓(xùn)越來越多i.e.moreconferencesandtrainingsonNVH

政府把NVH作為自主汽車的一個(gè)重要技術(shù)領(lǐng)域NVHisconsideredoneofthemostimportanttechnologiesinautodevelopment例子：組建企業(yè)國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室i.e.nationalkeylabisunderconstruction海外華裔學(xué)者對中國汽車NVH發(fā)展的推進(jìn)Contributionfromoverseascholars講課、出書、交流等lectures,books,exchanges各個(gè)方面越來越重視MoreandMoreattentionisonNVH中國汽車NVH工作主要是從2000后才開始35實(shí)驗(yàn)室與CAE的大量投入HugeMoneySpentonLabsandCAE

同濟(jì)大學(xué)空氣動力與低噪聲風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)室各個(gè)公司紛紛興建試驗(yàn)室，如：Manylabshadbeenconstructed,suchas大型整車消聲室Wholevehicleanechoicchambers發(fā)動機(jī)消聲室Engineanechoicchambers部件實(shí)驗(yàn)室PartslabsCAE的使用在普及WideapplicationonCAE風(fēng)洞試驗(yàn)室WindTunnel36人才隊(duì)伍迅速發(fā)展RapidGrowthofNVHEngineers從事NVH的工程師迅速增加RapidGrowthofNVHEngineers以長安汽車公司為例：TakeChanganAuto