2022年山東省日照市大學(xué)英語(yǔ)6級(jí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)學(xué)校:________班級(jí):________姓名:________考號(hào):________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.

Self-cleaningtoiletbowls,builtonthelatestnanotechnology,arewidelyavailableinNorthAmerica.

A.YB.NC.NG

2.HomeIsWheretheHurtIs

Beingforcedintoflighttotallydisruptsthelivesoftheinternallydisplaced,exactlyasitdoestorefugees.Butunlikemanyrefugees,theworld'smillionsofinternallydisplacedpersonsoftenhavenowheretoturn.Theyremaintrappedinthesameunsafeenvironmentfromwhichtheytriedtoflee.Insituationsofinternalstrife(沖突),bydefinition,theciviliangovernmentfunctionspartiallyornotatall;andthecivilianpopulationisignoredortreatedwithhostilitybybothsides.

AdefinitionsubmittedtotheU.N.CommissiononHumanRightsdefinestheinternallydisplacedas"personsorgroupsofpersonswhohavebeenforcedtofleetheirhomesorplacesofhabitualresidencesuddenlyorunexpectedlyasaresultofarmedconflict,internalstrife,systematicviolationsofhumanrightsornaturalorman-madedisasters,andwhohavenotcrossedaninternationallyrecognizedStateborder.”

Today,thereareanestimated30millioninternallydisplacedpeopleintheworld—doublethenumberofrefugees.Inmanyplaces,theyareallbutforgottenbytheinternationalcommunity.

AlthoughtherearefewrefugeesinLatinAmerica,thereareupto3millioninternallydisplacedpersonsintheregion,includingasmanyas480,000inPeruand6,000,000inColombia.Inbothcountries,acombinationofpoliticalandsocio-economicfactors,suchasexcessivelyunequalincomedistribution,drug-traffickingandheavyinvolvementofthearmyinthepoliticalscene,haveresultedinhighlevelsofviolenceandaclimatethatfostershumanrightsabuses.Whethermanifestedasanongoingconflictbetweenthearmedforcesandthearmedopposition(thecaseofPeru),oraconstantarmedstrugglebetweenrebelandparamilitarygroups(thecaseofColombia),violencehascausedthedisplacementofhundredsofthousandsofruralpeasantsandnativepeople.Theinternallydisplacedoftenleadaverystableexistence,andtheyarehighlygratefulforanyonewhopaysattentiontotheirplight(averybadsituationthatsomeoneisin).

Delia,ofPeru'sAshaninkapeople,hasbeendisplacedforthepasteightyears.Now,homelessandhelpless,Deliaandherpeoplehavetodependonthegoodwillandcharityoftheirremoterelativesandoftheoccasionalnon-governmentalorganization(NGO).IthasbeenastruggleforDelia,whohastriedtoobtainbettereducationfacilitiesforthechildrenandtopromotesmallhandicraftsprojects.Andshetriestoshieldhercommunityfromthesurroundingconflictbyopposinganyinvolvementwiththearmedopposition,orwiththerondas(acivildefenseunitthatfightsagainsttheSendero).Thisneutralposition,inthecontextoftheconflict,isnotapopularonewitheitherside.Totheirwayofthinking,oneiseitheraRonderooraSendero;thereisnomiddleroad.

Womenhavebeenthedrivingforceineffortstomaintainsomesemblance(偽裝)ofnormallifeinthePeruvianAndes.There,hundredsofthousandsofpeople,mostlyQuechuaspeakers,weredisplacedoverthelast10years.Husbandswere"disappeared"orkilled,andsonshadtojointhearmy.Thewomenhadtogathertheirchildrenandfleetourbancenters.wheretheycouldmeltintothepoverty-strickenanonymityofashantytown(以臨時(shí)搭蓋的陋屋為主的地區(qū)).Nowtheyliveinshackswithnowater,noelectricityandnosewagesystem.Thechildrengetlittleschoolingandspendlongdaysplayinginthedirt.Povertydiseaseandunemploymentmakelifenearlyintolerable.Butdisplacedwomenhavenotbeenidle.Theyhaveorganizedsoupkitchens,"mothers'clubs"andhandicraftassociationstosupporteachotherandimprovelivingconditions.Irma,oneofthewomenwetalkedwiththinksthatsoonsheandhersisterswillbeabletogobackhome."Butwe'dlikeourgovernmentandtheworldtogiveusahand,"shesaid.

Despitethemanyhardships,

A.YB.NC.NG

3.

TheauthorsuggeststobuymedicinesinWal-Martbecause______.

4.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

PizzaHut

PizzaHutwasstartedin1958,bytwobrothersinWichita,Kansas.FrankandDanCarneyhadtheideatoopenapizzaparlor.Theyborrowed$600fromtheirmother,andopenedtheveryfirstPizzaHut.In1959,thefirstfranchiseunitopenedinTopeka,Kansas.Almostadecadelater,PizzaHutwouldbeservingonemillioncustomersaweekinits310locations.In1970,PizzaHutwasputontheNewYorkStockExchangeunderthetickersymbolPIZ.

In1986,PizzaHutintroduceddeliveryservice,somethingnootherrestaurantwasdoing.Bythe1990s'PizzaHutsaleshadreached$4billionworldwide.In1998,PizzaHutcelebratedits40thanniversary,andlauncheditsfamouscampaign"TheBestPizzasUnderOneRoof."In1996,PizzaHutsalesintheUnitedStateswereover$5million.Outofalltheexistingpizzachains,PizzaHuthadthelargestmarketshare,46.4%.However,PizzaHut'smarketsharehasslowlyerodedbecauseofintensecompetitionfromtheirrivalsDomino's,LittleCaesar'sandnewcomerPapaJohn's.Homedeliverywasadrivingforceforsuccess,especiallyforPizzaHutandDomino's.

However,thisforcedcompetitorstolookfornewmethodsofincreasingtheircustomerbases.Manypizzachainsdecidedtodiversifyandoffernewnon-pizzaitemssuchasbuffalowings,andItaliancheesebread.Thecurrenttrendinpizzachainstodayisthesame.Theyalltrytocomeupwithsomenewer,bigger,betterpizzaforalowprice.Offeringspecialpromotionsandnewpizzavariationsarepopulartodayaswell.Forexample,chickenisnowacommontoppingfoundonpizzas.

Inthepast,PizzaHuthasalwayshadthefirstmoveradvantage.Theirmarketingstrategyinthepasthasalwaysbeentobethefirst.Oneoftheirmainstrategiesthattheystillfollowtodayisthediversificationoftheproductstheyoffer.PizzaHutisalwaysaddingsomethingnewtotheirmenu,tryingtoreachnewmarkets.Forexample,in1992thefamousbuffetwaslaunchedinPizzaHutrestaurantsworldwide.Theyweretryingtooffermanydifferentfooditemsforcustomerswhodidn'tnecessarilywantpizza.

Anotherstrategytheyusedinthepastandarestillusingisthediversificationoftheirpizzas.PizzaHutisalwaystryingtocomeupwithsomeinnovativewaytomakeapizzaintosomethingslightlydifferent—differentenoughthatcustomerswillthinkit'sawholenewproduct.LookatsomeofthepizzasPizzaHuthasmarketedinthepast.In1983,PizzaHutintroducedtheirPanPizza,whichhadaguaranteeofbeingreadytoeatin5minuteswhendiningatPizzaHutrestaurants.In1993,theyintroducedthe"BigFoot",whichwastwosquarefeetofpizzacutinto21slices.In1995,theyintroduced"StuffedCrustPizza",wherethecrustwouldbefilledwithcheese.In1997,theymarketed"TheEdge",whichhadcheeseandtoppingsallthewaytotheedgeofthepizza.Currently,theyaremarketing"TheBigNewYorker,"tryingtobringthefamousNewYorkstyle.pizzatothewholecountry.

AnotheropportunitythatPizzaHuthasistheirneworderingonlinesystem.AnyonewithInternetaccesscanorderwhatevertheywishandgetitdeliveredtotheirhousewithoutevenspeakingtosomeone.Thisprogramhasjustbeenstarted,sowedonothaveanynumberstosupportwhetherornotitwillbeasuccess.

Lastly,PizzaHuthasalwaysvaluedcustomerserviceandsati

A.1958B.1959C.1969D.1970

5.

IntheUnitedStates,youraddressisanimportantcueto______.

6.

Newton'ssecondlawofmotionsaysforceequals______,multipliedbythechangeinspeeditproducesinanobject.

7.

HearingthenewsoftheKlondikeGoldRush,Emery'sfatherandhisbrother-in-lawdecidedtogotoAlaskatogether.

A.YB.NC.NG

8.

In1940Hughespublished______.

9.

It'sthemonitoringfunctionthatmakesthehostprocessorfinallysolveadisputeaboutatransaction.

A.YB.NC.NG

10.

Whichofthefollowingismentionedbytheauthorasoneofourmostvaluableassets?

A.Perseverance.

B.Ourpotential.

C.24hourseachday.

D.Ourattitudetolife.

11.ExteriorPainting

GettingStarted

Paintingtheexteriorofyourhouseisahugejob.Buttherewardsaregreattoo.Withaminimuminvestmentintoolsandmaterials,you'llsavethousandsofdollars,extendthelifeofyoursidingandincreasethevalueofyourhome.Bestofall,you'llmakeitlooklikenewagain.Whileyoumayspendlessthan$1,000onpaintingtoolsandmaterials,thesamejobdonebyapro(專業(yè)人員)couldeasilycost$5,000to$10,000ormore.Thesavingscomeatacost,though.Agoodpaintjobrequirescountlesshoursofcarefulpreparation.Plantodevoteanentiresummertoprepareandpaintevenamedium-sizehouse.

Completingatop-qualityexteriorpaintjobrequiresmorethanpatienceandperseverance.You'llneedasharpeye,asteadyhandandabitofpracticetopaintstraightlines.Inaddition,you'llneedthestrengthtomoveandsetuptallladders,andtheconfidencetoworkfromthemoncethey'reinplace.

Applyingtopcoats(thefinalcoatsofpaint)doesn'trequiremuchequipmentbeyondwhatyou'vealreadyaccumulatedforscrapingandpriming.Werecommendbuyingatleasttwotop-qualitysynthetic-bristlebrushesforapplyingthelatexpaint(乳膠漆):onebrush($15to$20)forlargeareasandabrush($9to$12)fordetailwork.

Forapplyingpainttolargeareasofshingles(屋頂板),stucco(涂飾墻壁的灰泥)orbrick,buyaroller(滾筒).

PaintStoresCanHelpWithColorsandQuantities

Choosingexteriorpaintcolorsthatcomplement(與……相配)thearchitecturaldetailsofyourhouseandfitthecharacterofyourneighborhoodisthefirststeptoagreatpaintjob.Checkoutbookstoresandlibrariesforbooksonthesubject.You'llfindbrochures(小冊(cè)子)atthepaintstorewithcollectionsofhistoriccolors.Manypaintstoreshavedesignerswhocanhelpyouchoosecolors,oryoucouldhireadesignerorarchitect.

Buyaquart(夸脫)ofeachcoloryou'vechosenandpainttheentirecolorschemeonasmallareaofyourhousebeforecommittingtogallons(大量使用).

Ifyoudon'tliketheresults,changethecolorsandtryagain.

Nexttakeroughmeasurementsofyourhouse,notingthetypeofsurface.Countthedoorsandwindows.Withthisinformation,paintstoreemployeescanhelpyoucalculatetheamountofpaintyou'llneed.

Buythebestpaintyoucanafford.Good-qualitypaintiseasiertoapply,coversbetterandlastslonger.Werecommendbuyingpaintwithaslightsheen,eithersatinoreggshell.It'smorefaderesistant(不易退色)andeasiertocleanthanflatpaint.

ChecktheWeather

Avoidpaintingindirectsunlight.Theheatdriesthepainttoofast,makingitnearlyimpossibletoavoidblistering(起泡)andpeeling(剝落).

Avoidpaintingonverywindydays.Thewindcausesthepainttodrytoofastandcanblowdirtintowetpaint.

Don'tapplylatexpaintwhenthetemperatureisbelow50degrees℉unlessit'sformulatedforcold-weatherapplication.Readthelabeltobesure.

Don'tpaintwhenthere'sachanceofrain.

PlanaStrategyfortheMostEfficiency

Ingeneral,workfromthetopdown.Paintlargeareasfirstanddetailslast.Wheretwocolorsmeet,allowtimeforthefirstcolortodrybeforereturningtoapplythesecondcolor.Forexample,paintthewindowsash(themovablepart)earlyinthedayandreturntopainttheframe.aroundthesash.

AvoidTheseCommonProblems

Brushmarksleftatthebeginningandendofabrushstrokeareacommonproblemthat'seasytoavoid.Starteverybrushstrokeinanunfinishedarea,atanedge,oragainstdoororwindowtrim.Thenbrushtowardthefinishedareaandsweepthebrushupandofftheworkinthesamemovement.Ifyoustopthebrushandthenliftitofforsetthebrushdownonafinishedareatostartthestroke,itwillleaveextrapain

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

Duringaninterviewwithpotentialemployers,self-honoringorself-lovemayhelpajobseekertoshow______.

13.WhatdoesMargaretHartEdwardssayaboutemployees'romanceintheoffice?

A.Itismorallywrongandmustbebanned.

B.Itposesapotentialriskforthecompany.

C.Itshouldnotbeinterferedasahumanright.

D.It'sbettertogopublicforthesakeofemployees.

14.

Anyminimaldeviationfromnormalform.andfunctionmaybe______.

15.

Leavesshowdifferentcolorsotherthangreeninthefallbecausethecarotenoidsandanthocyaninsarethen______.

16.

AlotofAmericangobrokedueto______.

17.

Cuttingdownoncaffeineisnoteasybecause______.

18.

Keepingatimelogisaveryeffectivewaytofindout______.

A.whatactivitiesyouaredoingeveryday

B.howyouarespendingyourtimeevery'day

C.whatbenefitsyoucangainbymanagingtime

D.howyoucanimproveyourperformanceatwork

19.

Plantspeciesaredispersedoveralargeareawiththehelpof______.

20.

Thousandsofearthquakestakeplaceeveryday,butmostofthemareverygentle.

A.YB.NC.NG

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.聽力原文：Peopledonotanalyzeeveryproblemtheymeet.Sometimestheytrytorememberasolutionfromthelasttimetheyhadasimilarproblem.Theyoftenaccepttheopinionsorideasofotherpeople.Othertimestheybegintoactwithoutthinking;theytrytofindasolutionbytrialanderror.However,whenal]thesemethodsfail,thepersonwithaproblemhastostartanalyzing.Therearesixstagesinanalyzingaproblem.

Firstthepersonmustrecognizethatthereisaproblem.Forexample,Sam'sbicycleisbroken,andhecannotrideittoclassasheusuallydoes.Sammustseethatthereisaproblemwithhisbicycle.

Nextthethinkermustdefinetheproblem.BeforeSamcanrepairhisbicycle,hemustfindthereasonwhyitdoesnotwork.Forinstance,hemustdetermineiftheproblemiswiththegears,thebrakes,ortheframe.Hemustmakehisproblemmorespecific.

Nowthepersonmustlookforinformationthatwillmaketheproblemclearerandleadtopossiblesolutions.Forinstance,supposeSamdecidedthathisbikedoesnotworkbecausethereissomethingwrongwiththegearwheels.Atthistime,hecanlookinhisbicyclerepairbookandreadaboutgears.Hecantalktohisfriendsatthebikeshop.Hecanlookathisgearscarefully.

Afterstudyingtheproblem,thepersonshouldhaveseveralsuggestionsforapossiblesolution.TakeSamasanillustration.Hissuggestionsmightbe:putoilonthegearwheels;buynewgearwheelsandreplacetheoldones;tightenorloosenthegearwheels.

Eventuallyonesuggestionseemstobethesolutiontotheproblem.Sometimesthefinalideacomesverysuddenlybecausethethinkersuddenlyseessomethingneworseessomethinginanewway.Sam,forexample,suddenlyseesthatthereisapieceofchewinggumbetweenthegearwheels.Heimmediatelyrealizesthesolutiontohisproblem:hemustcleanthegearwheels.

Finallythesolutionistested.Samcleansthegearwheelsandfindsthatafterwardshisbicycleworksperfectly.Inshort,hehassolvedtheproblem.

(33)

A.Peopleneveranalyzetheproblemtheymeet.

B.Peopleoftenaccepttheopinionsorideasofotherpeople.

C.Peoplemaylearnfromtheirpastexperience.

D.Peoplecannotsolvesomeproblemstheymeet.

22.(35)

A.Theydonothavetoomuchtimetoplay.

B.Theycancomprehendandmemorizelearningmaterials.

C.Theycanprepareforthefuturestudies.

D.Theymayform.abadhabit.

23.

【B10】

24.

【B5】

25.聽力原文：M:IwishIcouldbethepersondrivingthatnewCadillacinsteadofBarbara.

W:Well,ifyouwouldbudgetyourmoneymorecarefully,thiswouldn'tbeaproblem.

Q:Howdoesthewomanfeelabouttheman?

(18)

A.Shethinksthatheshouldplanhismoneymorecarefully.

B.Shethinksthatheshouldbuyaconvertible.

C.ShethinksthatheshouldaskBarbaraforadvice.

D.Shewantshimtomanagehermoney.

26.(15)

A.He'salsointerestedinAmericanliterature.

B.Hehasn'tdecidedifhewouldtaketheliteratureclass.

C.Thewomanshouldhavealreadyfinishedherpaper.

D.Thewoman'stopicmaynotbeappropriate.

27.【B8】

28.聽力原文：M:YougotabunchofflowersforyourbirthdayfromJackandaboxofchocolatesfromJohn,didn'tyou,Alice?

W:It'sAlexwhosentmeflowersandIgotchocolatesfromJack.

Q:Fromwhomdidthewomangettheflowers?

(14)

A.Jack.B.Alice.C.John.D.Alex.

29.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

聽力原文：M:Itdoesn'tmakeanysensetogohomeforspringvacationnow.

W:That'sright.Especiallysinceyou'llbegraduatinginMay.

Q:Onwhatdidthetwospeakersagree?

(12)

A.Nottogohomeforspringvacation.

B.Nottotakeavacation.

C.Nottograduate.

D.NottogohomeaftergraduationinMay.

30.

【B2】

31.(45)

32.聽力原文：W:Hi,Kaven.YourroommatetoldmethatIcouldfindyouintheTVlounge.Whatareyoudoinghere?

M:WhatdoesitlooklikeIamdoing?

W:Well,itlookslikeyouarewatchingtelevision.Butwehavealinearalgebramidtermtomorrow,soIthoughtyou'dbestudyingforitandmaybeIcanstudywithyou.

M:Oh,well,Iwasjusttakingabreak.ThislinearalgebrastuffgivesmeaheadacheifIworkonittoolong.

W:Iknowwhatyoumean.I'vebeenworkingonitforthreehoursalready.I'mbeginningtogetcross.I'vebeenguessingatthesampleproblems.Ijustdon'tgetsomeofthem.

M:ButIcan'tbelieveyouarecomingtome.ImeanyoudoknowwhatIgotonthelasttest,don'tyou?

W:Yeah,Iknow.Youtoldme.Ijustthoughttwoheadsmightbebetterthanone.

M:Yeah,that'saniceidea.But...youknow,IwishIknewthatpersoninourclasswhogotahundredonthelasttest.Shedidn'tmissaquestion.Umm...wasitElizabeth?

W:Ohyeah,Elizabeth!Sheisafriendofmine.She'dbeabighelprightnow.Whydon'tIgiveheracall?

M:What!Atthishour?It'salreadytenthirty.Idon'twannaimposeonher.

W:Yeah,Iguessyouareright.Butyouknowwhat,sheowesmeabigfavor.Let'satleastgiveheracallandseewhatshesays.Maybegoingoversomeoftheproblemswithuswouldhelpherreviewthematerial.

M:It'sworthatry.

(20)

A.Studyingforatest.

B.Visitingaclosefiendoftheirs.

C.Aclasspresentationthey'repreparing.

D.Atelevisionprogramthemaniswatching.

33.(24)

A.Whenthey'reunabletocontroltheperson'sbehavior.

B.Whenthecausesofthebehavior.areobvious.

C.Whentheconsequencesofthebehavior.areunpleasant.

D.Whenthebehavior.isexpected.

34.(21)

A.Thatthemanrethinktheirplans.

B.Thatthemanseeageneralpractitioner.

C.Thatthemanseeapsychiatrist.

D.Thatthemanconcentrateonhisstudies.

35.(32)

A.Hethoughtthecopyingprocesstooktoolong.

B.Heconsideredeachphotographtobeunique.

C.Hedidn'thavethenecessaryequipmentforreproduction.

D.Hedidn'twantthemtobedisplayedoutsideofhishome.

36.【B2】

37.(25)

A.Sherunsafarm.

B.ShestudiesEnglish.

C.Sheteachesmeteorology.

D.Sheleadswildernesstrip:.

38.

【B7】

39.聽力原文：M：DoIlookgood?Imean，willtheinterviewerslikemyclothes?Iwanttogivethemagoodimpression．

W：Youlookgreat，honey．Remember，beyourself．Anyway，theyalelookingforsomeonewhoknowshowtorunanapartment，notamodel．

Q：Whatcanweknowabouttheman?

(17)

A.Hewantstobeamodel.

B.Hecarestoomuchabouthisappearance.

C.Heisabouttoattendaninterview.

D.Heisinchargeofanapartment.

40.聽力原文：Ifyoufeeloverwhelmedbyyourcollegeexperience,youarenotalone--manyoftoday'scollegestudentsaresufferingfromaform.ofshock.Goingtocollegehasalwayshaditsupsanddowns,buttodaythe"downs"ofthecollegeexperiencearemorenumerousanddifficult.Theschoolsarerespondingtotheproblemwithincreasedsupportservice.

Lisaisagoodexampleofastudentinshock.Sheisalovely,intelligentgirloftwentyandisinherthirdyearatauniversity.HavingbeenastraightAstudentinhighschoolandamemberofthebasketballteamthere,sheremembersherhighschooldayswithfondness.Lisawaspopularthenandhadaboyfriendforthelasttwoyearsofschool.

Now,onlythreeyearslater,Lisaismiserable.Shehaschangedhermajorfourtimesalreadyandisforcedtoholdtwopart-timejobsinordertopayhertuition.Shecan'tsleepwelloreatproperly.Shealsobelievesthatshehasnoclosefriends.Sometimessheburstsintocryingfornoapparentreason.Onmorethanoneoccasion,shehasconsideredtakingherownlife.

WhatishappeningtoLisahappenstomillionsofcollegestudentseachyear.Asaresult,roughlyone-fourthofthestudentssufferfromdepression.Someofthemaresodepressedthattheyhavetogotothedoctor.Meanwhile,suiciderateamongcollegestudentsishighernowthanatanyothertimeinhistory.Itisfiftypercenthigherthanamongnon-studentsofthesameage.Itisestimatedthateachyearmorethanfivehundredcollegestudentstaketheirownlives.

Collegehealthofficialsbelievethatthesereportedproblemsrepresentonlythetipoftheiceberg.Theyfearthatmoststudents,likeLisa,sufferinsilence.

(33)

A.Goingtocollegeinthepastwasmorestressfulthanitistoday.

B.Goingtocollegeinthepastwaslessstressfulthanitistoday.

C.Goingtocollegeinthepastwasasstressfulasitistoday.

D.Goingtocollegewasnotstressfulinthepast,neitherisittoday.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

WhatarethemainreasonsforthewomeninAmericatobecomePTSDsufferers?

42.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

TheterminvestmentportfolioconjuresupvisionsofthetrulyrichtheRockefellers,theWal-MartWaltons,BillGates.Buttoday,everyone—fromthePhiladelphiafirefighter,hispart-timereceptionistwifeandtheirthreechildren,tothesingleLosAngeleslawyerstartingoutonhisownneedsaportfolio.

Aportfolioissimplyacollectionoffinancialassets.Itmayincluderealestate,rarestampsandcoins,preciousmetalsandevenartworks.Butthoseareforpeoplewithexpertise.Whatmostofusneedtoknowaboutarestocks,bondsandcash(includingsuchcashequivalentsasmoney-marketfunds).

Howdoyoudecidewhatpartofyourportfolioshouldgotoeachofthebigthree?Beginbyunderstandingthatstockspayhigherreturnsbutaremorerisky;bondsandcashpaylowerreturnsbutarelessrisky.

ResearchbyIbbotsonAssociates,forexample,showsthatlarge-companystocks,onaverage,havereturned11.2percentannuallysince1926.Overthesameperiod,bycomparison,bondshavereturnedanannualaverageof5.3percentandcash,3.8percent.

Butshort-termriskisanothermatter.In1974,aone-year$1000investmentinthestockmarketwouldhavedeclinedto$735.

Withbonds,therearetwokindsofrisk:thattheborrowerwon'tpayyoubackandthatthemoneyyou'11getwon'tbeworthverymuch.TheU.S.governmentstandsbehindtreasurybonds,sothecreditriskisalmostnil.Buttheinflationriskremains.Sayyoubuya$1000bondmaturingintenyears.Ifinflationaveragesaboutsevenpercentoverthattime,thenthe$1000youreceiveatmaturitycanonlybuy$500worthoftoday'sgoods.

Withcash,theinflationriskislower,sinceoveralongperiodyoucankeeprollingoveryourCDseveryyear(ormoreoften),ffinflationrises,interestratesrisetocompensate.

Asaresult,thesinglemostimportantruleinbuildingaportfolioisthis:Ifyoudon'tneedthemoneyforalongtime,thenputitintostocks.Ifyouneeditsoon,putitintobondsandcash.

Thispassageisintendedtogiveadviceon______.

A.howtoavoidinflationrisks

B.whatkindsofbondstobuy

C.howtogetrichbyinvestinginstockmarket

D.howtobecomericherbyspreadingtherisk

43.

Accordingtothestudyteam,______isapracticethatcanencouragetransmissionofthebirdflu.

44.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Therearemorethan300millionsofusintheUnitedStates.andsometimesitseemslikewe'reallfriendsonFacebook.ButthesadtruthisthatAmericansarelonelierthanever.Between1985and2004,thenumberofpeoplewhosaidtherewasnoonewithwhomtheydiscussedimportantmatterstripled,to25percent,accordingtoDukeUniversityresearchers.Unfortunately,asanewstudylinkingwomentoincreasedriskofheartdiseaseshows,allthislonelinesscanbedetrimentaltoourhealth.

Thebadnewsdoesn'tjustaffectwomen.Socialisolationinalladultshasbeenlinkedtoaseriesofphysicalandmentalailments,includingsleepdisorders,highbloodpressure,andanincreasedriskofdepressionandsuicide.Howlonelyyoufeeltodayactuallypredictshowwellyou'llsleeptonightandhowdepressedyou'llfeelayearfromnow,saysJohnT.Cacioppo,aneuroscientistattheUniversityofChicagoandcoauthorofLoneliness:HumanNatureandtheNeed.forSocialConnection.Studieshaveshownthatlonelinesscancausestresslevelstoriseandcanweakentheimmunesystem.Lonelypeoplealsotendtohavelesshealthylifestyles,drinkingmorealcohol,eatingmorefatteningfood,andexercisinglessthanthosewhoarenotlonely.

ThoughmoreAmericansthaneverarelivingalone(25percentofU.S.households,upfrom7percentin1940),theconnectionbetweensingle-livingandlonelinessisinfactquiteweak."Someofthemostprofoundlonelinesscanhappenwhenotherpeoplearepresent,"saysHarryReis,professorofpsychologyattheUniversityofRochester.Takecollegefreshmen:eventhoughthey'resurrounded