BLAW5330

1-23-07

Torts

Negligence

Accidentaltort;

Putoutaproductthatwasdangerous-youareliable.Thisphilosophytracesfromthelawthatif

youdealwithsomethingdangerousandthathurtssomeoneelse

Contractor/dynamite:100%liablebecausetheyaredealingwithsomethingthatisinherently

dangerous.

RangersandFireworksCompany:bothareliable

Firestonetiresareexample:

Ethics

Enron,WorldCom,Tyco-proventhattheyweredeceivinginvestors

FederalEEOLaws(possibleessayquestion)

■CivilRightsAct-1964

oIncludesallorganizationswith15ormoreemployees

oEnforcedbytheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission

■Investigatecomplaints

■Voluntaryconciliation(onceadecisionituptothecompanytocomply)

■Filescasesinfederalcourt

■AgeDiscriminationinEmploymentAct

oEmployeeswhoare40+years(noupperlimit)

oCoversorganizationswith20+employees

oEnforcedbyEEOC

■AmericanswithDisabilitiesAct

oProtectsthosewithdisabilities

■Physicalormentalimpairmentthatsubstantiallylimitsamajorlife

activity(doesnothavetoberelatedtowork)

■Recordofimpairmentexists

■Regardedashavingsuchimpairment

oMustmakereasonableaccommodations

■Reassignmarginalduties

■Modifyworkschedule

■Modifytestingmaterials

■Permittinguseofpaid/unpaidleave

oEnforcedbyEEOC

Paper:Effort,citations,references:

BOOKNOTES

PRINCIPAL/AGENT

Agency:youcouldbeoneifyouareim

Whatdoyouneedtocreateanagency?

Theagententersintocontractsfortheprincipal.Theagentdoesnothavetohavecapacity.He

couldbeunderagehecouldbederanged.

Theprincipalisboundonthecontractandhastohavecapacity.

Whatisnecessarytocreateaprincipalagentrelationship?

?Doesnothavetobeacontract(oftenis)

?Isconsiderationrequired-

?SaleofLand:thatagreementhastobeinwriting(generally)

?Nowritingisrequired

?Musthavemutualconsent:Principalthattheagentactforhim/her

?Agencyiscreatedbyparties(haveunderstanding)canbecreatedbecauseanimpression

hasbeengiven(canbeinpublic)

?AgentowestheprincipalLoyalty(violatingyourdutyofloyalty:principalcanmakethe

agentgiveittohimforwhathepaidforitanddoesnothavetopayacommission)

?DutyofObedience

?

?Dutyofreasonablecare

oDutytonotifyprincipalofanythingthathemaywanttoknow

?Ifhedoesn'tdothesethingshecansuetheagentforcontractdamages.Ifitamountstoa

torthecansue.Theprincipalcanacquirethesecretprofit(bribesbelongtoprincipal)

?RemedyofthePrincipal:hedoesn'thavetopaytheagentanythingifheviolateshisduty

ofloyalty

?Ifagenthasauthoritytohirethesubagentbecomesanagentoftheprincipal

Page16

Case:Decidedin1952(jutebox)

Routeofcoinoperatedmachines

Principalasksagenttogoandpurchasearoute

R

Page18examples

Commentaonsubsection1

Principalsduties

Payhim

?Payhim

?Expenses

?Contractualduties

?Cooperatewiththeagent

oIfyouenterintoadealtosellwidgets-youhavetosupplythemwiththewidgets

?Agentcansuetheprincipal

Authority

Key,biggieaboutagency

Wheredoestheagentgethisauthoritytoact?

?Actualauthority:whattheagentbelieves(reasonably)

oExpress(hehaswhathewastoldthathehas)Couldbeoralorinwriting

givingtheagentinstructions/Authoritygrantedmistakenly:canstillbe

expressauthority.

oImplied:expresslyhiresomeonetomanageyourstoreimpliesthatyouhire

andfire,buyinventory,arrangeforcleaning,addecisions,etc.

oCustomandusagecangiveyouimpliedauthority.

oImpliedauthoritythroughacquiescenceoftheprincipal(hiresomeonetostore

manager:onedayyounegotiatewithunionandagreetoanewunioncontract

(don'thaveexpressauthority)butthecompanyownersaysgoodjob.After

awhileyoubelievethatyouhaveimpliedauthoritybecausetheybackyouup.

oImpliedauthoritythroughemergencyornecessity:highestrankingpersonon

thescenehasimpliedauthoritytomakedecisions

oAbilitytodelegateanythingministerial(nodecisionmakinginvolved)

Terminationofauthority

?Time

?Actionisaccomplished(salesquotareached,

?Changeincircumstances

?Lawmaymakethetransactionillegal

?Ifagentorprincipalbecomesinsolvent

?Eitherpartybreechestheagreement(fireorquit)

?Agentorprincipaldies(doesn'tmateriftheyknow)deathorlossofcapacity

Agenciesaregenerallyrevocable

Truewithexcept:agencycoupledwithaninterest

?Aowesb$,givesBauthoritytosellthelandandthenpaythemselveswhatAowes

andextragoestoA.Aisprincipal,Bisagent,

?AborrowsmoneybutbeforeBmakesloanheuseslandassecurity.AgivesBPower

tosellifIdon'tpay.

Apparentauthority(to3rdparties)

Basedonwhatimpressionstheyarebeinggivingbytheprincipaloragent(iftheprincipaldoes

notcorrectthe3rdparty)

?Agenthasnoauthority

oImposters:twocasesincasebook:negligentlyallowedhimtobebehindthereand

3rdpartiesbelievedit.

oLingeringapparentauthority:theindividualusedtoworkforyou.Indiciaof

authority.Peoplebelievethattheystillworkforyou.

BLAW5330

1-30-07

ActualAuthority(whatagentbelieves)

?Express

?Implied

ApparentAuthority(Whatthirdpartiesbelieve)

?Noauthority

oImposters

oLingering(apparentauthority)

■Youshouldgiveimmediatenoticetoall

?Somepresentactualauthority

oPrioracts

oPosition:youhavecertainauthorityinthis.Assumethatthereissome

limitationsasfaras$amountandyouexceed

?InherentAuthority

oYoudon'thaveactuallyauthoritybutthirdpartiesdonotknowthat

oHiredasbouncer:jobistokeeppeace:youbreaksomeone'sleg:youweren't

authorizedbutitisclosetowhatyouactuallyhadtheauthoritytodo.Therefore

theprincipalisliable.

oClosestthingwouldbeposition

Wehavebeendiscussingwaysinwhichtheagentmakestheprincipalliable.

Netresultisthattheprincipalisliableinthecontract.

VoluntarywaythataPrincipalbecomesliable:ratification

Drawing:caronroad,plotoflandonthesideoftheroad.

Salesmanisdrivingdowntheroadandseesalotforsale.Hehasheardthathiscompanyis

lookingforapieceoflandresemblingthislot.Hemeetswiththeownerofthelandandsignsa

contractonbehalfofthecompany.Ishiscompanyliabletobuythatland?No,becausehe

doesn'thaveactualauthority,impliedauthority,noinherentorapparentauthorityasa

Salesman.

Thecompanyhastherighttogobackandsaythattheylikethecontractandapproveitby

ratifyinghisactions.

Ratification(p.13):uponratificationtheprincipalisbound.

?Principalmusttaketheentiretransaction,notjustthepartsthathe/shelikes.

?Ifthethirdpartyfindsoutthattheagentdoesnothaveauthorityandreceivesabetter

offerhecanwithdrawfromtheofferbeforeitisratified.

Thepartythatisnormallyboundonacontractistheprincipal.Howevertherearealso

situationswheretheagentisalsoliable(bond).

?Fullydisclosedagency

oFactofagencyisknown

oIdentityofprincipalisknown

oAgentnotliable(bond)

oPrincipalLiable(he/sheistheonlyonethatcanenforcethecontract)

?Undisclosedagency

oFactofagencynotknown

oIdentityofprincipalnotknown

oAgentisliable

oPrincipalisliabletoo

?PartiallyDisclosedagency

oFactofagencyknown

oIdentityofprincipalnotknown

oAgentisliable

oPrincipalisliabletoo

?ThirdPart/srightsdependonJurisdiction.

oTexas:TPcansuebothbutcanonlysatisfythejudgmentagainstoneofthem.

?Iftheagentfraudulentlyconcealstheidentityoftheprincipal,theprincipalcannot

enforcethecontract.

?OriftheTPentersintoacontractwithAgencythatrequirestheTPtomeetrequirements

andthentheTPfindsoutthatitmustmeettherequirementsofthePrincipal,theTPcan

getoutofthecontract.

CASE:MorrisOilCo.v.RainbowOilfieldTrucking,Inc.

p.2

Defendant:Dawn

Possessesstatelicense

Farmington

Rainbow

Doesnothavelicense

Any$thatitmadeincontractstheywouldgivetoDawnandthenDawn

wouldpaythemselvesfirstandthengivethemthenetprofits.

Plaintiff:Morris

ProvidedfueltoRainbow,whichtheydidnot

Question:WhatistherelationshipbetweenDawnandRainbow?

PrincipalandAgent

DawnisliableforthecontractsofRainbow

UponAppeal:thecourtsdeterminedthatitwasanundisclosedprincipal/agency

relationship.RainbowwasliabletoMorrisbutsowasDawn.

UnfortunatelyRainbowdidnothaveanymoneyleftsoDawnwasliable.

HowevernoneofthiswasneedbecauseDawnratifiedthecontractto

Morris.

Cantheagentoftheemployeemaketheprincipaloremployerresponsible?

RespondeatSuperior:letthemasteranswerforthat

?Theonewhodoesthedamagemustactuallybeanemployee

oIfheisanindependentcontractortheprincipalwillnotbeliable

■Theywillhavetheirownbusiness,tools,facility

■Thereisaskillthattheindependentcontractorwouldhave,i.e.:distinct

skill

■Termofemploymentisfinite

■Usuallysetfeeandpaidperjob

oComesdowntowhetherornottheprincipalhastherighttocontrolwhatthe

employee/agentdoes?Ifhedoesthanitisanagent.

?Mustbeactingwithinthescopeofhisemployment

Estoppel:youractionscanmakeyouliableifthereisasituationthatyoushouldcorrect/stop

butdon't.

i.e.Departmentstorewillbeliableforanindependentshoerepairmanwithintheir

storeiftheydonotnotifythepublicthatitisnolongerresponsibleforwhat

happensinsaidarea.

Extensionofapparentauthority.

Principalcanbeliableforanindependentcontractorif:(bothwillbeliable)

?IndependentContractorisdoingsomethinginherentlydangerous

oWindowwasher,fireworks

?Ifyouknowingornegligentlyselectanindependentcontractwhohasaknown

recordof

?Somedutiesthatare

oApartmentorrealproperty:hasadutytomaketheareasafe.Theyhirea

securityfirmtokeepitsafeandthesecurityguardfallsasleep.Theapt.

ownerwillbeliable.

Smoking:travelingsalesmanbumsdownahotelwhilesmoking.Morecourtsaresayingthat

theemployerisnotresponsible.

IntentionalTorts:Ifyouhaveauthorizedsomeonetouseforceinwhattheydoyouwillbe

liablefortheiractions.

?Bouncer:faroutexampleofinherentauthority.Bouncerisauthorizedtousesomeforce

butgoestoofar.

?Billcollector

?StoreManager:hurtsacustomerinascuffle.RespondeatSuperior.Hewastryingto

servehisemployeranditwentalittletoofar.Theprincipalisliable.Theprincipal

wouldnotbeliableifheenteredintoafightwhenhewasnotdoingthecompany's

business(sportsfight).Hehasdepartedfromthescopeofhiswork

?Hiredthesalespersontosaythings,hemakesstatementsthatarenottrue.Theprincipal

willbeliableforfraud(Principalcantakeactionagainstagent).

Chapter2Partnership

Pg.314ofstatutes

Partnership:Associationoftwoormorepersonstocareonabusinessforthepurposeof

earningaprofit.

?Isapartnershipanentity?Doesisrisetothelevelofbeing

?1.01.11(p.312)

?2.01(p.314)Partnershipisanentitydistinctfromitspartners.Itdoesnotmeanthatitis

acorporationbutitcansueandbesued,ownpropertyinitsownnameandbe

consideredapartfromtheactualpartners.

?Texas:RevisedUniformPartnersAct(p.311)

?SomestatesdonotusetheRUPA-theyusetheUFA

?Wewillonlybediscussingmainprinciples.

Howdoyouformapartnership?

?Twopeoplegettogetherandplantostartabusinesswiththeideaofmakingaprofitin

mind.

?Eachpartnerisanagentandaprincipalandtheymusthavecapacity.

?Donotneedawriting.Canbeoral.

?Onlyneedawritingifitisgoingtolastlongerthanayear.

?Partnershiphastobelegal.

Truewithall:LimitedPartnership,LLC,

p.321UniversalPointtoknow4.01g

Newpartner:apersonmaybecomeapartneronlywiththeconsentofallother

p.314

2.03a:

sharingprofits,

intentexpresstobepartners

participation

sharinglosses

contributingoragreeingtocontributemoney

2.03b:Notapartnership

Receivingprofitsbutreceivingthemaswages,compensationortopayadebt.

Payingrent

Payinginterestonaloan

Payingoffaformerpartner

Receivingpaymentforthesaleofsomethingtothepartnership

2.03c:Itisnotnecessarytohaveanagreementtosharelosses.Youonlyhavetohavean

agreementtoshareprofits.Why,becauselossesfollowprofits.

Example:

Aownsavilla;Busesitasanartgallery.Arequires15%ofsalesofartwork.Needmorefacts

todetermineifthisisapartnershiporlandlord/tenant.

CASE:MartinV.Peyton

p.28

Peyton,Perkins,Freeman)$2,500,000instokesinbonds今K.N.&K.

Inreturn:K.N.&K.wasgoingtogivePeytoncollateral(speculativesecurities)andtheywere

goingtopayPeyton40%ofprofitsfromtheS&B(liquidassets).K.N.&K.wastousethesehigh

qualitysecuritiestogetbackontheirfeetandsecureloans.

Despitethis,K.N.&K.wentunder.DebtorsarecomingafterK.N.&K.

Peytontookoutalifeinsurancepolicyonthemanager(asadditionalcollateral)

p.30Terms:

Courts:NeededtodeterminedwhetherornotPeyton/FreemanandK.N.&K.arepartners

ornot.Andisthe$2,500,000partnershipmoneyornot?

■Didtheytakeitoutaspartnersorasacreditor?

■Peytonhassomecontrolovertheirbusiness(abilitytoveto)

■EachmemberassignedtheirpartnershiptoPeytonandFreeman(they

canfireanyonewhenitwants),Peytonalsohasoptiontobecomea

partner.

■PeytonhadcontrolofK.N.&K,(theycanvetoloans),profits,

Theydeterminethatitisacreditor(lender)protectingtheirloanbyhavingcontrolovera

businessthatputthemintroubleinthefirstplace.

CASE:Lupienv.Malsbenden

Carwaspaidforbutneverdelivered.Question:wasthisapartnership?

Canyouhaveapartnershipbyestoppel?

ABC(Principal/Parntership)

D(representstoaTPthattheyareapartner-eventhoughtheyarenot

Bank(TP)

Dnevertoldthebankthattheyweren'treallyliablesowhenABCdefaultsonloan,Dwillbe

liablebyestoppel.

ABC

D(ABCtellsTPthatDisapartner)

Bank(TP)

DdoesnotpaybackloanbuttoTPDisapartnerbecauseABCsaidso.ThereforeABCisliable.

Sameasabove,butAdoesnottellTPthatDisapartner.Dcan'tpaybacksoonlyB&Care

liableasindividual.

PartnershipProperty

■IfthepropertywaspurchasedinthenameofthepartnershiporA,asmemberof

partnershipthenitispropertyofthepartnership

■Ifpartnershipmonies/creditwereusedtopurchaseitispartofthepartnership

■Buyitinthenameofapartnerwithnoindicationthattheyaretakingitaspartnersit

willbecomepropertyofthesoleindividual.

p.323s

5.01

■Partnerisnotacoownerinproperty

oPartnerdoesnotownthepropertythatthepartnershipownsjustbecauseheisa

memberofthepartnership.

oApartnerownsaninterestinthepartnershipwhichmeansthatyouareentitled

toashareoftheprofits.(Creditorcoulduseachargingordertogetapieceof

thoseprofitsforanindividualloan)

p.312s

1.0113

■PartnershipInterest:

o

p.323s

5.02a

■Apartnerspartnershipinterestis

p.320

4.01b

■ABCpartners

oA:$60k

oB:$30k

oC:$10k

■Profitsthisyearare$9k

?Absentofanagreementtheprofitsaresharedequally

?Absentofanagreementthelossesaresharedequally(losses

followprofits)

?Welooktohowprofitsaresharedandthatwilldeterminelosses.

P.323s

5.03a

■Activetransferofpartnershipinterestispermissible

oJusthavetomakeadeliveryandhaveacceptance,

oWritingwillhelpbutisnotnecessary

■Ifyoutransferyourpartnershipinterest?

oABtransfersCsinteresttoD(Disnotapartnerbecauseallpartnersmustagree)

oDwouldbeanassignee(notabadthingtobe)

RighttoparticipateinManagement

Situation:

$60z$30,$10:hasapurchasedcontrol?

p.320s

4.01d

■Eachpartnerhasequalrightsinbusinessandmanagementandconductofabusiness

partnership.

oEveryonehasarighttobeconsulted

Sectionh

■Adecisionarisinginthemajorityofinterestinthepartnershipcontrols

oIftheycan'tagree,$60controls.

oTheoneorcombinationofthosewhoholdmajorityinterest.

p.322s

4.04b

CASE:Meinhardv.Salmon

p.53(DutyofLoyalty)

■Property:intersectionon5thand42nd,HotelBristol

■GerryenteredintoaleasewithSalmon(1902)

■Salmonbroughtinajointventurer-Meinhard(forlimitedamountoftime).Gerrydid

notknowanythingaboutit.

■Gerrydied,andinterestwenttoElbridgeGerrywhoownedadditionalproperties

tangenttotheHotelBristol.Hedecidedthathewantedtogetsomeonetofurther

developallofthepropertiestowardstheendofthelease(1922).SohelookstoSalmon

andtheysignanotherleasefor80years.Profitswillbesplit.

■SalmondidnottellMeinhardaboutthenewdeal.

■Meinhardisupsetandsaysthatpartnersowedutiesandloyalty.

■TheCourtsareincensedthatSalmonwasthemanagingpartnerandhadadutytonotify

Meinhard.Especiallybecausethecaseflowedfromthefirstone.

■Page54paragraph2-oneofthemostfamous.Conveysthemeaningofthecourt:a

jointventurerlikeapartnerowesadutytotheothertoputtheinterestofthepartner

abovehis/herown.

■Page57:

p.322s

4.04c

■Partnersarenotautomaticallyentitledtoasalary.

■Partnersareentitledtobereimbursed

■Partnersareentitledtolookatthebooks

■Partnerscansuethepartnershiporotherpartners(oftenwhenotherpartnersfeellike

theyarebeingcheated)

o4.06b

oActionforAccounting:partneraskaTPtocomeinadecidewhatmonies

belongtothepartnershipandindividual

■Agency,regardingTPandwhattheybelieveaboutauthority:

oPartnerhaswhateveractualauthoritythatthecontractgiveshim.

oCanhaveimpliedorexpressauthority

■Notallstateslookatmajorityofinterest.Somelookatmajorityofmembers.

CASE:Summersv.Dooley

p.38

■Summersthinksthatweneedtohighersomeoneasanemployee,Dooleydisagreedso

Summershireshimanywayandpayshimoutofhisownpocket

■SummersthenwantsDooleytostartpayinghalfandhedoesn'twanttosoSummers

sueshim.

■CourtsaysthatyouhavetohavemajorityofpartnersagreeanddecidesforDooley.

CASE:Sanchezv.Saylor

p.40

■2partnersthatcan'tagree:dissolutionistheonlysolution

QUESTION

p.41

■Dependsonwhatthestatuesays,majorityofinterestormajorityofpartners.

NextClass:

Moretimeonpartnership.

Wewillgettonumber3andafewpagesintonumber4(read20pagesofthat)

BLAW5330

2-6-07

RevisedUniformPartnershipAct(p.41)

?Notesfrompageoneaboutmajorityinterestormajorityofpartners

CASE:NorthmenInvestmentCompanyv.MilfordPlazaAssociates

p.44

?Someofthepartnershaveenteredintoaleasefor99yearsandotherpartnersobjected

■Lawsuitamongstpartners

■Dotheyhavearighttocomplainaboutit?Yestheydo.Theyhavetherighttoatleast

beconsultedandaninputandavote.

■Evenifthesepartnersobjectwerenotthemajorityininterestorpartnerstheystillhad

theabilitytoblockwhatwasdonebecausethepartnershipdoesnotlastthetimeofthe

lease.

■Theywouldinfactbeextendingtheirtimeaspartnerssotheyhadtherighttovetothe

vote.

ApparentAuthority

InherentAuthority

?Duderanch-partnerentersintoauthority

Noteknowledgeandnotice.

p.313-1.023s

?Ifyoutellanyonepartnersomething-aslongasheisinthebusinessofactingforthe

partnerthenthepartnershipknows.Similartoagency.Knowledgegiventoonepartner

meansthatallpartnersknow.

LiabilitiestothePartners

?Youareliableforwhatotherpartnersdo

UFAStates-UniformPartnershipAct

PA,OH,NY

?Example-ABCDmakeuppartnership

?ContractualLiability:partnershiphasenteredintoacontract

oMustsueallbecausetheyhavejointliability

?SomestatesthathaveUPAhavestatutespermittingsuitagainstpartnershipalso-going

fortheirassets

?TortLiability:partnershiphasinjuredsomeone

?Cansueany,someorallmembersofthepartnership

oPartnershipisjointandseveral

RUPA-RevisedUniform

TX

?Example-ABCDmakeuppartnership

?Contractandtort

oMustsuethepartnershipfirstandmustattempttocollectfor90days

oThenyoucansuetheindividuals

oJointandseveralliability(cansueany,oneorall)

oMustsueboth!Canbeconcurrent.

*

DownsideinPartnershipisthatyourpersonalassetsareatstaketoo.

QUESTION:

NewPartnerEnters

?Havepartnership,newmemberjoins(p.318s3.07)

?Theygetsuedonpre-existingevent

?Isnewpartnerliable?No!

oHemaylosehisinvestmentinthepartnershipbuthewillnotbepersonallyliable

unlesstheyenterintoanewobligation

PartnerLeaves

?Youareresponsiblefordebt

?IfacreditoragreestoletapartnergowesaythatthereisaNovation(p.328s7.03)

?Asapartnerthatleavesyouaregoingtowanttonotifytheworldthatyouarenolonger

theresothatyouarenotliable.

CASE:DavisV.Loftus

p.46

?Incomepartnersdonotshareinprofitsbuttheycontributeanamountofmoneythat

theycantakewhentheyleave-althoughitisnotaugmentedbyadditionalfunds.They

donotmakedecisionsaboutanything.

?Thecourtsaidthatwithregardtotheseindividuals-theywerenotpersonallyliable

becausetheyweremorelikeemployees.

?WhatIFoneoftheincomepartnersdidsomething,whowouldbeliable?Theentire

partnershipbecausetheywereanagent(apparentauthority)

oRespondeatSuperior-themasterhastoanswer.

DissolutionofPartnershiporanImbedofWithdrawal

?UPA

?Dissolutioniscausedwhenapartnerleaves(death,losealicense,justsaythatyou

wanttogo,bankruptcy,chargedwithcrime)apartnerceasestobeorhavea

relationshipwiththeotherpartners.

?Partnershipterminates

?Thismeansthattheyshouldstopdoingnewbusiness.

oWindingupoldbusiness,fulfillcontractsandpayobligations.Notifyall

creditors.

oDonotdonewbusinessunlessyouaredoingittoavoidfinancialcatastrophe

oTermination:sellassets,payofcreditors,notify,paypartners.

?Partnershipagreementcansaythatifpartnershipleaveshereiswhathappens.But

technically(eyeblink)itterminatesitreforms.

CASE:GirardBankv.Haley

p.57

?Shewantedtoleaveandpartnershipsaidno

?Courtsaidno-itisapartnershipatwillanddissolutionhasoccurred.

?RUPA-Dissolution

?Eventsofwithdrawal:

oPartnershipcontinues

opartnerisnolongerapartner

oDissociation:jettison

oP.342s6.01-thelistofevents

?Wanttoleave

?Somethingcausingthepartnerswithdrawal

?Youkickhimout

?Courtkickshimout

?Die

?Yourexistenceterminates

oP.325s6.02

?Leavewrongfully

?Canbeconsideredabreachofcontractandcanwithholdmoniesdue

oP.325s7.01

?Ruleforpayingpeopleoff

?K:deferralofpayment-unless

o7.03

?Eventsthatrequirewindingup

oWindingup