WTO課后習(xí)題答案

Chapter1

I.Discussion

1.TheGATTwasestablishedonaprovisionalbasicafter

theSecondWorldWarinthewakeofothernew

multilateralinstitutionsdedicatedtointernationaleconomic

cooperation.

2.TheGATTremainedtheonlymultilateralinstrument

governinginternationaltradefrom1948untilthe

establishmentoftheWTO.

3.MostoftheroundsofGATTdealtwithtariffreduction

only,butastariffcamedown,non-tariffbarrierswentup.

4.Success:

①Promoteandsecuretheliberalizationofmuchofworld

tradeover47years.

?Continualreductionsintariffalonehelpedspurveryhigh

ratesofworldtradegrowth.

③Themomentumoftradeliberalizationhelpedensurethat

tradegrowthconsistentlyout-pacedproductiongrowth

throughouttheGATTera.

④Itisananchorfordevelopmentandaninstrumentof

economicandtradereformforsomecountries.

Failure:

①TheGeneralAgreementwasonlongerasrelevanttothe

realitiesofworldtradeasithadbeeninthe1940s.

②TheGATThadbeenfoundwanting.

5.Yes,itdoes.

II.Studyofwordsandterms

1

(1)1995

(2)provisional

(3)tariffanti-dumping

(4)liberalizationprotectionistcontracting

(5)deterioration

2

(1)關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定

⑵回合

(3)布雷頓森林機(jī)構(gòu)

(4)雙邊的

⑸諸邊的

(6)多邊的

(7)國際貨幣基金組織

(8)貿(mào)易自由化

(9)非關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘規(guī)則

(10)破壞，削弱

III.Translation

關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定，又稱GATT,是于二戰(zhàn)后建立的，用于

確保一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)的世界環(huán)境的布雷頓森林機(jī)構(gòu)

下三大協(xié)定之一的協(xié)定。國際貨幣基金組織和世界銀行是布

雷頓森林機(jī)構(gòu)的其它兩個(gè)協(xié)定。然而，作為一個(gè)經(jīng)常被提及

的國際機(jī)構(gòu)，GATT,在世貿(mào)組織成立前，在國際機(jī)構(gòu)中扮

演一個(gè)“真實(shí)”的角色,1995年1月1日，在多邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定的

烏拉圭回合最后一幕體現(xiàn)的結(jié)果中確立了WT0的正是成立。

Chapter2

I.Discussion

1.WTOisthelegalandinstitutionalfoundationofthe

multilateraltradingsystem.

2.ThecureofWTOisTheMultilateralTradingSystem.

Function:

①Administeringandimplementsthemultilateraland

plurilateraltradeagreementswhichtogethermakeupthe

WTO.

②Actingasaforumformultilateraltradenegotiations.

?Seekingtoresolvetradedispute.

?Overseeingnationaltradepolicies.

?Cooperatingwithotherinternationalinstitutionsinvolved

inglobaleconomicpolicymaking.

3.Past:Thesystemwasdevelopedthroughaseriesof

tradenegotiations,orroundssuchasanti-dumpingand

non-tariffmeasures.

Now:Moreandmoregovernmentssuccessfullyconcluded

negotiationsfortariff-freetradeinbanking,insuranceetc.

Future:Withthehelpofsystem,it'seasierandmore

convenienttomakeatradebetweencountryandcountry,

commonpeopleintheirowncountrywillspendlessmoney

purchasingforeigngoods.

4①TheGATTwasasetofrules,amultilateralagreement

withnoinstitutionalfoundation,onlyasmallassociated

secretariatwhichhaditsoriginsintheattempttoestablish

anInternationalTradeOrganizationinthe1940s.The

WTOisapermanentinstitutionwithitsownsecretariat.

②TheGATTwasappliedona'provisionalbasis'evenif,

aftermorethanfortyyears,governmentchosetotreatitas

apermanentcommitment.TheWTOcommitmentsarefull

andpermanent.

③TheGATTrulesappliedtotradeinmerchandisegoods.

Inadditiontogoods,theWTOcoverstradeinservicesand

trade-relatedaspectsofintellectualproperty.

(4)GATTwasamultilateralinstrument.Theagreements

whichconstituteWTOarealmostallmultilateralwith

involvingcommitmentsfortheentiremembership.

⑤TheWTOdisputesettlementsystemisfaster,more

automatic,thusmuchlesssusceptibletoblockagethanthe

oldGATTsystem.

II.Studyofwordsandterms

1

(1)MinisterialDeclarationMarrakesh

(2)TheMultilateralTradeSystem

(3)embodimentsuccessor

(4)predecessor

(5)intellectualproperty

2

(1)反傾銷

(2)一項(xiàng)多邊協(xié)議

(3)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)

(4)制定經(jīng)濟(jì)政策

(5)非關(guān)稅措施

III.Translation

為了執(zhí)行提高人均生活水平的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的政策和方針，

對(duì)進(jìn)口采取保護(hù)性或正義性的措施是很有必要的，這些采取

了措施的會(huì)員國應(yīng)該享有額外的便利來確保它們1,在他們

的關(guān)稅結(jié)構(gòu)上能保護(hù)足夠的便利使其得到建立一個(gè)企業(yè)要

求的關(guān)稅保護(hù)2,一定程度上，為平衡買賣目的采取數(shù)量限

制，這些數(shù)量充分考慮了進(jìn)口的持續(xù)高水平需求，同時(shí)為他

們政策或經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展所決定。那些在早起發(fā)展水平，并只能支

持低生活水平的成員，可以自由地從相關(guān)條款中暫時(shí)偏離，

也可以修改或取消某項(xiàng)特權(quán)。

Chapter3

I.Discussion

1."OntheDisputeSettlementUnderstandingonrulesand

proceduresgoverningthe"pointedoutthat"theWTO

disputesettlementsystemistheguaranteeofthe

multilateraltradesystemthereliabilityandpredictabilityof

thecorefactors.""Understanding"emphasize,therapid

solutionforWTOdispute'seffectiveoperationisthebasic

requirements.WTOdisputesettlementmechanismaimsto

"seekpositivesolutionsfordisputes

2.Toproduceacomplete,moredynamicandpermanent

multilateraltradesystem,toconsolidatetheoriginalGATT

tradeliberalizationeffortsandtheUruguayroundof

multilateraltradenegotiations,alltheresults.

3.Settingdownandapplyingmultilateraltradingrules;

organizingmultilateraltradingnegotiation;Settlingthe

disputesbetweenoramongthemembers.

4.First,allowingtheprotectiondegreehigherthanthatof

thedevelopedcountries.Specificperformanceinthe

importtariffsoftheaveragetaxratecanbehigherthan

thatofthedevelopedcountries.Thepresentdeveloped

countriestariffaveragetaxrateof4%,whilethe

developingcountriesfor14%.Insecond,allowedto

continuetoenjoynotbeforejoiningWTOgivenby

developedcountriesofunilateraltariffconcessions,

namelythegsp.Third,allowthetransitionperiodlonger

thanthedevelopedcountries.Thedevelopedcountries

afterjoiningWTO,ifthereisaproblem,tobecompleted

withintwoyearsandintotheWTO,developingcountries

canbeextendedtofourtoeightyears.Infourth,allowing

someexceptionstotheprincipleofwto.Forexample,

antidumping,exportofdevelopingcountriesislowerthan

thedomesticmarketpriceoflessthanacertainlevel,isnot

calledthedumping.Anotherexampleofinvestment,

developingcountriescanaccordingtothelocaleconomic

developmentneedsofforeigncapitalutilization,foreign

capitalutilizationratiostipulated.Fifth,cangetassistance

fromWTO,especiallyintalenttraining.

11.studyofwordsandterms

1.services

2.disputesettlement

3.environmenttrade

4.thecommitteeontradeanddevelopment

5.multilateraltraderelationstheministerial

conference

6.theUruguayroundagreement

2.(1)貿(mào)易壁壘

(2)第一次裁決

(3)易腐貨物

(4)任意或不合理的歧視

(5)根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要

(6)權(quán)衡

III.Translation

某個(gè)成員國也許認(rèn)可某一特定國家教育經(jīng)驗(yàn)的達(dá)標(biāo)，要

求達(dá)標(biāo)或授予的執(zhí)照證書.這樣的認(rèn)可可以通過很平和的方

式實(shí)現(xiàn)，否則，只有與相關(guān)國家簽訂合同約定或主動(dòng)達(dá)成一致

時(shí)才能實(shí)現(xiàn).當(dāng)一個(gè)成員國主動(dòng)給予認(rèn)可時(shí)，它將提供充足的

機(jī)會(huì)給其他成員來展示被其他領(lǐng)域承認(rèn)的教育，經(jīng)驗(yàn)，執(zhí)照證

書或達(dá)標(biāo)的要求.這樣的認(rèn)可應(yīng)該以多國準(zhǔn)則為基礎(chǔ).在合適

的情況下,成員們應(yīng)該在認(rèn)可的普通國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和實(shí)際中相關(guān)

服務(wù)貿(mào)易國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下，以政府和非政府組織合作的形式工作.

用歧視的方式吧國際間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和準(zhǔn)則運(yùn)用于授權(quán)服務(wù)執(zhí)照或

申請(qǐng)證書,或隱瞞對(duì)服務(wù)貿(mào)易的限制是不被認(rèn)可的.

Chapter4

I.Discussion

I.TheWTOisrunbyitsmembergovernments.Allmajor

decisionaremadebythemembershipasawhole,either

byministers(whomeetatleastonceeverytwoyears)orby

theirambassadorsordelegates(whomeetregularlyin

Geneva).Decisionsarenormallytakenbyconsensus.

2.TheGeneralCouncilTheDisputeSettlementBody

TheTradePolicyReviewBody

3.thecommitteesdealingwithspecificsubjects(suchas

agriculture,marketaccess,subsidies,antidumping

measuresandsoon).

4.Director-General

5.Itsmaindutiesaretosupplytechnicalandprofessional

supportforthevariouscouncilsandcommittees,toprovide

technicalassistancefordevelopingcountries,tomonitor

andanalyzedevelopmentsinworldtrade,toprovide

informationtothepublicandmediaandtoorganizethe

ministerialconferences.

11.Studyofwordsandterms

1.(1)member-driven

(2)theministerialconference

(3)inbetween

(5Jonbehalfofoversee

2.(1)上訴機(jī)構(gòu)

(2)貿(mào)易政策審議機(jī)構(gòu)

(3)爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)

(4)總理事會(huì)

(5)附屬機(jī)構(gòu)

III.Translation

部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議是由代表所有成員，通常會(huì)每?jī)赡暌淮?。它有?quán)

做出決定下的所有事項(xiàng)的部長(zhǎng)級(jí)貿(mào)易協(xié)議.這是最高決策，具

有權(quán)威性.這總理事會(huì)，由所有成員的代表構(gòu)成，適當(dāng)時(shí)召開，

進(jìn)行部長(zhǎng)會(huì)議的會(huì)議之間的間隔是比較近的。它召集履行責(zé)

任的爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)或貿(mào)易政策審議機(jī)制

Chapter5

I.Discussion

1.Infact,theagreementsfallintoasimplestructurewith

sixmainparts:anumbrellaagreement(theAgreement

EstablishingtheWTO);agreementsforeachofthe

threebroadareasoftradethattheWTOcovers(goods,

serviceandintellectualproperty);disputesettlement;

andreviewsofgovernments'tradepolicies.

2.TheTradePolicyreviewMechanism'spurposeisto

improvetransparency,tocreateagreaterunderstanding

ofthepoliciesthatcountriesareadopting,andtoassess

theirimpact.Manymembersalsoseethereviewsas

constructivefeedbackontheirpolicies.

3.ItmeansthattheWTOisasystembasedonrules.The

WTOagreementscovergoods,servicesandintellectual

property.Theyspellouttheprinciplesofliberalization,

andthepermittedexceptions.Theyincludeindividual

countries'commitmentstolowercustomstariffsand

othertradebarriers,andtoopenandkeepopenservices

markets.Theysetproceduresforsettlingdisputes.They

prescribespecialtreatmentfordevelopingcountries.

Theyrequiregovernmentstomaketheirtradepolicies

transparentbynotifyingtheWTOaboutlawsinforce

andmeasuresadopted,andthroughregularreportsby

thesecretariatoncountries'tradepolicies.Sowecalled

WTOa"rule-based"system.

4.TheWorldtradeorganizationhasfourguidingprinciples:

(1)TradewithoutDiscrimination.Nocountryistogive

specialtradingadvantagestoanotherortodiscriminate

againstit.(2)PredictableandGrowingAccessto

Market(3)PromotingFairCompetition(4)Encouraging

DevelopingandEconomicReform.

5.Overthree-quartersofWTOmembersaredeveloping

countriesandcountriesintheprocessofeconomic

reformfromnon-marketsystem.Withtheendofthe

UruguayRound,developingcountriesshowed

themselvespreparedtotakeonmostoftheobligations

thatarerequiredofdevelopedcountries.Andthevalue

todevelopmentofpursuing,asfarasisreasonable,

openmarket-orientedpolicies,basedonWTOprinciples,

iswidelyrecognized.Butsoistheneedforsome

flexibilitywithrespecttothespeedatwhichthose

policiesarepursued.So,encouragingDevelopmentand

EconomicReformisthetrend,thedevelopedcountries

shouldtaketheirownresponsibilitiesinthispart.

II.StudyofWordsandTerms

1.(1)traderules

(2)goods;services

(3)nationaltreatment;favorably

(4)transparencyjdomesticlaws;practices

(5)customsduties;outlawed

2.(1transparency:透明度thequalityofbeingclearand

transparent

(2)disputesettlement:爭(zhēng)端解決

(3)intellectualproperty:知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)

(4)additionalagreements:額外的協(xié)議

III.Translation

所有的法律，法規(guī)，司法判決和行政裁決對(duì)于一般的與

海關(guān)有關(guān)的產(chǎn)品估價(jià)，分類，或者是關(guān)稅稅率，稅費(fèi)和

其他費(fèi)用，或?qū)M(jìn)出口的要求，限制和禁止，或者是貨

款支付，因此，或影響其銷售，分銷，運(yùn)輸，保險(xiǎn)，倉

儲(chǔ)，檢疫，展覽，加工，混合或其他用途的，都應(yīng)該以

這樣的方式迅速公布，使政府和貿(mào)易商人都能了解，同

時(shí)影響國際貿(mào)易的政策也應(yīng)該公布。

Chapter6

I.Discussion

1.Whereconsensusisnotpossible,theWTOagreement

allowsforvoting.

2.Therearefourspecificvotingsituationenvisagedinthe

WTOagreement.First,amajorityofthree-quartersof

WTOmemberscanvotetoadoptaninterpretationof

anyofthemultilateraltradeagreements.Second,and

bythesamemajority,theMinisterialConference,may

decidetowaiveanobligationimposedonaparticular

memberbyamultilateralagreement.Third,decisionsto

amendprovisionsofthemultilateralagreementscanbe

adoptedthroughappealeitherbyallmembersorbya

two-thirdsmajoritydependingonthenatureofthe

provisionconcerned.However,suchamendmentsonly

takeeffectforthoseWTOmemberswhichacceptthem.

Finally,adecisiontoadmitanewmemberistakenbya

two-thirdsmajorityintheMinisterialConference.

3.Forinstance,theWTOSecretariat,aloneorin

cooperationwithotherinternationalorganizations,

conductsmissionsandseminarsandprovidesspecific,

practicaltechnicalcooperationforgovernmentsand

theirofficialsdealingwithaccessionnegotiations,

implementingWTOcommitmentsorseekingto

participateeffectivelyinmultilateralnegotiations.

Coursesandindividualassistanceisgivenonparticular

WTOactivitiesincludingdisputesettlementandtrade

policyreviews.Moreover,developingcountries,

especiallytheleast-developedamongthem,arehelped

withtradeandtariffdatarelatingtotheirownexport

interestsandtotheirparticipationinWTObodies.

4.TheobjectivesoftheTRMPare,throughregular

monitoring,toincreasethetransparencyand

understandingoftradepoliciesandpractices,toimprove

thequalityofpublicandintergovernmentaldebateon

theissues,andtoenableamultilateralassessmentof

theeffectsofpoliciesontheworldtradingsystem.Inthe

waymembergovernmentsareencouragedtofollow

morecloselytheWTOrulesanddisciplinesandtofulfill

theircommitments.

5.MostWTOmembersarepreviouslyGATTwhohave

signedtheFinalActoftheUruguayRoundand

concludedtheirmarketaccessnegotiationsongoods

andservicesbytheMarrakeshmeetingin1994.Afew

countrieswhichjoinedtheGATTlaterin1994,signedthe

FinalActandconcludednegotiationsontheirgoodsa

servicesschedules,alsobecameearlyWTOmembers.

OthercountriesthathadparticipatedintheUruguay

Roundnegotiationsconcludedtheirdomesticratification

proceduresonlyduringthecourseof1995,andbecame

membersthereafter.

II.StudyofWordsandTerms

1.(1)examinationoftheapplicantstraderegime;market

accessnegotiations

(2)two-thirds;protocol

(3)TradeReview;GeneralCouncil;policystatement;WTO

Secretariat

(4)lnternationalMonetaryFund;theWorldBank

2.GivetheChineseequivalentstothefollowingterms

(1)TPRM:WTO貿(mào)易政策審議機(jī)制

(2)TRIP:Trade-relatedAspectsofIntellectualProperty

Right.貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)

(3)EU:歐盟

(4)DSB:爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)

(5)UNCTAD:聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議

III.Translation

有必要積極努力,來確保欠發(fā)達(dá)的成員國在國際貿(mào)易中的增

長(zhǎng)份額與他們經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展相稱，有必要提供最大可能的措施，

為他們基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)品提供不斷增長(zhǎng)的原料來滿足他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)增

長(zhǎng)的需要。同時(shí)為發(fā)展所需的貿(mào)易和財(cái)政政策支持也要提供

給最不發(fā)達(dá)的成員國。發(fā)達(dá)成員國不要在與欠發(fā)達(dá)成員國進(jìn)

行貿(mào)易談判時(shí)可以得到削減關(guān)稅或者其他貿(mào)易壁壘的互惠

承諾。

Chapter7

I.Discussion

(1).disputesettlementbody

(2).SettlingdisputesistheresponsibilityoftheDispute

SettlementBody(theGeneralCouncilinanotherguise),

whichconsistsofallWTOmembers.TheDispute

SettlementBodyhasthesoleauthoritytoestablish"panels"

ofexpertstoconsiderthecase,andtoacceptorrejectthe

panels'findingsortheresultsofanappeal.Firststage:

consultation(upto60days).

Secondstage:thepanel(upto45daysforapaneltobe

appointed,plus6monthsforthepaneltoconclude).

(3).thepanel

(4).Onechangeistheeliminationoftheneedfor

consensusattheproceduralstepsleadinguptoincluding

adoptionofpanelrulings.Anotherchangeisthe

introductionofmorepreciseandshortertime-limitsfor

eachstageoftheprocedures.

(5).Aconsensuswillbeneededinordertohaltthe

proceedingsfromadvancingatanystageoftheformal

disputesettlementprocedures.

(6).DSUincorporatesmajorimprovementsinrelationto

GATTdisputesettlementprocedures.

11.Studyofwordsandterms

1.(l).AppellateBodyDisputeSettlementBody

(2).panelinthedockpanel

(3).rulingrecommendationconsensus

(4).goodofficesconciliation

2.

(1)《關(guān)于爭(zhēng)端解決規(guī)則與程序的諒解》

(2)斡旋

(3)非法上訴

(4)審議

(5)裁決

(6當(dāng)事人

111.Translation

和口頭辯論后，面板會(huì)發(fā)出其報(bào)告草案中的描述部分向

各方征求他們的意見的爭(zhēng)議。滿后，在設(shè)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)收到的

意見，該小組出具一份中期報(bào)告，有關(guān)各方，包括描述的部

分和小組的調(diào)查結(jié)果和結(jié)論。小組設(shè)立的時(shí)間內(nèi)，政黨可能

總結(jié)提出書面請(qǐng)求循環(huán)最終報(bào)告前面板的中期報(bào)告審查的

具體方面的成員。一方如果沒有意見的征求意見期，中期報(bào)

告將是最終報(bào)告，并迅速散發(fā)的成員。

Chapter8

I.Discussion

(1).operatingunderspecialrulesandprocedures

(2).applytheagreement'sprovisionschangingitsnational

laws,policiesandprocedurestowhateverextentmaybe

required.

(3).thefunctionofTPRistoensuretransparency

(4).thecountry'sshareofworldtradeinarecentrespective

period

(5).examiningregularlythetradepoliciesandpracticesof

twomembers,everytwoyearsforthefourmajortraders.

11.Studyofwordsandterms

1.(1transparency

(2)notificationsthetradepolicyreviews

(3)peerreviews

(4)TPRB

(5)MultilateralTradeAgreements

ThePlurilateraltradeagreements

2.(1)同行審議

(2)簽署國

(3)通知

(4)WTO總干事

(5)四方院子

III.Translation

所有的法律，法規(guī)，司法判決和行政裁決的普遍適用的

有關(guān)海關(guān)用途的分類或產(chǎn)品的估值，或差餉稅，稅款和其他

費(fèi)用，或要求，限制或禁止進(jìn)口或出口保險(xiǎn)，倉儲(chǔ)，檢驗(yàn)，

展覽，加工，混合或其他用途，應(yīng)迅速公布以這樣的方式，

以使政府和貿(mào)易商成為熟悉。影響國際貿(mào)易政策的協(xié)議應(yīng)該

要出臺(tái)。

Chapter9

I.Discussion

1.ThroughAgreementEstablishingtheWTO,Agreement

onSanitaryandPhytosanitaryMeasuresandother

agreements,WTOmembersoperateanon-discriminatory

tradingsystemthatspellsouttheirrightsandtheir

obligations.Eachcountryreceivesguaranteesthatits

exportswillbetreatedfairlyandconsistentlyinother

countries'markets.Eachpromisestodothesamefor

importsintoitsownmarket.

AndinServices,banks,insurancefirms,

telecommunicationscompanies,touroperators,hotel

chainsandtransportcompanieslookingtodobusiness

abroadcannowenjoythesameprinciplesoffreerand

fairertradethatoriginallyonlyappliedtotradeingoods.

2.TheWTOAgreementistheresultofnegotiations

betweenthemembers.Thecurrentsetweretheoutcome

ofthe1986-1994UruguayRoundnegotiationswhich

includedamajorrevisionoftheoriginalGeneral

AgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT).

3.No,thearenot.WTOagreementsarenotstatic;they

arerenegotiatedfromtimetotimeandnewagreements

canbeaddedtothepackage.Manyarenowbeing

negotiatedundertheDohaDevelopmentAgenda,

launchedbyWTOtradeministersinDoha,inNovember

2001.

4.TheWTOAgreementsalsogivedevelopingcountries

someflexibilityinimplementingtheircommitments.

II.StudyofWordsandTerms

1.

(1)services,disputesettlement

(2)non-discriminatoryconsistentlyflexibility

2.

(1)附加

(2)一攬子協(xié)議

(3)連鎖酒店

(4)保險(xiǎn)公司

(5)海關(guān)估價(jià)

(6)假冒產(chǎn)品

III

1.世界貿(mào)易組織應(yīng)當(dāng)為其成員之間關(guān)于他們的多邊貿(mào)易關(guān)

系在WTO協(xié)議的附件的協(xié)議下的事物處理提供論壇。世界

貿(mào)易組織也可以為其成員之間關(guān)于他們的多邊貿(mào)易關(guān)系和

為實(shí)現(xiàn)談判結(jié)果的一個(gè)框架的進(jìn)一步談判提供論壇,這樣的

談判，可能被部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議決定。

2.必有由所有成員國的代表組成的一個(gè)部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議，,這應(yīng)當(dāng)

具備至少每?jī)赡暌淮?。部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議應(yīng)當(dāng)履行世界貿(mào)易組織的

職能，并適時(shí)采取必要的措施。部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議有權(quán)在任何多邊貿(mào)

易協(xié)議下對(duì)所有問題做出決策，如果被一個(gè)成員要求,就依照

特定的需求,在這個(gè)協(xié)議和在相關(guān)的多邊貿(mào)易協(xié)議下做決策。

Chapter10

I.Discussion

1.BecausetheoriginalGATTdidapplytoagricultural

trade,butitcontainedloopholes.Forexample,itallowed

countriestousesomenon-tariffmeasuressuchasimport

quotas,andtosubsidize.Agriculturaltradebecamehighly

distorted,especiallywiththeuseofexportsubsidieswhich

wouldnotnormallyhavebeenallowedforindustrial

products.

2.

3.Thenewrulesandcommitmentsapplyto:

(1)marketsaccess-varioustraderestrictionsconfronting

imports;

(2)domesticsupport-subsidiesandotherprogrammes,

includingthosethatraiseorguaranteefarmgatepricesand

farmers'incomes;

(3)exportsubsidiesandothermethodsusedtomake

exportsartificiallycompetitive.

4.Integration:ReturningproductsgraduallytoGATT

Rules

Theagreementstatedthepercentageofproductsthathad

tobebroughtunderGATTrulesateachstep.Ifanyof

theseproductscameunderquotas,thenthequotashadto

beremovedatthesametime.Thepercentageswere

appliedtotheimportingcountry'stextilesandclothing

tradegrowannually,andthattherateofexpansionhadto

increaseateachstage.Howfastthatexpansionwouldbe

wassetoutinaformulabasedonthegrowthratethat

existedundertheoldMultifibreAgreement.

5.SafeguardactionsnormallyallowedunderGATT

becausetheycanbeappliedonimportsfromspecific

exportingcountries.Buttheimportingcountryhadtoshow

thatitsdomesticindustrywassufferingseriousdamageor

wasthreatenedwithseriousdamage.Andithadtoshow

thatthedamagewastheresultoftwothings:increased

importsoftheproductinquestionfromallsources,anda

sharpandsubstantialincreasefromthespecificexporting

country.

11.1.(1)market-oriented

(2)tariffsquotas

(3)commitments

(4)integrated

2.

(1)市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入

(2)國內(nèi)支持

(3)關(guān)稅化

(4)關(guān)稅配額

(5)黃箱:黃箱包含世貿(mào)組織成員國同意在世貿(mào)組織農(nóng)業(yè)談判

中減讓的補(bǔ)貼。有些黃箱補(bǔ)貼未獲允許。農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)議將產(chǎn)生貿(mào)

易扭曲、需減讓承諾的國內(nèi)支持政策稱“黃色”政策，要求各

成員方用綜合支持量來計(jì)算其措施的貨幣價(jià)值，并以此為尺

度，逐步予以消減。

(6)綠箱：它是國內(nèi)補(bǔ)貼的一種，由政府而不是消費(fèi)者資助，

因不致引起貿(mào)易扭曲，得到世貿(mào)組織農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)議的準(zhǔn)許。綠箱

補(bǔ)貼包括不以刺激生產(chǎn)為目的向農(nóng)民直接支付及為環(huán)境保

護(hù)措施給予的支付。

(7)藍(lán)箱：它是國內(nèi)補(bǔ)貼的一類，只有在黃箱補(bǔ)貼產(chǎn)生較小貿(mào)

易扭曲時(shí)才能獲準(zhǔn)實(shí)行，是所有與農(nóng)產(chǎn)品相關(guān)的補(bǔ)貼必須消

減或保持最低水平這一總體原則的例外條款。

III.Translation

WTO協(xié)議第6.3條規(guī)定，對(duì)成員國應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是在任何一年國

內(nèi)支持符合其國內(nèi)支持削減承諾，支持農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)者表示依據(jù)

當(dāng)前的總AMS（綜合支持量）不超過承諾表中相應(yīng)的年度或

最后綁定中指定的承諾水平的國家。

Chapter11

I.Discussion

1.Itallowscountriestosettheirownstandards.Butitalso

saysregulationsmustbebasedonscience.They

shouldbeappliedonlytotheextentnecessarytoprotect

human,animalorplantlifeorhealth.Andtheyshould

notarbitrarilyorunjustifiablydiscriminatebetween

countrieswhereidenticalorsimilarconditionsprevail.

Membercountriesareencouragedtouseinternational

standards,guidelinesandrecommendationswherethey

exist.However,membersmayusemeasureswhichresult

inhigherstandardsifthereisscientificjustification.They

canalsosethigherstandardsbasedonappropriate

assessmentofriskssolongastheapproachisconsistent,

notarbitrary.Andtheycantosomeextentapplythe

"precautionaryprinciple",akindof"safetyfirst"approach

todealwithscientificuncertainty.

2.Theagreementstillallowscountriestousedifferent

standardsanddifferentmethodsofinspectingproducts.

Ifanexportingcountrycandemonstratethatthe

measuresitappliestoitsexportsachievethesamelevelof

healthprotectionasintheimportingcountry,thenthe

importingcountryisexpectedtoaccepttheexporting

country'sstandardsandmethods.

3.Theyareessentialpartoftraderulesbecauseanumber

ofpoliciesdiscriminatebetweenexportingcountries:

quotas,preferentialtariffs,anti-dumpingactions,

countervailingduty(chargedtocounterexportsubsidies),

andmore.Rulesoforiginarealsousedtocompiletrade

statistics,andfor"madein..."labelsthatareattachedto

products.

4.Theagreementrecognizescountries'rightstoadoptthe

standardstheyconsiderappropriate-forexample,for

human,animalorplantlifeorhealth,fortheprotectionof

theprotectionoftheenvironmentortomeetother

consumerinterests.Moreover,membersarenotprevented

fromtakingmeasuresnecessarytoensuretheirstandards

aremet.Inordertopreventedtoomuchdiversity,the

agreementencouragescountriestouseinternational

standardswheretheseareappropriate,butitdoesnot

requirethemtochangetheirlevelsofprotectionasa

result.

II.studyofwordsandterms

l.fillin

(l)protectionismobstacles

(2)lnternationalstandardslevelsofprotection

(3)Nationalenquirypoints

(4)Customsadministrationsdeclaredvaluecustomed

value

(5)Preshipmentinspectioncommercialfraud

2.GivetheChineseequivalenttothefollowingterms.

(1)變相的保護(hù)主義，偽裝的保護(hù)主義

(2)良好行為守則

⑶自動(dòng)進(jìn)口許可證

(4)非自動(dòng)進(jìn)口許可證

(5)獨(dú)立審查程序

(6)國際檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)聯(lián)盟

(7)國際商會(huì)

(8)資本外逃，商業(yè)欺詐和逃稅

(9)特惠貿(mào)易

(10)潛在市場(chǎng)

III.translation

在國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)存在或是即將實(shí)現(xiàn)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的地方，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化機(jī)構(gòu)

會(huì)使用這些國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，或里面一些重要的部分作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)改革

的基礎(chǔ)，除了那些國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或是里面重要部分是無效或不合

適的，例如，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)不足到保護(hù)的階層或是基本氣候、地

理因素、基本技術(shù)問題。

Chapter12

I.Discussion

1.Itprovidedthreemethodstocalculateaproduct's

"normalvalue".Themainoneisbasedonthepriceinthe

exporter'sdomesticmarket.Whenthiscannotbeused,

twoalternativesareavailable-thepricechargedbythe

exporterinanothercountry,oracalculationbasedonthe

combinationoftheexporter'sproductioncosts,other

expensesandnormalprofitmargins.

2.Someofthedisciplinesaresimilartothoseofthe

Anti-DumpingAgreement.Countervailingduty(theparallel

ofanti-dumpingduty)canonlybechargedafterthe

importingcountryhasconductedadetailedinvestigation

similartothatrequiredforanti-dumpingaction.

3.AWTOmembermayrestrictimportsofaproduct

temporarily(take"safeguard"actions)ifitsdomestic

industryisinjuredorinjuredorthreatenedwithinjury

causedbyasurgeinimports.Here,theinjuryhastobe

serious.Safeguardmeasureswerealwaysavailableunder

GATT.

4.Theagreementsaystheexportingcountry(orexporting

countries)canseekcompensationthroughconsultations.If

noagreementisreachedtheexportingcountrycan

retaliatebytakingequivalentaction-forinstance,itcan

raisetariffsonexportsfromthecountrythatisenforcing

thesafeguardmeasure.Insomecircumstances,the

exportingcountryhastowaitforthreeyearsafterthe

safeguardmeasurewasintroducedbeforeitcanretaliate

inthisway-i.e.Ifthemeasureconformswiththe

provisionsoftheagreementandifitistakenasaresultof

anincreasedinthequantityofimportsfromtheexporting

country.

II.Studyofwordsandterms

1.Fillin

(1)theextentofdumpingthreatening

(2)lmportdutynormalvalue

(3)lnvestigationsevidence

(4)Counteradverseeffectscountervailingduty

domestic

(5)Chargedanti-dumpingaction

(6)Safeguardsurge

(7)Absoluterelative

2.Giveabriefexplanationforeachofthefollowingterms.

(1)lfacompanyexportsaproductatapricelowerthanthe

priceitnormallychargesonitsownhomemarket,itissaid

tobe"dumping"theproduct.

(2)Le.asubsidyavailableonlytoanenterprise,industry,

groupofenterprises,orgroupofindustriesinthecountry

(orstate,etc.)thatgivesthesubsidies.

(3)Subsidiesthatrequirerecipientstomeetcertainexport

targets,ortousedomesticgoodsinsteadofimported

goods.

(4)Thecomplainingcountryhastoshowthatthesubsidy

hasanadverseeffectonitsinterests.Otherwisethe

subsidyispermitted.

(5)UsingbilateralnegotiationsoutsideGATT'sauspices,

theypersuadedexportingcountriestorestrainexports

"voluntarily"ortoagreetoothermeansofsharingmarkets.

Ill.Translation

WTO協(xié)定有了新的突破。它禁止灰色區(qū)域措施，對(duì)所有的

保障措施設(shè)定了時(shí)間限制（日落條款卜協(xié)議說，成員不得

在出口或進(jìn)口方尋求、采取或維持任何自愿出口限制，有序

銷售安排或其他任何類似措施。沒有被修改以符合該協(xié)議的

雙邊措施，在1998年年底被淘汰。新的一年（直到1999

年末）國家被允許保留這些措施中的一項(xiàng)，但是只有歐盟-

對(duì)日本車的進(jìn)口的限制-利用了這一規(guī)定。

Chapter13

I.Discussion

1.TheGeneralagreementonTradeinservices

2.GATSprovidesforfourmodesofsupplyofservices:

cross-bordersupply,consumptionabroad,commercial

presence,andpresence/movementofnaturalpersons.

3.TheGATSappliesinprincipletoallservicesectors,with

twoexceptions.

Articlel（3）oftheGATSexcludes"servicessuppliedinthe

exerciseofgovernmentalauthority".Theseareservices

thataresuppliedneitheronacommercialbasisnorin

competitionwithothersuppliers.Casesinpointaresocial

securityschemesandanyotherpublicservice,suchas

healthoreducation,thatisprovidedatnon-market

conditions.

Further,theAnnexonAirTransportServicesexemptsfrom

coveragemeasuresaffectingairtrafficrightsandservices

directlyrelatedtotheexerciseofsuchrights.

4.TheGATSe