話題03科學(xué)與技術(shù)22篇序號(hào)內(nèi)容微話題1Passage1-13科學(xué)研究微話題2Passage14-21發(fā)明創(chuàng)造微話題3Passage22科普知識(shí)微話題1：科學(xué)研究Passage1（2022全國甲卷B篇）Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(對(duì)稱的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(線索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.1．Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?A．Byfollowinginstructions.B．Byusingatool.C．Byturningtheboxaround.D．Byremovingthelid.2．Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?A．Usingakeytounlockadoor.B．Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.C．Puttingaballintoaroundhole.D．Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.3．Whatdoesthefollow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?A．Howfartheyareabletosee.B．Howtheytrackmovingobjects.C．Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys.D．Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.4．Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB．Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC．Cockatoos:CleverSignal-ReadersD．Cockatoos:SkillfulShape-Sorters【答案】1．B

2．C

3．D

4．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一種原產(chǎn)于澳大拉西亞的會(huì)識(shí)別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.”（雖然人們不知道這些鳥在野外會(huì)使用工具，但事實(shí)證明，它們在關(guān)在籠子里時(shí)就能熟練地使用工具）根據(jù)第二段第三句“Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.”(在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，戈芬的鸚鵡能夠在大多數(shù)情況下僅通過視覺識(shí)別來選擇合適的工具。)可知，鳳頭鸚鵡在實(shí)驗(yàn)中用工具從盒子里取堅(jiān)果。故選B。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage”(在人類身上，嬰兒從一歲左右就可以把一個(gè)圓形的物品放進(jìn)一個(gè)圓形的洞里)可知，一歲兒童最有可能完成“將一個(gè)球放進(jìn)一個(gè)圓形的洞里”的任務(wù)。故選C。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.”(根據(jù)研究人員的說法，下一步是嘗試弄清楚鳳頭鸚鵡是完全依靠視覺線索，還是也使用觸覺來選擇形狀)可知，后續(xù)測試的目的是了解鳳頭鸚鵡在測試中是否使用觸覺。故選D。4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Coffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.”(戈芬的鳳頭鸚鵡是一種原產(chǎn)于大洋洲的小鸚鵡，它的形狀識(shí)別能力與兩歲的人類相似)可知，文章主要介紹了一種會(huì)識(shí)別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。故選D。Passage2（2022浙江1月C篇）TheUnitedStatesrosetoglobalpoweronthestrengthofitstechnology,andthelifebloodthattechnologyhaslongbeenelectricity.Byprovidinglong-distancecommunicationandenergy,electricitycreatedthemodemworld.Yetproperlyunderstood,theageofelectricityismerelythesecondstageintheageofsteam,whichbeganacenturyearlier."Itiscuriousthatnoonehasputtogetherahistoryofboththesteamandelectricrevolutions."writesMauryKleininhisbookThePowerMakers,Steam,Electricity,andtheMenInventedModernAmerica.Klein,anotedhistorianoftechnology,spinsanarrativesolivelythatattimesitreadslikeanovel.Thestorybeginsinthelastyearsofthe18thcenturyinScotland,whereWattperfected"themachinethatchangedtheworld".Kleinwrites,"Americadidnotinventthesteamengine,butoncetheygraspeditspasswordstheyputittomoreusesthananyoneelse."Meanwhile,overthecourseof19thcentury,electricitywentfrommerecuriositytoabasicnecessity.Morseinventedacodeforsendingmessagesoveranelectromagneticcircuit.Bellthengavethetelegraphavoice.EdisonperfectedanincandescentbullsthatbroughtelectriclightintotheAmericanhome.Mostimportantly,Edisonrealizedthatsuccessdependedonmasselectrification,whichheshowedinNewYorkCity.WithhelpfromTesla,Westinghouse'sfirmdevelopedasystemusingalternatingcurrent,whichsoonbecamethemajorformsofpowerdelivery.Toframehisstory,KleincreatesthecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime.It'satechniquethathelpsturnalongnarrativeintoaninterestingone.5．WhatisKlein'sunderstandingoftheageofelectricity?A．Itiscloselylinkedtothesteamage.B．Itbeganearlierthanproperthought.C．Itisalittle-studiedperiodofhistory.D．Itwillcometoanendsoonerorlater.6．WhatcanbeinferredaboutNed?A．HewasborninNewYorkCity.B．Hewrotemanyincreasingstories,C．Hecreatedanelectricitycompany.D．Helivedmainlyinthe19thcentury.7．Whatisthetext?A．Abiography.B．Abookreview.C．Ashortstory.D．Asciencereport.【答案】5．A

6．D

7．B【分析】本文是說明文。文章按照時(shí)間順序講述了蒸汽時(shí)代和電力時(shí)代的聯(lián)系。5．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Itiscuriousthatnoonehasputtogetherahistoryofboththesteamandelectricrevolutions.”（我很好奇，竟然沒有人把蒸汽和電力革命的歷史放在一起。）可知，在Klein看來，電力時(shí)代和蒸汽時(shí)代是有很緊密的聯(lián)系的。故選A。6．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Toframehisstory,KleincreatesthecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime.”（為了編織他的故事，Klein創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)人物Ned，它是對(duì)美國蒸汽和電力革命在一個(gè)人的整個(gè)人生中的進(jìn)程的神奇的見證。）和第四段“Meanwhile,overthecourseof19thcentury,electricitywentfrommerecuriositytoabasicnecessity.”（同時(shí)，在19世紀(jì)，電力從好奇變成了根需。）可知，Ned見證了蒸汽時(shí)代和電力革命，所以他應(yīng)該是生活在19世紀(jì)。故選D。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Toframehisstory,KleincreatesthecharacterofNed,afictionalwitnesstotheprogressbroughtaboutbythesteamsandelectricrevolutionsinAmericaduringoneman'slifetime.It'satechniquethathelpsturnalongnarrativeintoaninterestingone.”（為了構(gòu)建他的故事，克萊因創(chuàng)造了奈德這個(gè)角色，一個(gè)虛構(gòu)的人物，在一個(gè)人的一生中見證了蒸汽和電力革命給美國帶來的進(jìn)步。這是一種有助于將長篇故事變得有趣的技巧。）可知，這篇文章是一篇書評(píng)。故選B。Passage3（2021全國乙卷D篇）Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.Annoyedbythelevelofdistraction(干擾)inhisopenoffice,hesaid,“That’swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet—soIcanfocus”.Hiscommentstruckmeasstrange.Afterall,coworkingspacesalsotypicallyuseanopenofficelayout(布局).ButIrecentlycameacrossastudythatshowswhyhisapproachworks.Theresearchersexaminedvariouslevelsofnoiseonparticipantsastheycompletedtestsofcreativethinking.Theywererandomlydividedintofourgroupsandexposedtovariousnoiselevelsinthebackground,fromtotalsilenceto50decibels(分貝),70decibels,and85decibels.Thedifferencesbetweenmostofthegroupswerestatisticallyinsignificant;however,theparticipantsinthe70decibelsgroup—thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilartobackgroundchatterinacoffeeshop—significantlyoutperformedtheothergroups.Sincetheeffectsweresmall,thismaysuggestthatourcreativethinkingdoesnotdifferthatmuchinresponsetototalsilenceand85decibelsofbackgroundnoise.Butsincetheresultsat70decibelsweresignificant,thestudyalsosuggeststhattherightlevelofbackgroundnoise—nottooloudandnottotalsilence—mayactuallyimproveone’screativethinkingability.Therightlevelofbackgroundnoisemayinterruptournormalpatternsofthinkingjustenoughtoallowourimaginationstowander,withoutmakingitimpossibletofocus.Thiskindof“distractedfocus”appearstobethebeststateforworkingoncreativetasks.Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices?Theproblemmaybethat,inouroffices,wecan’tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers’conversationswhilewe’retryingtofocus.Indeed,theresearchersfoundthatface-to-faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess,andyetacoworkingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhilealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.8．Whydoestheinterviewerpreferacoworkingspace?A．Ithelpshimconcentrate.B．Itblocksoutbackgroundnoise.C．Ithasapleasantatmosphere.D．Itencouragesface-to-faceinteractions.9．Whichlevelofbackgroundnoisemaypromotecreativethinkingability?A．Totalsilence.B．50decibelsC．70decibels.D．85decibels.10．Whatmakesanopenofficeunwelcometomanypeople?A．Personalprivacyunprotected.B．Limitedworkingspace.C．Restrictionsongroupdiscussion.D．Constantinterruptions.11．Whatcanweinferabouttheauthorfromthetext?A．He’sanewsreporter.B．He’sanofficemanager.C．He’saprofessionaldesigner.D．He’sapublishedwriter.【答案】8．A

9．C

10．D

11．D【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。作者通過自身經(jīng)歷講述人們?yōu)槭裁床幌矚g開放性辦公室以及有關(guān)多少分貝的噪音最有利于人們的創(chuàng)造性思維的研究。8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“That’swhyIhaveamembershipatthecoworkingspaceacrossthestreet—soIcanfocus(這就是為什么我在街對(duì)面的聯(lián)合辦公空間辦了會(huì)員，這樣我就能專心工作了)”可知，采訪者喜歡共享辦公空間的原因是那里可以幫助他集中精力。故選A。9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Thedifferencesbetweenmostofthegroupswerestatisticallyinsignificant;however,theparticipantsinthe70decibelsgroup—thoseexposedtoalevelofnoisesimilartobackgroundchatterinacoffeeshop—significantlyoutperformedtheothergroups.(大多數(shù)組之間的差異在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上是不顯著的；然而，70分貝組的參與者——那些暴露在類似于咖啡店背景噪音水平的人——的表現(xiàn)明顯優(yōu)于其他組。)”和第三段“Butsincetheresultsat70decibelsweresignificant,thestudyalsosuggeststhattherightlevelofbackgroundnoise—nottooloudandnottotalsilence—mayactuallyimproveone’screativethinkingability.(但由于70分貝的結(jié)果是顯著的，該研究還表明，適當(dāng)水平的背景噪音——不要太大，也不要完全安靜——實(shí)際上可能會(huì)提高一個(gè)人的創(chuàng)造性思維能力。)”可知，70分貝的那組參與者表現(xiàn)好于其他組，所以70分貝的噪音背景環(huán)境更有可能促進(jìn)創(chuàng)造性思維能力。故選C。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Sowhydosomanyofushateouropenoffices?Theproblemmaybethat,inouroffices,wecan’tstopourselvesfromgettingdrawnintoothers’conversationswhilewe’retryingtofocus.Indeed,theresearchersfoundthatface-to-faceinteractionsandconversationsaffectthecreativeprocess,andyetacoworkingspaceoracoffeeshopprovidesacertainlevelofnoisewhilealsoprovidingfreedomfrominterruptions.(那么，為什么我們這么多人討厭開放式辦公室呢？問題可能在于，在我們的辦公室里，當(dāng)我們試圖集中注意力時(shí)，我們無法阻止自己卷入他人的談話中。事實(shí)上，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，面對(duì)面的交流和交談會(huì)影響創(chuàng)作過程，而聯(lián)合辦公空間或咖啡店在提供一定程度的噪音的同時(shí)，也提供了免受干擾的自由。)”可知，開放式辦公室不受人們歡迎的原因是讓我們不斷地卷入別人的談話中，受到很多干擾。故選D。11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Duringaninterviewforoneofmybooks,myinterviewersaidsomethingIstillthinkaboutoften.(在我的一本書的采訪中，我的采訪者說了一些話，我至今仍時(shí)常想起。)”可知，作者提到有人采訪自己，所以可以推斷，作者是一位作家。故選D。Passage4（2021浙江6月C篇）Ifyouevergettheimpressionthatyourdogcan“tell”whetheryoulookcontentorannoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsmayindeedbeabletodistinguishbetweenhappyandangryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudy.Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages(圖像)ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfoftheperson’sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs’abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson’sfaceonimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduringtrainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage.“Wecanruleoutthatthedogssimplydistinguishbetweenthepicturesbasedonasimplecue,suchasthesightofteeth,”saidstudyauthorCorsinMuller.“Instead,ourresultssuggestthatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesameruleappliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes.”“Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconcludethatatleastsomedogscandistinguishhumanfacialexpressions,”MullertoldLiveScience.Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacialexpressionsinhumans.“Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,andthisexposurehasprovidedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem,”Mullersaid.12．Thenewstudyfocusedonwhetherdogscan_________.A．distinguishshapesB．makesenseofhumanfacesC．feelhappyorangryD．communicatewitheachother13．Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudyfromparagraph2?A．Researcherstestedthedogsinrandomorder.B．Diversemethodswereadoptedduringtraining.C．PicturesusedinthetwostagesweredifferentD．Thedogswerephotographedbeforethelest.14．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A．Asuggestionforfuturestudies.B．Apossiblereasonforthestudyfindings.C．AmajorlimitationofthestudyD．Anexplanationoftheresearchmethod.【答案】12．B

13．C

14．B【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。一項(xiàng)研究證明狗能夠識(shí)別人類的面部表情，但目前還不清楚它們?yōu)槭裁从羞@種能力，可能的原因是它們長時(shí)間與人類共同生活。12．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages(圖像)ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.(研究人員訓(xùn)練了11只狗來區(qū)分同一個(gè)人臉上的表情是高興還是憤怒)”可知，該新研究的關(guān)注點(diǎn)是狗是否能夠區(qū)分人的面部表情。故選B。13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的“Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfoftheperson’sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs’abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson’sfaceorimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.(在訓(xùn)練階段，每只狗只看到人臉的上半部分或下半部分。研究人員隨后測試了狗辨別人類面部表情的能力，向狗展示了人的另一半面部或與訓(xùn)練中使用的完全不同的圖像)”可知，在訓(xùn)練和測試階段，狗看的照片是不一樣的。故選C。14．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段的““Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,andthisexposurehasprovidedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem,”Mullersaid.(“對(duì)我們來說，最可能的解釋似乎是，基于它們與人類生活在一起，這讓它們有很多機(jī)會(huì)接觸人類的面部表情，而這種接觸為它們提供了很多機(jī)會(huì)，讓它們學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分它們，”Muller說)”可知，最后一段主要講述了狗能夠辨別人類面部表情的可能原因。故選B。Passage5（2021浙江1月C篇）Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzees(黑猩猩)usetocommunicate.Theysaywildchimpscommunicate19specificmessagestooneanotherwitha“vocabulary”of66gestures.ThescientistsdiscoveredthisbyfollowingandfilminggroupsofchimpsinUganda,andexaminingmorethan5,000incidentsofthesemeaningfulexchanges.DrCatherineHobaiter,wholedtheresearch,saidthatthiswastheonlyformofintentionalcommunicationtoberecordedintheanimalkingdom.Onlyhumansandchimps,shesaid,hadasystemofcommunicationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessagetoanothergroupmember.“That’swhat’ssoamazingaboutchimpgestures,”shesaid.“They’retheonlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect.”Althoughpreviousresearchhasshownthatapesandmonkeyscanunderstandcomplexinformationfromanotheranimal’scall,theanimalsdonotappeartousetheirvoicesintentionallytocommunicatemessages.Thiswasasignificantdifferencebetweencallsandgestures,DrHobaitersaid.Chimpswillchecktoseeiftheyhavetheattentionoftheanimalwithwhichtheywishtocommunicate.Inonecase,amotherpresentsherfoottohercryingbaby,signaling:“Climbonme.”Theyoungsterimmediatelyjumpsontoitsmothersbackandtheytravelofftogether.“Thebigmessagefromthisstudyisthatthereisanotherspecies(物種)outthere.thatismeaningfulinitscommunication,sothat’snotuniquetohumans,”saidDrHobaiter.DrSusanneShultz,anevolutionarybiologistfromtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But,sheadded,theresultswere“alittledisappointing”.“Thevaguenessofthegesturemeaningssuggestseitherthatthechimpshavelittletocommunicate,orwearestillmissingalotoftheinformationcontainedintheirgesturesandactions,”shesaid.“Moreover,themeaningsseemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalconveywithnon-verbalcommunication.So,itseemsthegulfremains.”15．WhatdochimpsandhumanshaveincommonaccordingtoDrHobaiter?A．Memorizingspecificwords.B．Understandingcomplexinformation.C．Usingvoicestocommunicate.D．Communicatingmessagesonpurpose.16．WhatdidDrShultzthinkofthestudy?A．Itwaswelldesignedbutpoorlyconducted.B．Itwasagoodtrybutthefindingswerelimited.C．Itwasinspiringbuttheevidencewasunreliable.D．Itwasafailurebutthemethodsdeservedpraise.17．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“gulf”inthelastparagraphmean?A．Difference.B．Conflict.C．Balance.D．Connection.18．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ChimpanzeebehaviourstudyachievedabreakthroughB．ChimpanzeesdevelopedspecificcommunicationskillsC．Chimpanzees:thesmartestspeciesintheanimalkingdomD．Chimpanzeelanguage:communicationgesturestranslated【答案】15．D

16．B

17．A

18．D【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了科學(xué)家們通過跟蹤和拍攝烏干達(dá)的黑猩猩群，翻譯出了黑猩猩用來交流的手勢含義。15．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Onlyhumansandchimps,shesaid,hadasystemofcommunicationwheretheydeliberatelysentamessagetoanothergroupmember.(她說，只有人類和黑猩猩有一個(gè)交流系統(tǒng)，它們故意向其他成員發(fā)送信息)”可知，根據(jù)DrHobaiter，黑猩猩和人類的共同點(diǎn)在于故意傳遞信息。故選D。16．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第六段中的“DrSusanneShultz,anevolutionarybiologistfromtheUniversityofManchester,saidthestudywaspraiseworthyinseekingtoenrichourknowledgeoftheevolutionofhumanlanguage.But,sheadded,theresultswerealittledisappointing.(曼徹斯特大學(xué)的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家蘇珊娜·舒爾茨博士說，這項(xiàng)研究是值得稱贊的，它試圖豐富我們對(duì)人類語言進(jìn)化的知識(shí)。但是，她補(bǔ)充說，結(jié)果有點(diǎn)令人失望)”可知，這項(xiàng)研究是一個(gè)好的嘗試，但是發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果是有限的。故選B。17．詞句猜測題。首先根據(jù)第三段中的“They’retheonlythingthatlookslikehumanlanguageinthatrespect.(在這方面，它們是唯一看起來像人類語言的東西)”可知，黑猩猩的手勢交流很像我們?nèi)祟愓Z言的交流方式。但是根據(jù)最后一段中的“Moreover,themeaningsseemtonotgobeyondwhatotheranimalsconveywithnon-verbalcommunications.(此外，這些含義似乎并不超越其他動(dòng)物通過非語言交流所傳達(dá)的信息)”可知，黑猩猩手勢的交流方式還是和我們語言的交流方式存在不同的，也就是“So,itseemsthegulfremains.(所以，看來差異依然存在)”。由此可知，劃線詞gulf與difference意思接近。故選A。18．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段的“Researcherssaytheyhavetranslatedthemeaningofgesturesthatwildchimpanzeesusetocommunicate.(研究人員表示，他們已經(jīng)翻譯出了野生黑猩猩用來交流的手勢的含義)”以及文章對(duì)這方面的討論可知，文章主要講科學(xué)家們對(duì)黑猩猩手勢的研究及一些成果。由此可知，D項(xiàng)Chimpanzeelanguage:communicationgesturestranslated(黑猩猩語言：翻譯出來的交流手勢)適合作本文最佳標(biāo)題。故選D。Passage6（2020全國II卷B篇）Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.19．Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A．Buildingconfidence.B．Developingspatialskills.C．Learningself-control.D．Gaininghigh-techknowledge.20．WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment？A．Parents’age.B．Children’simagination.C．Parents’education.D．Child-parentrelationship.21．Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?A．Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B．Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C．Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.D．Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.22．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Amathematicalmethod.B．Ascientificstudy.C．AwomanpsychologistD．Ateachingprogram.【答案】19．B

20．C

21．D

22．B【分析】本文是說明文。是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結(jié)果。19．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中…foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4developbetterspatialskill(在2歲到4歲之間玩智力游戲的兒童在空間能力方面更好)可知，孩子們可以從智力游戲中發(fā)展更好的空間技能。B.Developingspatialskills(發(fā)展空間能力)符合以上說法，故選B項(xiàng)。20．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognitionaftercontrollingfordifferenceinparents'income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.(Levine說，在父母的收入、教育和父母談話次數(shù)方面控制差異性之后，拼圖游戲被發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個(gè)重要的認(rèn)知預(yù)測)可知Levine在設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)試驗(yàn)時(shí)考慮了父母的收入、教育程度和父母談話的次數(shù)。C.Parents'education.(父母的教育)符合以上說法，故選C項(xiàng)。21．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,可知男孩比女孩更喜歡玩復(fù)雜的謎題，即他們可能會(huì)玩難度更大的謎題。D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.(他們有可能玩更復(fù)雜的謎題)符合以上說法，故選D項(xiàng)。22．主旨大意題。本文是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結(jié)果。所以是關(guān)于科學(xué)研究的。B.Ascientificstudy(一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究)符合以上說法，故選B項(xiàng)。Passage7（2020浙江7月C篇）ThetrafficsignalsalongFactoriaBoulevardinBellevue,Washington,generallydon'tflashthesamelengthofgreentwiceinarow,especiallyatrushhour.At9:30am,thefullred/yellow/greensignalcyclemightbe140seconds.By9:33am,aburstofadditionaltrafficmightpushitto145seconds.Lesstrafficat9:37amcouldpushitdownto135.Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.Thatisbydesign.Bellevue,afast-growingcityjusteastofSeattle,usesasystemthatisgainingpopularityaroundtheUS:intersection(十字路口)signalsthatcanadjustinrealtimetotrafficconditions.Theselights,knownasadaptivesignals,haveledtosignificantdeclinesinboththetroubleandcostoftravelsbetweenworkandhome.“Adaptivesignalscanmakesurethatthetrafficdemandthatisthereisbeingaddressed,”saysAlexStevanovic,aresearcheratFloridaAtlanticUniversity.ForallofBellevue’ssuccess,adaptivesignalsarenotacure-allforjammedroadways.KevinBalke,aresearchengineerattheTexasA&MUniversityTransportationInstitute,saysthatwhilesmartlightscanbeparticularlybeneficialforsomecities,othersaresojammedthatonlyasharpreductioninthenumberofcarsontheroadwillmakeameaningfuldifference.“It’snotgoingtofixeverything,butadaptivesignalshavesomebenefitsforsmallercities,”hesays.InBellevue,theswitchtoadaptivesignalshasbeenalessoninthevalueofwelcomingnewapproaches.Inthepast,therewasoftenanautomaticreactiontoincreasedtraffic:justwidentheroads,saysMarkPoch,theBellevueTransportationDepartment’strafficengineeringmanager.Nowhehopesthatothercitieswillconsidermakingtheirstreetsrunsmarterinsteadofjustmakingthembigger.23．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A．Increasedlengthofgreenlights.B．Shortenedtrafficsignalcycle.C．Flexibletimingoftrafficsignals.D．Smoothtrafficflowontheroad.24．WhatdoesKevinBalkesayaboutadaptivesignals?A．Theyworkbetteronbroadroads.B．Theyshouldbeusedinothercities.C．Theyhavegreatlyreducedtrafficontheroad.D．Theyarelesshelpfulincitiesseriouslyjammed.25．WhatcanwelearnfromBellevue’ssuccess?A．Itisrewardingtotrynewthings.B．Theoldmethodsstillworktoday.C．Itpaystoputtheoryintopractice.D．Thesimplestwayisthebestway.【答案】23．C

24．D

25．A【分析】這是一篇說明文。美國華盛頓州的Bellevue采用了能隨交通狀況而調(diào)節(jié)交通燈時(shí)間的適應(yīng)性信號(hào)燈，大大緩解了交通壓力，也表明人們對(duì)于交通阻塞問題不再只是拓寬道路，而是能夠采用新方法。23．指代猜測題。That位于第二段句首，應(yīng)是指代第一段的內(nèi)容。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容尤其是第一段最后一句“Justlikethetrafficitself,thetimingofthesignalschanges.(就像交通本身一樣，信號(hào)燈的時(shí)間也會(huì)變化)”可知，第一段主要講述的是信號(hào)燈的時(shí)間會(huì)靈活變化；“Thatisbydesign.”意為“那是有意為之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信號(hào)燈的靈活時(shí)間”。故選C項(xiàng)。24．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句中“adaptivesignalsarenotacure-allforjammedroadways(但自適應(yīng)信號(hào)并不是解決擁堵道路的萬能藥)”及第二句中“othersaresojammedthatonlyasharpreductioninthenumberofcarsontheroadwillmakeameaningfuldifference(其他城市交通堵塞如此嚴(yán)重，只有減少道路上的車輛才能起有意義的作用)”可推知，KevinBalke認(rèn)為適應(yīng)性信號(hào)燈對(duì)于交通堵塞很嚴(yán)重的城市沒有太大幫助。故選D項(xiàng)。25．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Theselights,knownasadaptivesignals,haveledtosignificantdeclinesinboththetroubleandcostoftravelsbetweenworkandhome.(這些燈，被稱為適應(yīng)性信號(hào)燈，已經(jīng)大大減少了通勤的麻煩和花費(fèi))”最后一段第一句“InBellevue,theswitchtoadaptivesignalshasbeenalessoninthevalueofwelcomingnewapproaches.(在Bellevue，對(duì)適應(yīng)性信號(hào)燈的轉(zhuǎn)變是一個(gè)在歡迎新方法的價(jià)值方面的榜樣)”可推知，從Bellevue的成功中可以得出，嘗試新事物是值得的。故選A項(xiàng)。Passage8（2019天津6月C篇）Howdoesanecosystem(生態(tài)系統(tǒng))work?Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator(掠食動(dòng)物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(獵物),thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction(滅絕)ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies—includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.Andunplannedh