2017專升本英語系列講座英語寫作2021/5/91短文寫作1.考情分析作文的長(zhǎng)度由2008年的100詞增加到120詞;議論文是專生本考試中最常出現(xiàn)的體裁,只有2005年和2010年的作文試題是應(yīng)用文體的信函寫作;就文章的論述目的和方式而言,主要考察考生對(duì)某一問題的分析、闡述以及對(duì)不同觀點(diǎn)或?qū)α⒂^點(diǎn)的分析評(píng)論，因此，文章類型以解決問題、現(xiàn)象闡釋、對(duì)比選擇、評(píng)論利弊、觀點(diǎn)論證等為主；從出題的方式看，以提綱作文為主，其次為情景作文。2021/5/92短文寫作2.評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)本題旨在考查考生的綜合能力，包括詞匯、語法、語言能力等。要求詞句基本正確、無重大語法拼寫錯(cuò)誤，表達(dá)清楚。字?jǐn)?shù)為120詞左右。18-20分：中心思想突出，內(nèi)容完整，表達(dá)清楚，語言基本上沒有語法錯(cuò)誤，拼寫正確，卷面整潔；15-17分：中心思想突出，內(nèi)容完整，表達(dá)清楚，語言僅有少量語法錯(cuò)誤，拼寫正確，卷面整潔；11-14分：主題明確，內(nèi)容較完整，表達(dá)尚清楚，有一些語言錯(cuò)誤，拼寫基本正確，卷面較整潔；2021/5/93短文寫作8-10分：內(nèi)容大體完整，表達(dá)可勉強(qiáng)理解，有較多的語言錯(cuò)誤，少量拼寫錯(cuò)誤；4-7分：內(nèi)容不完整，但沒有離題，表達(dá)上有較大困難，語言有較多錯(cuò)誤，拼寫錯(cuò)誤多；1-3分：內(nèi)容表達(dá)不清晰，語言支離破碎，僅有個(gè)別句子正確；0分：文不對(duì)題或胡亂抄襲以及語言表達(dá)完全無法理解。2021/5/94學(xué)生寫作現(xiàn)狀分析1.理缺詞窮2.偏愛長(zhǎng)句3.重復(fù)啰嗦4.單調(diào)無味5.結(jié)構(gòu)混亂6.錯(cuò)誤連篇7.無話可說2021/5/95學(xué)生寫作現(xiàn)狀分析第一、英語底子太薄。第二、詞匯量太小，且對(duì)已學(xué)詞匯記憶不清。第三、缺乏思想，深度不夠。第四、缺乏應(yīng)試技巧。2021/5/96寫作高分技巧一、卷面整潔，書寫清楚。二、構(gòu)思簡(jiǎn)單，少犯錯(cuò)誤。三、中心突出，層次分明。四、固定經(jīng)典，名言注目。五、重在變化，寧簡(jiǎn)勿濫。2021/5/97段落的組織與擴(kuò)展原則

段落是文章的基本組成部分,它是意義相關(guān)的句子組合,為完整地表達(dá)某一思想達(dá)到一定的交際目的,并通過一定的連接手段而實(shí)現(xiàn)的有機(jī)結(jié)合，因此段落必須有主題思想的統(tǒng)一性、內(nèi)容的完整性、結(jié)構(gòu)的層次性和邏輯關(guān)系的連貫性，這是構(gòu)成段落的四要素。另外，還應(yīng)正確使用段落起始語和過渡性詞語。2021/5/981、主體思想的統(tǒng)一性是整段文章只表達(dá)一個(gè)單一的主題，所有的敘述、描寫、說明、議論都要圍繞這一主題進(jìn)行，與主題無關(guān)的都應(yīng)刪去。2、內(nèi)容的完整性指一段文章能將單一的主題思想完整、清楚、明確地表達(dá)出來，即能夠?qū)χ黝}句提供足夠的敘述、描寫、說明或議論。2021/5/993、結(jié)構(gòu)層次清楚段落主題句表達(dá)段落主題，是段落的最高層次。主要擴(kuò)展句是段落主題的重要支持點(diǎn)，在段落中一般有2-3個(gè)，是段落的第二層次。4、邏輯關(guān)系連貫性指組成段落的每個(gè)句子都與主題有關(guān)，上下句間按一定的邏輯關(guān)系凝聚在一起，句與句之間過渡自然流暢，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，銜接緊湊，使能輕松理清作者思路，把握段落中心思想。2021/5/9105、正確使用段落起始語和過渡性詞語在段落的過渡中，按文章的“啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合”使用過渡詞會(huì)使段落條理清楚、連貫流暢，過渡詞.2021/5/911一、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)二、寫作實(shí)例分析作文解析2021/5/912文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)概論文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)寫作的三段論模式2021/5/913一、概論文章是由段落構(gòu)成，而段落的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主題句、支撐句和結(jié)尾句所構(gòu)成，它的具體結(jié)構(gòu)可以用以下的圖表加以表示：1/22021/5/914二、文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)2/22021/5/915寫作的三段論模式英語寫作通常采用三段論模式，即：

開頭段(introduction)主體段(bodyparagraph)結(jié)尾段(conclusion)2021/5/916(一)開頭段開頭段概論常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法開頭段的常用核心句型2021/5/917開頭段概論

對(duì)于英語寫作考題來說，限于篇幅，其開頭段一般都不長(zhǎng)。然而，這寥寥幾句話卻占有十分重要的地位，它表達(dá)的是整篇文章的主題思想。在議論文中，我們稱之為中心論點(diǎn)，它起到駕馭全文的作用。一個(gè)意義清晰、明確的開頭段，將有助于讀者理解全文；一個(gè)精彩、新穎的開頭段還能激起讀者的閱讀欲望。2021/5/918常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法使用引語（useaquotation）引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)（usefiguresorstatistics）提出問題（askaquestion）給出具體實(shí)例或報(bào)道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）定義法（givedefinition）主題句法（useoftopicsentence）2021/5/919常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法使用引語（useaquotation）

使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習(xí)語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。

如：

“Greatmindsmustbereadynotonlytotaketheopportunity,buttomakethem.”Colton,agreatwriteronceremarked.Butitstillhasaprofoundsignificancenow.Toaperson,inwhoselifetimeopportunitiesarenotmany,tomakeopportunitiesismoreessentialtohissuccess.分析：開頭引用Colton的名言說明“創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)”對(duì)于成功的重要性，點(diǎn)明主題。2021/5/920常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法引用具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)（usefiguresorstatistics）

當(dāng)然對(duì)于圖表題型，該種方法是必須的選擇，具體做法是給出一些具體或粗略的數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，點(diǎn)明主題或引出需要論述的問題。

如：

Asisdemonstratedinthetable,moreandmorecollegegraduatesareoutofajobinourcountry,whichisaseriousproblemtooureconomicdevelopmentandsocialsecurity.Itisestimatedthatin2013,thereare500,000unemployedgraduates,morethan30%higherthanin2012.

分析：文章引用2013年找不到工作的畢業(yè)生達(dá)到50萬這一數(shù)據(jù)來說明大學(xué)生找工作難這一現(xiàn)象的嚴(yán)重性，很有說服力。2021/5/921常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法提出問題（askaquestion）

提出有爭(zhēng)議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡(jiǎn)要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡(jiǎn)短討論。

如：

Whatdoyouwantfromyourwork?Money？Promotions？Interestingchallenges？Continuallearning？Work-basedfriendships？Theopportunitytodevelopyourownideaandpotentials？Thoughweareallindividualsandsoouranswerswilldiffer,allagreethatworkprovidemorethanmaterialthings.

分析：文章開頭提出“你想從工作中得到什么”這一問題，然后自問自答，指出工作除了物質(zhì)利益，還可以給我們帶來很多其它收獲這一結(jié)論。2021/5/922常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法給出具體生活實(shí)例或新聞報(bào)道（offerrelevantexamplesorreports）

如：

Asregardsthestressforcollegestudents,therehasbeenaheateddiscussionamongthepublicinthesociety.Itwasreportedthatastudentkilledfourofhisclassmatesjustbecauseofatrivialmatter.Itcanbeeasilyseenthatpressurehasbecomeaseriousissuewecannotneglect.

分析：文章通過引用新聞報(bào)道的一個(gè)實(shí)例，說明了大學(xué)生心理問題的嚴(yán)重性。2021/5/923常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法定義法（givedefinition）

針對(duì)討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進(jìn)行深入探討。

如：

Asweallknow,practicemakesperfect.Thisisanaccumulatedexperienceweinheritfromourforefathers,andnowitisstillwidelyappliedtoourdailylife.Itmeansthatthemorewepractice,themorelikelywearegoingtodothingsperfectly.

分析：文章用Itmeansthat這一句型，說明了practicemakesperfect的含義。2021/5/924常用的開頭段的表達(dá)方法●主題句法（useoftopicsentence）

文章一開始就以主題句點(diǎn)明全文主題，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行發(fā)展。

如：

NowadaysoneoftheseriousproblemsChinaisfacedwithistheincreasingilliteracyamongtheadolescents.AccordingtoarecentsurveybyDr.Li,deanofEducationalDepartmentofBeijingNormalUniversity,about18%ofthechildrenbetween8and15yearsoldhavedroppedoutofschoolacrossthecountry.

分析：文章開頭即提出中國(guó)的文盲現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重這一問題，然后再用實(shí)例數(shù)據(jù)加以佐證。2021/5/925開頭段的常用核心句型●Asopposedtogenerallyacceptedviews,Ibelievethat…

●Thearguermayberightabout…,butheseemstoneglecttomentionthefactthat….

●Althoughitiscommonlyagreedthat…,itisunlikelytobetruethat….

●Thereisanelementoftruthinthisstatement,butitignoresadeeperandmorebasicfactthat….

●Inallthediscussionanddebateover…,oneimportantfactisgenerallyoverlooked.

2021/5/926開頭段的常用核心句型●Onthesurface（Atfirstthought）,it（this）mayseemasound（anattractive）

suggestion（solution/idea）,butcarefulweighingonthemind（oncloseranalysis/onsecondthought）,wefindthat…

●Althoughmanypeoplebelievethat…,Iwonderwhethertheargumentbearsmuchanalysis

2021/5/927開頭段的常用核心句型●Thedanger（problem/fact/truth/point）isthat…●IagreewiththeabovestatementbecauseIbelievethat….●Thereisapubliccontroversynowadaysovertheissueof….Thosewhoobjectto…

arguethat….Butpeoplewhofavor…,ontheotherhand,arguethat….

2021/5/928開頭段的常用核心句型

●Currently（Inrecentyears/Inthepastfewyears/Formanyyearsnow）,thereis（has

been）a（n）general（widespread/growing/widelyheld）feelingtowards（concernover/attitudetowards/trendtowards/awarenessof/realizationof/illusionof/beliefin）….

●AsfarasIamconcerned,however,Ibelievethat….

●Nowitiscommonly（widely/generally/increasingly）believed（thought/held/

accepted/felt/recognized/acknowledged）that….ButIwonder（doubt）whether…2021/5/929(二)主題段主體段概述主體段段落擴(kuò)充方法2021/5/930主體段概述主體段的寫作方法是多種多樣的，而不同的方法會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的效果，不同的方法需用不同的組織形式。因此，在動(dòng)筆之前，必須先選擇好所采用的方法，然后根據(jù)自己所選的方法確定相應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，才能把文章寫好。2021/5/931主體段段落擴(kuò)充方法一、列舉法（Listing）二、舉例法（Exemplification）三、分類法（Classification）四、比較對(duì)照法（ComparisonandContrast）五、因果法（CauseandEffect）2021/5/932列舉法（Listing）定義也叫枚舉法。是一種在主題句中提出論點(diǎn)，然后列舉一系列論據(jù)或原因?qū)χ黝}進(jìn)行論證或闡述的方法。列舉的順序可以按照所列各點(diǎn)內(nèi)容的相對(duì)重要性、時(shí)間、空間順序等進(jìn)行。2021/5/933列舉法作文例子Togetthemostoutofyourtextbookyoushouldfollowseveralstepsverycarefully.First,youshouldmakeapreliminarysurveyofeachbooktogetageneralideaofwhatthebookcontains.Second,youshouldreadfordeeperunderstandingandformulatequestionsasyouread.Next,makenotesofthemajorpointofeachchapter.Then,testyourselftobesurethatyoucananswerquestionslikelytoberaisedinclassorinexaminations.Finally,reviewyournotesandrereadanypartsofthebookthatareuncleartoyou.2021/5/934常用于列舉法的過渡連接詞first,second,third,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace;firstofall,firstandforemost;tobeginwith,tostartwith;foronething,foranother;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,inaddition,whatismore;aboveall;next;beyondthat;initially;eventually,lastbutnotleast…..2021/5/935舉例法（Exemplification）定義作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容。嚴(yán)格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實(shí)，所列事實(shí)力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者的觀點(diǎn)，且事例可多可少。2021/5/936舉例法作文例子Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportthatissuitabletothem.2021/5/937舉例法中常見的過渡性詞語

forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanillustration,suchas/such,acaseinpointis,toillustrate,inparticular,specifically,say,next,namely,thatis,like,take…asanexample,etc.2021/5/938分類法（Classification）定義在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對(duì)概念中所包括的事物進(jìn)行分門別類地?cái)⑹?，使讀者有更為清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。2021/5/939分類法作文例子Eversincehumanshavelivedontheearth,theyhavemadeuseofvariousformsofcommunication.Generally,thisexpressionofthoughtsandfeelingshasbeenintheformoforalspeech,whenthereisalanguagebarrier,communicationisaccomplishedthroughsignlanguageinwhichmotionsstandforletters,wordsandideas.Touristsandthepeopleunabletohearorspeakhavehadtoresorttothisformofexpression.Manyofthesesymbolsofwholewordsareveryvividandexactandcanbeusedinternationally;spelling,however,cannot.Bodylanguagetransmitsideasorthoughtsbycertainactions,eitherintentionallyorunintentionally.Anodsignifiesapproval,whileshakingtheheadindicatesanegativereaction.Otherformsoflanguagecanbefoundinsignalflags,Morsecodeandpicturesigns.2021/5/940常見的用以分類的詞語動(dòng)詞：sort(into),divide(into),classify,group,fallinto,etc.名詞：sorts,classes,groups,categories,types,kinds,aspects,etc.2021/5/941比較對(duì)照法（ComparisonandContrast）定義比較對(duì)照法由比較和對(duì)照兩部分組成，但兩者往往一起用以闡述兩者或者更多事物間的異同，常用于說明文和議論文寫作。比較描述的是所比對(duì)象的相同、類似點(diǎn)，而對(duì)照則強(qiáng)調(diào)所描述對(duì)象之間的不同，甚至相反之處。常用的比較對(duì)照的結(jié)構(gòu)模式有兩種，即整塊比較法和逐點(diǎn)比較法。在整塊比較法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式為：A1、A2、A3……B1、B2、B3……2021/5/942第一種模塊例子Computershavebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.First,computerscancalculate.Theycanmakeworkmoreefficientfortheyhaveahighspeedofcalculation.Besides,peoplecancommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,whichcostspeoplelessmoneyandlesstime.Mostimportantofall,computerscreatewidecommunicationaroundtheworld.PeoplecancommunicatewitheachotherviatheInternet.Theycanmakefriendsallovertheworld.Buteverycoinhadtwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,sincecomputerscandoalotofworkforus,suchascalculation,wemayrelytoomuchonthenandbecomelazierandlazier.Tomakemattersworse,althoughitisconvenientforpeopletocommunicatewitheachotherbyE-mail,theoriginalwarmrelationshipmaybecomecold,forpeoplewillhavefeweropportunitiestotalktoeachotherfacetoface.Worstofall,computerscanspreadvirusescausedbyelectronichackersresultinginalotofimportantinformationbeinglost.2021/5/943第二種模塊及例子逐點(diǎn)比較法是A、B雙方同時(shí)逐點(diǎn)描述，其模式為：A1B1A2B2A3B3……例如：Aproverbsays,“Likefather,likeson.”Buttheproverbdoesn’tseemtofitmygrandfatherandmyfatherbecausetheyhavemoredifferencesthansimilarities.First,mygrandfatherisintroverted,whilemyfatherisextroverted.Wecaneasilyreadwhatisonmyfather’smind,butitishardtofindoutwhatmygrandfatheristhinkingabout.Next,mygrandfatherisalwaysindifferenttochildren.Heseldomtalkswithchildrenandthechildrenaresomewhatafraidofhim.Incontrast,myfatherisverywarm-heartedtochildren.Helikestotalkwiththem,sothechildreninmyfamilyalllikehim.Finally,mygrandfatherisobstinate.Oncehehadmadeadecision,heneverchangesit.However,myfather,evenafterhehasmadeadecision,willaskothersforopinions.Ifhethinkstheopinionsarereasonable,hemightchangehismind.Althoughmygrandfatherandmyfatherresembleeachotherverymuchinappearance,theydifferincharacter,thinkingandbehavior.2021/5/944常見的比較對(duì)照的過渡性詞語常用的表示比較的過渡性詞語有：similarly,likewise,correspondingly,inasimilarway,inthesameway,too,like,resemble,similarto,equalto,equally,important,both…and…,thesameas常用的表示對(duì)照的過渡性詞語有：ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,in/bycontrast,incontrastto,insharpcontrast,conversely,otherwise,however,nevertheless,but,yet,(al)though,eventhough,whereas/while,itistrue…but,instead,unlike,ratherthan,inspiteof,contrastwith,differ(ent)from,contraryto2021/5/945因果法（CauseandEffect）定義

因果法經(jīng)常用以闡述原因，回答“為什么”這類問題，分析事物發(fā)展的前因后果，也多見于說明文和論述文。因果關(guān)系的普遍性決定了因果關(guān)系的復(fù)雜性，通常因果關(guān)系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式擴(kuò)展段落時(shí)通常可采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果用通常以枚舉方式列舉。2021/5/946因果法作文例子Theroleofwomenintoday’ssocietyischanging.Onereasonisthatwomenhavebeguntoassertthemselvesasindependentpeoplethroughthewomen’smovement.Also,womenareawareofthealternativestostayingathome.Anotherreasonisthatincreasingnumbersofwomenwhoenternewfieldsofinterestserveasrolemodelsforotherwomen.Moreover,menarebecomingmoreconsciousoftheabilitiesofwomenandhavebeguntoviewtheirindependencepositively.2021/5/947常用的表示因果關(guān)系的過渡性詞語because,as,since,for,owingto,becauseof,dueto,onaccountof,asaresultof,forthereason,resultfrom,thus,so,therefore,accordingly,consequently,forthisreason,onthataccount,asaresult,asaconsequence,itfollowsthat…,resultin,contributeto2021/5/948（三）結(jié)尾段結(jié)尾段概述常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型2021/5/949結(jié)尾段概述開頭和結(jié)尾往往是讀者注意最多的部分。開頭引起讀者注意，提出主題；結(jié)尾與開頭呼應(yīng)，使讀者感覺全文論述完整，圓滿結(jié)束。從某種意義上來說，結(jié)尾更容易給讀者留下深刻印象。人們常把好的文章結(jié)尾稱作是“畫龍點(diǎn)睛”，可見結(jié)尾部分對(duì)整篇文章所起的作用。2021/5/950常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法總結(jié)歸納重申主題預(yù)測(cè)展望提出建議提出問題引用格言

2021/5/951常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法總結(jié)歸納簡(jiǎn)要總結(jié)歸納文章要點(diǎn)，以便深化主題印象。如：

InconclusionIwouldliketosaythatchildrenneedtobeunderstoodbutchildrenalsoneedtounderstandtheirparents.Itisonlywhenparentsandchildrencometounderstandeachotherthatwecansolveproblemseffectivelyandnarrowthegenerationgap.分析文章通過inconclusion引出對(duì)前面所作論述的歸納，使主題更加明確。

2021/5/952常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法重申主題再次強(qiáng)調(diào)和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想。如：

Admittedly,sciencehascreatedatomicbombsandproducedpervasivepollution.Butithastransformedthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Ithasmultipliedman’senergy,hopes,ambitionsandunderstanding.Ithaselevatedandwillcontinuetoelevatemanintellectuallyandspiritually.分析文章對(duì)前文的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了重復(fù)，使之更加鮮明。

2021/5/953常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法預(yù)測(cè)展望立足當(dāng)前，放眼未來。如：

Sotosumup,weshouldofferourhelptoallwhoareinneed.Weexpecttogetlovefromothersandwealsogivelovetoothers.Ibelievethattherelationshipbetweenpeoplewillbeharmoniousandoursocietywillbeabetterplaceforustolivein.分析文章通過對(duì)未來積極的展望，說明了愛在生活中的重要性。

2021/5/954常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法

提出建議提出解決問題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)。如：

Astheissueplayssuchakeyroleinoursociety,sufficientattentionshouldbepaidfromboththegovernmentandthepublic.Thegovernmentshouldmakesurethatthecensusiswellcarriedoutandthepeopleshouldbeactivelyinvolvedinthecensus.分析文章在結(jié)尾從政府和公眾兩個(gè)角度提出建議，以保證人口普查的順利進(jìn)行。2021/5/955常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法

提出問題提出具有發(fā)人深省的問題，從而突出中心思想。如：

Oldpeoplemaychoosetolivealoneforthemselvesandevenembracethislivingpattern.Butinthedeeppartoftheirhearts,theymustfeellonely.Theyneedtheirchildrentostaywith,totalkwith,andtakecareofthem.Whycan’tyoungpeoplethinkofthedayswhentheyaregettingold分析文章最有用一個(gè)反問句“年輕人為什么不想想自己年老時(shí)的情形”來提醒他們將心比心，設(shè)身處地，去關(guān)心父母雙親。

2021/5/956常用的結(jié)尾段的表達(dá)方法

引用格言用格言、諺語或習(xí)語總括全文中心思想。如：

Manyyeasago,agreatphilosopherFrancisBaconremarkedthat“Knowledge…ispower.”Thiscannowbetranslatedintocontemporaryterms.Inoursocialsetting,“Knowledgeischange”—andacceleratingknowledge-acquisition,fuelingthegreatengineoftechnology,meansacceleratingchange.

分析

文章借用培根“知識(shí)就是力量”名言的結(jié)構(gòu)，指出“知識(shí)就是變化”以深化主題，給讀者留下深刻的印象。2021/5/957結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove（Takingintoaccountallthesefactors/Judging

fromallevidenceoffered）,wemaysafelydraw（reach/cometo/arriveat）theconclusionthat….

●Alltheevidence（analysis）supports（justifies/confirms/warrants/pointsto）a

（n）unshakable（unmistakable/sound/just）conclusionthat….

●Itishightimethatweplace（lay/put）great（special/considerable）emphasison

theimprovement（development/increase/promotion）of….

2021/5/958結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Itishightimethatweputanendtothedeep-seated（unhealthy/undesirable/

deplorable）situation（tendency/phenomenon）of….

●Wemustlook（search/call/cry）foranimmediateaction（method/measure）,becausethepresent（current）situation（phenomenon/tendency/state/attitude）of…,ifpermitted（allowed）tocontinue（proceed）,willsurely（certainly）leadto（resultin）theend（destruction/heavycost）of….

2021/5/959結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Thereisnoeasy（immediate/effective）solution（approach/answer/remedy）to

theproblemof…,but…mightbeuseful（helpful/beneficial）.

●Noeasymethod（solution/recipe/remedy）canbeathand（found/guaranteed）tosolve（resolve/tackle）theproblemof…,butthecommon（general/public）recognitionof（realizationof/awarenessof/commitmentto）thenecessity（importance/significance）of…mightbethefirststeptowardschange（ontherightway/intherightdirection）.

2021/5/960結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型●Followingthesemethods（suggestions）maynotguaranteethesuccessin（solution

to）…,butthepay-offwillbeworththeeffort.

●Obviously（Clearly/Nodoubt）,ifweignore（areblindto）theproblem,thereis

everychancethat….

●Unlessthereisacommonrealizationof（generalcommitmentto）…,itisverylikely

（thechancesaregood）that….

2021/5/961結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型

●Thereislittledoubt（nodenying）thatserious（special/adequate/immediate/

further）attentionmustbecalled（paid/devoted）totheproblemof….

●Itisnecessary（essential/fundamental）thateffective（quick/proper）action（steps

/measures/remedies）shouldbetakentoprevent（correct/check/end/fight）thesituation（tendency/phenomenon）.

2021/5/962結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型

●Itishopedthatgreateffortsshouldbedirectedto（expendedon/focusedon）finding

（developing/improving）….

●Itremainstobeseenwhether…,buttheprospect（outlook）isnotquiteencouraging

（thatrosy）.

●Anyhow,wider（more）education（publicity）shouldbegiventothepossible

（potential/grave/serious/pernicious）consequences（effects）of….

2021/5/963結(jié)尾段常用的的核心句型

●Toreverse（check/control）thetrend（tendency）isnotalighttask（aneasyjob）,

anditrequires（demands/involves/entails）adifferentstateofmindtowards（attitudetowards/outlookon）….

●Forthesereasons,Istronglyrecommendthat….

●Forthereasonsgivenabove,Ifeelthat….

2021/5/96412個(gè)萬能理由經(jīng)濟(jì)、效益、交流、他人安全、方便、健康、環(huán)境情感、性格、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、空間2021/5/965二、寫作實(shí)例分析議論文說明文應(yīng)用文2021/5/966議論文概論議論文段落結(jié)構(gòu)議論文案例（1）議論文案例（2）2021/5/967概論

議論文的第一種形式是要求考生針對(duì)某一有爭(zhēng)議性的兩種觀點(diǎn)，來闡述自己的立場(chǎng)，或?qū)@一問題反映出的某一觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行駁斥，然后提出自己的看法并加以論證。它的基本形式是：一些人認(rèn)為……；另一些人認(rèn)為……；我的看法……。這種文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下：2021/5/968議論文段落結(jié)構(gòu)Paragraph1Introduction(啟)Paragraph2Analysis(承)Paragraph3Conclusion(轉(zhuǎn)合)2021/5/969（1）表達(dá)“啟”的過渡詞語

用于引導(dǎo)主題句或用于主題句的后面，引導(dǎo)第一個(gè)發(fā)展句：firstly,atfirst,firstofall,inthebeginning,inthefirstplace,atpresent,tobeginwith,currently,tostartwith,lately,foronething,now,recently,ontheonehand,ingeneral,generallyspeaking,inrecentyears,comparativelyspeaking,nowadays,inasense,inaway,inmyopinion,obviously,undoubtedly,etc.2021/5/970(2)表達(dá)“承”的過渡詞語用于承接主題句或前一個(gè)發(fā)展句：secondly,thirdly,too,also,besides,inaddition,furthermore,moreover,whatismore,then,atthesametime,forthemostpast…(3)表達(dá)“轉(zhuǎn)”的過渡詞語表示不同或相反的情況：afterall,but,yet,however,conversely,though,although,inspiteof,onthecontrary,incontrast,unlike,whereas,ontheotherhand,allthesame,infact,asamatteroffact,inanycase,atanyrate,instead…2021/5/971(4)表達(dá)“合”的過渡詞語用于總結(jié)段落中上下文的內(nèi)容，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)發(fā)展句或結(jié)尾句，也可用于文章的結(jié)論等：finally,inbrief,inconclusion,inshort,insummary,therefore,thus,tosumup,toconclude,tosummarize,aboveall,asaconsequence,asaresult,forthisreason,atlast,atlength,inaword,onthewhole…2021/5/972對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)式有人認(rèn)為X是好事，(贊成X，為什么？)有人認(rèn)為X是壞事，反對(duì)X，為什么？C.我的看法。

SomepeopleareinfavoroftheideaofdoingX.Theypointoutthefactthat支持X的第一個(gè)原因。Theyalsoarguethat支持X的另一個(gè)原因。

However,otherpeoplestandonadifferentground.TheyconsideritharmfultodoX.Theyfirmlypointoutthat反對(duì)X的第一個(gè)理由。Anexamplecangivethedetailsofthisargument.Thereissometruthinbotharguments.ButIthinktheadvantagesofXoverweighthedisadvantages.Inadditiontotheabove-mentionednegativeeffectsitmightbringabout,XmayalsoX的有一個(gè)壞處。2021/5/973

Somepeoplebelieve(argue,recognize,think)that觀點(diǎn)1.Butotherpeopletakeanoppositeside.Theyfirmlybelievethat觀點(diǎn)2.Asforme,Iagreetotheformer/latteridea.Thereareadozenofreasonsbehindmybelief.Firstofall,論據(jù)1.Moreimportantly,論據(jù)2.Mostimportantofall,論據(jù)3.Insummary,總結(jié)觀點(diǎn).Asacollegestudent,Iamsupposedto表決心.或:Fromabove,wecanpredictthat預(yù)測(cè).2021/5/974PeopleholddifferentviewsaboutX.Somepeopleareoftheopinionthat觀點(diǎn)1,whileotherspointoutthat觀點(diǎn)2.AsfarasIamconcerned,theformer/latteropinionholdsmoreweight.Foronething,論據(jù)1.Foranother,論據(jù)2.Lastbutnotleast,論據(jù)3.Toconclude,總結(jié)觀點(diǎn).Asacollegestudent,Iamsupposedto表決心.或Fromabove,wecanpredictthat預(yù)測(cè).2021/5/975

ThereisnoconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleaboutX(爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn))。Somepeopleareoftheviewthat觀點(diǎn)1，whileotherstakeanoppositeside,firmlybelievingthat觀點(diǎn)2。

AsfarasIamconcerned,theformer/latternotionispreferableinmanysenses.Thereasonsareobvious.Firstofall,論據(jù)1。Furthermore,論據(jù)2。Amongallofthesupportingevidences,oneisthestrongest.Thatis,論據(jù)3。

Allinall,ourcollegestudentsshould…2021/5/976議論文案例(1)例如：1.一些人認(rèn)為數(shù)據(jù)庫威脅個(gè)人隱私2.另一些人認(rèn)為數(shù)據(jù)庫有利于提高工作效率3.我的看法MyviewonDataCollection2021/5/977MyviewonDataCollectionDatacollectionisafactofmodernlife.Somearguethatdatacollectionisendangeringtherightsofindividuals,thoughothersseeitasausefultoolwhichincreasesefficiency.(啟)Tobefrank,Ibelievedatacollectiondoesmoregoodthanharm.(作者觀點(diǎn))2021/5/978MyviewonDataCollectionForonething,databasesprovideaveryusefultool.Largedatabaseswhichcontaininformationonmanyindividualscanenablemoreeffectivedecisionstobemade.Institutionssuchasgovernmentdepartmentsandpolicerelyondatacollectioninordertooperateefficiently,andhospitalsusecomputerizedrecordstohelpintheirfightagainstdisease.(承1)2021/5/979MyviewonDataCollectionForanother,databasesstoredoncomputercanalsobeveryefficient.Datawhichhasbeencollectedinoneareacanbesentanywhereintheworldalmostinstantly.Thismeansthatthosewhohavelegitimateaccesstothisdatacanworkveryefficiently.(承2)2021/5/980MyviewonDataCollectionInsummary,datacollectiononindividualscanbejustified,althoughallpossiblemeasuresshouldbetakentominimizetherisks.(轉(zhuǎn)合)2021/5/9812．

批駁觀點(diǎn)式

A．一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。

B．

我不同意。Manypeoplearguethat錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。Bysayingthat,theymean對(duì)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的進(jìn)一步解釋。Anexampletheyhavepresentedisthat一個(gè)例子。(AccordingtoasurveyperformedbyXonagroupofY,almost80%ofthem贊成這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)或者受到這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)的影響)。

Theremightbesomeelementoftruthinthesepeople’sbelief.Butifweconsideritindepth,wewillfeelnoreservationtoconcludethat與錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)相反的觀點(diǎn)。Thereareanumberofreasonsbehindmybelief.。2021/5/982說明文概論說明文段落結(jié)構(gòu)說明文案例（1）說明文案例（2）說明文案例（3）說明文常用句型2021/5/983概述說明文一般用于解釋和分析社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或社會(huì)問題。要求考生對(duì)某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因及其可能造成的種種影響或應(yīng)采取的措施進(jìn)行分析和說明。2021/5/984說明文的段落結(jié)構(gòu)此類文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)如下：Paragraph1phenomenon(現(xiàn)象)Paragraph2reasons(effects)(原因或危害)Paragraph3suggestionsorsolutions(措施)2021/5/9851．社會(huì)問題(現(xiàn)象)式A．一個(gè)社會(huì)問題或者現(xiàn)象B．產(chǎn)生的原因/對(duì)社會(huì)和我們生活的影響C．如何杜絕。(如果是問題的話)/前景的預(yù)測(cè)。對(duì)某一現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋說明，分析其原因并加以評(píng)論。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是：首先描述現(xiàn)象并說明其現(xiàn)狀；然后分析這種現(xiàn)象的原因或相關(guān)因素；最后提出建議或總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)。2021/5/986Withthedevelopmentofnationaleconomy,aworryingsocialproblemalsoarises—moreandmore___theseyears.The__phenomenonwillbringmanyunfavorableconsequences.Firstandforemost….Whatmakematterworse…..Finally….

Itishightimethatwecalledontheeffortsfromallsidestodealwiththisproblemproperly.Foronething,____.Foranother,____.Finally,…2021/5/987Nowadays,thereexistsanincreasinglyserioussocial/economic/environmentalproblem.(Xhasincreasinglybecomeacommonconcernofthepublic).Accordingtoasurvey,調(diào)查內(nèi)容說明這種現(xiàn)象的情況(或者是一個(gè)例子)。

Thereareacoupleofreasonsexplainingthisproblem/phenomenon.Xhascausedsubstantialimpactonthesocietyandourdailylife,whichhasbeenarticulatedinthefollowingaspects.AdozenofmeasuresaresupposedtotaketopreventXfrombringingusmoreharm.Basedontheabovediscussions,Icaneasilyforecastthatmoreandmorepeoplewill……2021/5/988說明文案例(1)

Drugabuseamongyoungpeoplehasbecomemoreandmoreprevalentoverrecentyears.(主題句)Statisticsshowthatthenumberofyouthdrugusersalmostdoublesinthepastthreeyears.(數(shù)據(jù)支撐)Itisvitaltoanalyzewhydrugs

aresoattractivetoyoungpeopleandwhatcanbedonetocombatit.(結(jié)論)2021/5/989說明文案例(1)Firstly,teenagersareunderincreasingpressure-thismaybepeerpressureorpressuretosucceedforexample.Drugusemayhelpthemescapereality,forgettheirproblems,orsimplyfeelmoreacceptedbytheirfriends.(原因1)Inaddition,throughthemediaweareexposedtoinformationthatglamorizesdruguseandmakesitlookattractive,particularlytoyoungpeople.(原因2)Furthermore,teenagersareusually

naturallycuriousaboutdrugs,anddrugdealerscantakeadvantageofthiscuriosityfortheirownprofit.(原因3)2021/5/990說明文案例(1)Highfinesandprisonsentencesshouldalsobeimposedondrugdealersandusers.(措施1)

However,itismyownpersonalviewthatpreventionisbetterthancureandsoagoodeducationprogrammedaboutthedangersofdr