語言學導論部分第一頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三GuidelineFocuseddiscussiononLinguistics第二頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三Linguistics

(05-12)考點1:核心概念概念提出者，概念本身的內(nèi)涵，涵蓋要素（尤其是具有區(qū)分性的要素）考點2:概念的應用具體語言現(xiàn)象注意點：綜觀七年來的21道試題，語言學綜述部分考到8題，考察重要語言學家的2題，考察二級概念的11題；可見首要是對語言學整體框架要了解清楚；第二，要對試卷涉及過的（含選項中出現(xiàn)的）語言學家有所了解；對主要二級概念要認識明確，并可理解具體例子。第三頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三語言學概述部分（見教材ppt）戴煒棟，何兆熊，(2002)，《新編簡明英語語言學教程》，上海外語教育出版社。二級概念部分（同上）第四頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三重要語言學家John(Langshaw)Austin(1911–1960)wasaBritishphilosopheroflanguage,borninLancasterandeducatedatShrewsburySchoolandBalliolCollege,OxfordUniversity.Austiniswidelyassociatedwiththeconceptofthespeechact

（言語行為）andtheideathatspeechisitselfaformofaction.Consequently,inhisunderstandinglanguageisnotjustapassivepracticeofdescribingagivenreality,butaparticularpracticetoinventandaffectthoserealities.Hisworkinthe1950sprovidedbothatheoreticaloutlineandtheterminologyforthemodernstudyofspeechactsdevelopedsubsequently,forexample,by(theOxford-educatedAmericanphilosopher)JohnR.Searle,WilliamP.Alston,Fran?oisRécanati,KentBach,andRobertM.Harnish.第五頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三John(Rogers)Searle(bornJuly31,1932inDenver,Colorado)isanAmericanphilosopherandpresentlytheSlusserProfessorofPhilosophyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.SearlebeganhiscollegeeducationattheUniversityofWisconsin,andsubsequentlybecameaRhodesScholaratOxfordUniversitywhereheearnedanundergraduatedegreeandadoctorateinphilosophy.Widelynotedforhiscontributionstothephilosophyoflanguage,philosophyofmindandsocialphilosophy,hebeganteachingatBerkeleyin1959,where,amonghismanydistinctions,hewasthefirsttenuredprofessortojointheFreeSpeechMovement.HereceivedtheJeanNicodPrizein2000,andtheNationalHumanitiesMedalin2004.第六頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三AvramNoamChomsky(bornDecember7,1928)isanAmericanlinguist,philosopher,cognitive（認知的）scientist,politicalactivist,author,andlecturer.HeisanInstituteProfessorandprofessoremeritusoflinguisticsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Chomskyiswellknownintheacademicandscientificcommunityasoneofthefathersofmodernlinguistics.Sincethe1960s,hehasbecomeknownmorewidelyasapoliticaldissident,ananarchist,andalibertariansocialistintellectual.第七頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三Inthe1950s,Chomskybegandevelopinghistheoryof

generativegrammar（生成語法）,whichhasundergonenumerousrevisionsandhashadaprofoundinfluenceonlinguistics.Hisapproachtothestudyoflanguageemphasizes“aninnate（天生的）setoflinguisticprinciplessharedbyallhumans"knownasuniversalgrammar,"theinitialstateofthelanguagelearner,"anddiscoveringan"accountforlinguisticvariationviathemostgeneralpossiblemechanisms.“HealsoestablishedtheChomskyhierarchy,aclassificationofformallanguagesintermsoftheirgenerativepower.第八頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三In1959,ChomskypublishedawidelyinfluentialreviewofB.F.Skinner’stheoreticalbookVerbalBehavior

（《言語行為》）,whichwasthefirstattemptbyabehavioristtoprovideafunctional,operantanalysisoflanguage.Chomskyusedthisreviewtobroadlyandaggressivelychallengethebehavioristapproachestostudiesofbehaviordominantatthetime,andcontributedtothecognitiverevolutioninpsychology.Hisnaturalisticapproachtothestudyoflanguagehasinfluencedthephilosophyoflanguageandmind.第九頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三M.A.K.Halliday(born1925)isanAustralianlinguistwhodevelopedaninternationallyinfluentialgrammarmodel,thesystemicfunctionalgrammar(whichalsogoesbythenameofsystemicfunctionallinguistics[SFL]系統(tǒng)功能語言學).第十頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三Halliday(1975)identifiessevenfunctionsthatlanguagehasforchildrenintheirearlyyears.Childrenaremotivatedtoacquirelanguagebecauseitservescertainpurposesorfunctionsforthem.Thefirstfourfunctionshelpthechildtosatisfyphysical,emotionalandsocialneeds.Hallidaycallstheminstrumental,regulatory,interactional,andpersonalfunctions.Instrumental:Thisiswhenthechilduseslanguagetoexpresstheirneeds(e.g.'Wantjuice')Regulatory:Thisiswherelanguageisusedtotellotherswhattodo(e.g.'Goaway')Interactional:Herelanguageisusedtomakecontactwithothersandformrelationships(e.g.'Loveyou,mummy')Personal:Thisistheuseoflanguagetoexpressfeelings,opinionsandindividualidentity(e.g.'Megoodgirl')

第十一頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三Thenextthreefunctionsareheuristic（啟發(fā)式的）,imaginative,andrepresentational,allhelpingthechildtocometotermswithhisorherenvironment.Heuristic:Thisiswhenlanguageisusedtogainknowledgeabouttheenvironment(e.g.'Whatthetractordoing?')Imaginative:Herelanguageisusedtotellstoriesandjokes,andtocreateanimaginaryenvironment.Representational:Theuseoflanguagetoconveyfactsandinformation.第十二頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三LeonardBloomfield(1887–1949)wasanAmericanlinguistwholedthedevelopmentofstructurallinguisticsintheUnitedStatesduringthe1930sandthe1940s.HisinfluentialtextbookLanguage（《語言論》）,publishedin1933,presentedacomprehensivedescriptionofAmericanstructurallinguistics.HemadesignificantcontributionstoIndo-Europeanhistoricallinguistics,thedescriptionofAustronesianlanguages,anddescriptionoflanguagesoftheAlgonquianfamily.第十三頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三Bloomfield'sapproachtolinguisticswascharacterizedbyitsemphasisonthescientificbasisoflinguistics,adherencetobehaviorismespeciallyinhislaterwork,andemphasisonformalproceduresfortheanalysisoflinguisticdata.TheinfluenceofBloomfieldianstructurallinguisticsdeclinedinthelate1950sand1960sasthetheoryofGenerativeGrammardevelopedbyNoamChomskycametopredominate.第十四頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三FerdinanddeSaussure(1857–1913)wasaSwisslinguistwhoseideaslaidafoundationformanysignificantdevelopmentsinlinguisticsinthe20thcentury.Saussureiswidelyconsideredtobeoneofthefathersof20th-centurylinguistics,andhisideashavehadamonumentalimpactthroughoutthehumanitiesandsocialsciences.第十五頁，共十七頁，編輯于2023年，星期三Saussure’smostinfluentialwork,CourseinGeneralLinguistics(Coursdelinguistiquegénérale)（《普通語言學教程》）,waspublishedposthumouslyin1916byformerstudentsCharlesBallyandAlbertSechehayeonthebasisofn