學(xué)術(shù)英語寫作2

TeachingProceduresLead-in1SampleAnalysis2BuildingaModel3GrammarandWritingSkills431.WhatinformationshouldbecontainedintheIntroduction?

Lead-inBackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper4

2.WhatisthepurposeofwritingtheIntroduction?3.HowdoestheIntroductiondifferfromtheAbstract?4.HowdowritersnormallystarttheIntroduction?5.WhattypeofinformationshouldbeincludedintheIntroduction,andinwhatorder?6.HowdowritersnormallyendtheIntroduction?5

TypicalcomplaintsofrefereesTheIntroductionoccupiestoohighaproportionoftheentirepaperandcontainstoomanygeneralstatementsthatarewidelyknown.Therationalandobjectivesarenotdefinedandthewholesectioniscompletelydisorganized-itisnotclearwhatproblemtheauthorisaddressingortryingtosolveandwhytheychosetheirparticularmethodology.MuchoftheinitialpartisessentiallyacutandpastefromtheAbstract.6Theauthorhasnotrelatedthebackgroundinformationtotheobjectiveofthepaper.PleaserememberthatthepapermaybereadbyinexperiencedPh.D.studentsorothersstartingtheirworkinyourspecificfield.Hence,pleaseaddanexplanationoratleastareferencewhenmentioningnotionsrelatedto…andterminologyfor…7Introduction

1.Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedmuchattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichofferimportanteconomicbenefits.2.PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.Ithasmanypossibleusesinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,34.However,ithasbeenfoundtobetooweakunderimpacttobeusedcommercially.4

5.Onewaytotoughenpolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeenextensiveresearchregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.

6.Forexample,Penneyetal.showedthatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierestablishedthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7

7.However,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8littleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.

8.Thepresentpaperpresentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.

9.OnthebasisofthesecriteriaitthendescribesthepreparationofasetofpolymerblendsusingPLAandahydrocarbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationsformedanovelpolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPIsignificantlyincreasedflexibility.

SampleAnalysis

8Insentence1thewriterestablishestheimportanceofthisresearchtopic.Insentence2thewriterprovidesgeneralbackgroundinformation.Insentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.Insentence4thewriterdescribesthegeneralproblemareaorthecurrentresearchfocusofthefield.9Insentence5thewriterprovidesatransitionbetweenthegeneralproblemareaandtheliteraturereview.Insentence6thewriterprovidesabriefoverviewofkeyresearchprojectsinthisarea.Insentence7thewriterdescribesagapintheresearch.Insentence8thewriterdescribesthepaperitself.Insentence9thewritergivesdetailsaboutthemethodologyreportedinthepaper.Insentence10thewriterannouncesthefindings.10BackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper(sentences1-4)(sentences5-6)(sentence7)(sentences8-10)11

Background

1.

Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedinrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichoffer

.2.

PLAapolymerobtainedfromcornandproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.

Ithasinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,3

4.

,ithasbeenfoundtobetoo

underimpacttobeusedcommercially.4importanteconomicbenefitsmuchattentionHoweverweakisismanypossibleuses12LiteratureReview

5.

Onewayto

polymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeen

regardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.6.

,Penneyetal.

thatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7

toughenextensiveresearchForexampleshowedestablished13UnresolvedQuestion

7.

,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8

totheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.

Howeverlittleattentionhasbeenpaid14ThePresentPaper

8.

presentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.9.Onthebasisofthesecriteriaitthen

thepreparationofasetofpolymerblends

PLAandahydro-carbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationspolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPI

.

Thepresentpaperdescribesusingformedanovelsignificantlyincreasedflexibility15

BuildingaModelBackgroundEstablishtheimportanceofthefield.Providebackgroundfacts/information(possiblyfromresearch).Presenttheproblemarea/currentresearchfocus.16LiteratureReviewReviewpreviousorcurrentresearch.17UnresolvedQuestionLocateagapintheresearch.Describetheproblemtobeaddressed.Presentahypothesistobetested.18ThePresentPaperIntroducethepurposeoftheresearch.Introducetheapproachesorthemainprocedures.Presentthemajorfindings.Statethesignificanceoftheresearch.Outlinethestructureofthepaper.1920

The“Funnel-Shaped”structureYoumaybeginwithinformationontheimportanceoftheoveralltopicbeingaddressed.Nextsummarizeknowledgeaboutanaspectofthetopic.Thenidentifyanunresolvedquestionaboutthataspect.Finallysayhowthecurrentresearchaddressedthequestion.21Mostresearchpapersinbasicscienceareinvestigative.Thatis,theyarebasedonspecificresearchquestionsyoutrytoansweroronaparticularhypothesisyoutrytotest.Introductionsforthesepapersshouldcontainthefourelements.22Specialcase:IntroductionsforDescriptivePapersSomeresearchpapersarenotwrittentoanswerspecificquestionsorproveahypothesisbutrathertodescribeanewfinding.Introductionsforthesepapersfollowaslightlydifferent“funnel”structurebecauseelementsthatreadersexpecttofindintheIntroductionofadescriptivepaperdifferfromthoseofaninvestigativepaper.231.Backgroundbackgroundinformationandpreviousresearchinthearea2.Discoverystatementnewdiscoverymadebyyourresearch3.Experimentalapproachapproachtakentoward

(optional)analyzingthisdiscovery4.Descriptiondescriptionofthenewelement5.Implicationimportanceofthefindings24ⅥGrammarandWritingSkillsTensePassive/activevoice25ThePresentSimpleisgenerallyusedtodescribethegeneralbackgroundcontext,i.e.whatisknownalready.S1.Thephysicalprocessoffragmentationisrelevanttoseveralareasofscienceandtechnology.26ThePresentPerfectisusedtoshowhowtheproblemhasbeenapproachedfromthepastuntilthepresentstudy.S2.Becausedifferentphysicalphenomenaareatworkduringthefragmentationofasolidbody,ithasmainlybeenstudiedfromastatisticalviewpoint.Insomedisciplinesyoumayberequiredtohaveaverystrongtheoreticalframeworkforyourstudy,thusrequiringtwoormorepages.1)Itmayincreaseprintingexpenses.DiscoverystatementnewdiscoverymadebyyourBuildingaModelInsentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.ThePresentPaperAssignmentStatethesignificanceoftheresearch.Insentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.Providepertinentbackgroundinformation.PLAapolymerobtainedfromcornandproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedinrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichoffer.Thesummaryshouldbeafaithfulaccountoftheoriginalpassage.thatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.Statetheexperimentalapproachbriefly.27ThePastSimpleisusedtoreviewindividualresearch.AttheendoftheIntroduction,thePresentSimpleisusedagainwhentheauthorsstatewhattheywilldointherestoftheirpaper.Ageneralconvention(butnotrule)isthatthePastSimpleisusedtopresentfindings.28Passive/ActivevoiceIntheIntroductionyouusuallysaywhatyouwillbedoingorpresentingintheresearcharticle.Youcanusewetorefertoyourresearchgrouporteam,butdonotuseittorefertopeopleorhumanityingeneral.Ifyouarereferringtopeopleingeneral,it’sbettertouseaconstructionwithIt(Itisknown/thoughtthat…)ratherthanWeknow/thinkthat…Youcanusewordslikehereandinthisstudytoletyourreaderknowwhenyouarereferringtoyourownwork.29ⅤReviewoftheLiterature1.WhatkeyskillsareneededwhenwritingaReviewoftheLiterature?Thekeyskillistoprovidereaderswithjusttherightamountofliteratureregardingthesequenceofeventsleadinguptothecurrentsituation–nottoomuchtomakeittedious,nortoolittlesothatthecontextofyourresearchisnotmeaningfultothem.30Theamountofdetailyouneedtogivevariesimmenselyfromdisciplinetodiscipline.Insomedisciplinesyoumayberequiredtohaveaverystrongtheoreticalframeworkforyourstudy,thusrequiringtwoormorepages.Inotherdisciplinesjustoneparagraphmaybeenough.312.Whatarethetwomainreferencesystems?Listtheiradvantagesanddisadvantages.32NameandYearSystemAsystemofreferencinginwhichareferenceiscitedinthetextbythelastnameoftheauthorandtheyearofpublication,e.g.,Smith(1990).33Name-yearsystemAdvantages:1)Becausethereferencesareunnumbered,referencescanbeaddedordeletedeasily.2)Readersfamiliarwithafieldcanrecognizetheauthorsofacitationwithouthavingtorefertothereferencelist.3)Ithelpsreadersidentifywhetherthesourcesofthecitationareoutdatedornot.34Disadvantages1)Itmayincreaseprintingexpenses.2)Thereferencestakeupspaceinthemainbodyofthetextanddistractreaders,especiallywhenmanyworksarecitedtogether.35

.Citation-order/Citation-sequence

SystemAsystemofreferencinginwhichreferencesarecitedinnumericalorderastheyappearinthetext.Thus,theReferencessectionisincitationorder,notinalphabeticalorder.36Advantages:1)Itisconvenientforreaderstorefertothereferences.2)Citationbynumbersinterruptonlyslightlythereadingoftext.3)Thissystemalsoreducesprintingexpenses.37Disadvantages:

1)Readersusuallyhavetoturntothereferencelisttofindoutwhoseworkisbeingcited.2)Whenauthorsmustaddordeletereferencesatalatestageinrevisingapaper,theymaybeburdenedwithrenumberingreferences.383)Itisnotidealforthereader,becausethenon-alphabeticalpresentationofthereferencelistmayresultinseparationofvariousreferencestoworksbythesameauthor.393.Whatistheclearestwaytorefertootherauthors?ShouldIfocusontheauthorsortheirideas?Therearevariousstylesformakingreferencetootherauthors.Thefourstylesbelowcontainthesameinformation,butthefocusisdifferent.40Style1Blinco[1992]foundthatAmericanelementaryschoolchildrenshowed…Style2In[5]BlincofoundthatAmericanelementaryschoolchildrenshowed…Style3AstudyofthelevelofpersistenceinschoolchildrenwaspresentedbyBlinco[1992].Style4AgreaterlevelofpersistencehasbeennoticedinAmerica[5].41SummaryIntroductionguidelines:1.Interestyouraudienceandprovidecontext.2.Followthe‘funnel’structure.3.KeeptheIntroductionshort.4.Providepertinentbackgroundinformation.5.Statethecentralpoint(question/purposeordiscoverystatement)precisely.6.Statetheexperimentalapproachbriefly.7.Signalalltheelementsoftheintroduction.42Thefirstsentenceofthefirstparagraphintroducesthemaintopic(culturaldifference),andtherestoftheparagraphbrieflyreviewsamajorstudyonthistopic.Theimplicationsofthisstudy(cultureastheremainingvariable)aresummarizedattheendoftheparagraph.Thefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphthen

movesontothenextmajorstudy.Thefirstsentenceofthethirdparagraphsummarizesthefindingsofthefirsttwoparagraphsinordertointroducesomemorerecentfindings.43

AssignmentReadtheIntroductionsofyourtargetpapersandidentifythefourcomponents.WriteanIntroductionbasedonyourownexperimentandresearch.44SummaryWriting1.Whatisasummary?Asummaryisabriefrestatement,inyourownwords,whichgivesthegistofapieceofwriting.2.Whatkindofinformationshouldbeincludedinasummary?Asummaryshouldincludeonlymainideasandimportantsupportinginformation.Itshouldnotincludedetailsoranypersonalopinions.453.Howisasummarythesameastheoriginalwork?Asummaryshouldhavethesamebasicmeaningastheoriginalwork.Inotherwords,thesummaryshouldnothavenewordifferentinformationthatisnotintheoriginalwork.464.Howisasummarydifferentfromtheoriginalwork?Asummaryshouldnotincludemanyoftheexactwordsastheoriginalwork.Thewri