PAGE12 商務(wù)英語(yǔ)閱讀（上冊(cè)）（第二版）輔導(dǎo)用書商務(wù)英語(yǔ)閱讀(上冊(cè))（第四版）主編國(guó)曉立周樹玲參考答案1I.1. Internationaltradeisthefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsandservicesacrossnationalboundaries.Itconcernstradeoperationsofbothimportandexportandincludesthepurchaseandsaleofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods.2. Internationaltradecanleadincreasedexposureforbothfirmsandcountriestotheforcesintheinternationaleconomy:changesinpricesanddemandinexportmarkets,changesinpricesandsupplyofimportedproducts,andchangesinexchangerates.3. Internationaltradeisinextricablylinkedwithforeigndirectinvestment,internationaltechnologytransfer,andinternationalfinance.4. Technologytransferisoftenaccomplishedthroughinternationaltradeincapitalgoodsand,inturn,technologytransferleadstotradeinrawmaterialsandsemi-finishedandfinalproducts.5. Aportfolioinvestmentisanon-controllinginterestincompanyorownershipofaloantoanotherparty.Companiesuseportfolioinvestmentsprimarilyforshort-termfinancialgain,thatis,asameansforacompanytoearnmoremoneyonitsmoneywithrelativesafety.II.1.i2.e3.g4.j5.d6.b7.c8.f9.h10.aIII.了解國(guó)際貿(mào)易及其動(dòng)因和運(yùn)作的方式，不僅對(duì)那些直接從事國(guó)際貿(mào)易工作的管理人員，同時(shí)對(duì)所有的企業(yè)經(jīng)理而言均是不可或缺的。國(guó)際貿(mào)易，即進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易，式。IV.1. Internationaltradehelpsallnationstofostertheeconomicgrowth.2. Formostcountries,internationaltradeorforeigntradeisthemostimportantpartoftheirinternationalactivities.3. Foreigndirectinvestmentincreasedsteadily.4. Inthecomplexeconomicworld,nocountrycanbecompletelyself-sufficient.5. SincetheendofWorldWarII,internationalservicetradehasgreatlydeveloped.V.Omitted快速閱讀1I.1.T2.F3.T4.F5.FII.1.C2.B3.B4.A5.D快速閱讀2I.1.RapiddevelopmentinnewmodesofforeigntradewillhelpupgradetraditionalmanufacturingandboostreformandinnovationeffortsinthetraditionaltradesectorinthePearlRiverDeltaregion.Newbusinessmodesinforeigntradenotonlyhelpboostthelocaleconomybutalsohelppromotetradebalance.2.Thenewforeigntrademodesincludeimprovingforeigntradeservices,cross-bordere-commerce,financialleasingandbondedimports.3.Itwas20.35billionyuan($3.13billion)inthefirst11monthsof2017inGuangzhou.4.Chinawillincreaseimportsandcutimporttariffsonsomeproductstopromotebalancedtrade.5.Thecustoms'ITplatformexaminesandcertifiesinformationofgoodsintransaction,logisticsandconsumptionquotas.II.1.T2.T3.F4.F5.T參考答案2I.1. Disputesettlementisthecentralpillarofthemultilateraltradingsystem,andtheWTO’suniquecontributiontothestabilityoftheglobaleconomy.WTO’sprocedureenhancestheruleoflaw,anditmakesthetradingsystemmoresecureandpredictable.Thesystemisbasedonclearlydefinedrules,withtimetablesforcompletingacase.Firstrulingsaremadebyapanelandendorsed(orrejected)bytheWTO’sfullmembership.Appealsbasedonpointsoflawarepossible.2. PrinciplesthatWTOfollowsinsettlingdisputeareequitable,fast,effective,andmutuallyacceptable.3. 1year(withoutappeal),1yearand3months(withappeal)4. Thefirststageforsettlingdisputesisconsultation.

Thesecondstageinvolvesthepanel.

Thethirdstageisappeals.

Inanycase,theDisputeSettlementBodymonitorshowadoptedrulingsareimplemented.Anyoutstandingcaseremainsonitsagendauntiltheissueisresolved.5. Officially,thepanelishelpingtheDisputeSettlementBodymakerulingsorrecommendations.Butbecausethepanel’sreportcanonlyberejectedbyconsensusintheDisputeSettlementBody,itsconclusionsaredifficulttooverturn.Thepanel’sfindingshavetobebasedontheagreementscited.II.1.g2.e3.j4.h5.d6.b7.c8.f9.i10.aIII.1. 解決爭(zhēng)端是多邊貿(mào)易體制的核心支柱，也是世貿(mào)組織對(duì)穩(wěn)定全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的獨(dú)特貢獻(xiàn)。2. 一國(guó)采用了某項(xiàng)貿(mào)易政策措施，或采取了某種被另一個(gè)或多個(gè)世貿(mào)組織其他成員認(rèn)定為違反世貿(mào)組織協(xié)議的行動(dòng)時(shí)，或者沒(méi)有履行職責(zé)時(shí)，爭(zhēng)端就出現(xiàn)了。3. 如果雙方商定，期限可以靈活機(jī)動(dòng)。假如某案件非常緊急（如涉及易腐貨物），可以盡可能地加快進(jìn)程。4. 解決爭(zhēng)端是由全體成員組成的爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)（或稱之為總理事會(huì)）的職責(zé)。5. 專家小組可以幫助爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)作出裁決或者提出建議。IV.1. TheWTOisaglobalorganizationdealingwithinternationaltrade.2. Businessdisputesoccurfrequentlyininternationaltrade.3. Alongwiththegrowthofinternationalbusinessandexchange,casesrequiringinternationalarbitrationtosolvedisputearisingfrominternationaltrade,investment,andtheintellectualpropertyareincreasing.4. Disputesbetweencountriesshouldbesettledpeacefully.5. TheWTOprovidesamechanismforsolvingtradedisputes.V.Omitted快速閱讀1I.1.T2.F3.T4.F5.TII.1.B2.D3.C4.D5.D快速閱讀2I.1.ThefarmisintheStateofIowa.2.Soybeantradersusuallyhavetobuygoodshalfayearinadvance,andthenbeansareshippedoutontotheocean.Uncertaintyofpoliciesincreasestherisksofthetrade.3.Iowaexportedmorethan$5billionofsoybeanstoChinalastyear.4.ThesoybeanfarmersareworriedbecausetheyhaveseenrecentlythatChinahasbackedawayfrompurchasingfromtheU.S.5.IftheyfindthattheUSproductisnotaneconomicallyprofitablethingtopurchase,theywillgoelsewhere.II.1.F2.T3.F4.T5.T參考答案3I.1. Economicglobalizationisaproductofthecurrentworldeconomic,scientificandtechnologicaldevelopment.Ithasbroughtallthecountriesintheworlddevelopmentopportunities,severechallengesandrisks,aswellasasubjectofhowtoestablishajustandreasonablenewinternationaleconomicorder.2. Thiscurrentwaveofglobalizationhasbeendrivenbypoliciesthathaveopenedeconomiesdomesticallyandinternationally.IntheyearssincetheWorldWarII,andespeciallyduringthepasttwodecades,thewholeworldreacheditsgeographiclimitwiththeextensionofcapitalistmarket,andtraditionaltradepatternsweredisrupted.3. Globalizationisdeeplycontroversial,however.Proponentsofglobalizationarguethatitallowspoorcountriesandtheircitizenstodevelopeconomicallyandraisetheirstandardsofliving,whileopponentsofglobalizationclaimthatthecreationofanunfetteredinternationalfreemarkethasbenefitedmultinationalcorporationsintheWesternworldattheexpenseoflocalenterprises,localcultures,andcommonpeople.Resistancetoglobalizationhasthereforetakenshapebothatapopularandatagovernmentallevelaspeopleandgovernmentstrytomanagetheflowofcapital,labor,goods,andideasthatconstitutethecurrentwaveofglobalization.4. Advancesincomputersandcommunicationstechnologyarepermittinganincreasedflowofideasandinformationacrossborders,enablingcustomertolearnaboutforeigngoods.TheeaseofobtaininginformationandmakingtransactionsontheInternethasstartedtohaveaprofoundeffectonmanyfirmsandespeciallyonbusiness-to-businesscommerce.5. TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement

AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations

TheEuropeanUnionII.1.g2.d3.a4.f5.i6.j7.e8.c9.b10.hIII.目前的趨勢(shì)是將形成一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的、社會(huì)化的國(guó)際社會(huì)。諸多優(yōu)惠貿(mào)易協(xié)定，如北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定、東盟、歐盟等，將數(shù)個(gè)國(guó)家整合到一個(gè)單一的市場(chǎng)，為公司提供了銷售其產(chǎn)品的重要機(jī)遇。許多公司已經(jīng)迅速采取行動(dòng)，通過(guò)出口或通過(guò)設(shè)立制造廠進(jìn)入這些地區(qū)。IV.1.Inacertainsense,economicglobalizationitselfisormeansculturalglobalization.2.Theprocessofglobalizationhaschangedourlifegreatlyfromeveryaspect.3.Globalizationisbridgingtheeconomiesofdistantcountries.4. Withtheeverincreasingglobalizationintradeflow,fundsflowandinformationflow,competitionacrosscountriesandregionswillintensify.5. Intheneweraofknowledge-basedeconomyandglobalization,commerceandtradelogistics(CTL)hasbecomeoneofthehottopics.V.Omitted快速閱讀1I.1.T2.T3.F4.F5.TII.1.C2.B3.C4.D5.D快速閱讀2I.1.Morethan50percent.2.China'se-commerceexportssurgedto33.65billionyuanlastyear,whileimportsrocketedto56.59billionyuan.3.China'scustomsauthoritywillcontinuetoboostcross-bordere-commerceandimproveservicestomeetChinesedemandtobuyforeigngoodsonline.4.Unliketraditionalforeigntrade,dealsmadethroughe-commerceplatformsofteninvolvesmallordersandtargetend-consumers,posingnewchallengestocustomscontrol.5.AdraftWCOframeworkofstandardsoncross-bordere-commercewillbediscussedtodetermineonthebasicprinciplesoncustomscontrolanddiscussionsovertheframeworkwillalsotouchupontradeconvenienceandsecurity,taxation,statisticsandcapacitybuilding.II.1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T參考答案4I.1. IthascausedfrictionwithmanyofChina’stradepartnersandAmericaisoneofthem.2. TheybelievetheappreciationoftheyuancanhelpUSreduceitstradedeficitwithChinaandeasedomesticinflationpressure.3. Ontheonehand,astrongerRMBisgoodnewsforthoseplanningoverseastravel,study,investmentandlarge-scalecompanyprocurement.AnditwillalsostimulateimportgrowthinChina.Ontheotherhand,appreciationoftheyuanwillharmChina’seconomy,bybringingpressureonexportgrowth.4. TheappreciationoftheyuanwillmakeChineseexportsmoreexpensiveandthereforereduceexportvolume.Duetoexportpressureandlowcompetitiveness,someexport-drivensmallandmediumcompaniesmaynotbeabletosurviveandhavetolayoffemployees.5. TheChineseGovernmentshouldencouragedomesticexporterstodiversifytheirmarket,purchasemoreproductsmadebytheUnitedStatesintheformofgovernmentprocurement,takemoreactivemeasures,suchasissuinganannulwhitepaper,andaccelerateChina’sreformofthefinancialsystem.6. OntheAmericanside,USconsumershadsavedUS$600billioninthepastdecadebybuyingcheapergoodsmadeinChina.Chinahadalsousedasignificantchunkofforeignexchangereserves,partlyearningsfromitstradesurplus,tobuyUSbonds.ForChina,exportsvolumecontributesalottotheeconomicgrowth.II.1.b2.f3.j4.c5.i6.d7.e8.a9.g10.hIII.人民幣升值對(duì)于中國(guó)市場(chǎng)是把“雙刃劍”。很多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，人民幣升值會(huì)傷害中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，而不是促進(jìn)其發(fā)展。人民幣升值會(huì)使中國(guó)出口商品變得昂貴，繼而會(huì)減少出口量。中國(guó)出口的生產(chǎn)材料主要是科技含量低的初級(jí)產(chǎn)品，導(dǎo)致了出口競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力較低。人民幣升值后，出口產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上攀升。因此，市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力將進(jìn)一步被減弱，給出口增長(zhǎng)帶來(lái)壓力。一些以出口為主的中小型公司可能無(wú)法生存，不得不解雇員工。IV.1. Asthecomprehensivestrengthofthenationaleconomygrows,theChinesecurrency,Renminbi(RMB),begantoappreciate.2. Astheaddedvalueoftheexportedproductsislow,theappreciationofRMBwillaffectChina’sexport.3. TradefrictionbetweentheUnitedStatesandChinawillincreaseinthecomingyears.4. Theprocessingofaprimaryproductwilladdvaluetotheproduct,therebyimprovingexportreturnsandcreatingjobopportunities.5. Itisofgreatimportancetopersistinsmall-magnitudeappreciationandtoimprovethemanagedfloatingexchangeratesystem.V.Omitted快速閱讀1I.1.Thereportcoveredseveralareas,includingtherateofinternationalization,initiativesinfluencinginternationalization,industrysentiment,RMB-denominatedfinancialassetsheldabroad,andforeignRMBbond-holding.2.398Chineseandoverseasenterprisesandfinancialinstitutionshavetakenpartinthesurvey.3.TheBeltandRoadInitiative,theinclusionofRMBintoSpecialDrawingRightscurrencybasketandpoliciestofurtheropenthemarketreleasedbyChineseregulators.4.Attheendof2017,totalRMB-denominatedfinancialassetsheldbyforeigninstitutionsandindividualsamountedto4.28trillionyuan(630billionU.S.dollars).5.ForeigninstitutionsincreasedRMBbond-holdingsby347.7billionyuan,andtotaloutstandingyuanbondsheldbyforeigninstitutionsattheyear-endreachedarecordhighlevelof1.15trillionyuan.II.1.T2.F3.T4.T5.T快速閱讀2I.1.Economistssaytherearemanyreasonsforthis,includingpossiblecontagionfromfinancialproblemsinTurkey.TheyalsosayinvestorsareworriedabouttheeffectsofthetradedisputebetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.2.ItisthefallofTurkey'sliraandthepossibilitythatitcouldbringdownothercurrenciesthathascausedproblemsinAsiancurrencymarkets.3.SomemediareportshavesaidthattheU.S.-ChinatradewarhascausedinvestorsinIndiatomoveawayfromlocalstocksandsimilarassets.4.VietnameseofficialsarefrightenedaboutrecentU.S.andChineseactionsandeveryoneisbeingcautious.5.FinancialofficialsofsomeAsiangovernmentshaveansweredmarketuncertaintybyraisinginterestrates.II.1.F2.F3.T4.F5.T參考答案5I.1. Atariffisataxordutyleviedoncommoditieswhentheycrossnationalboundaries,normallyanimportduty,forthepurposeofraisingtheirsellingpriceintheimportingnation’smarkettoreducecompetitionagainstdomesticproducers.Itisthemostcommonmethodofrestrictingtrade.2. Advalorem,specific,alternative,orcompound.Anadvaloremisfiguredasapercentageonthevalueofgoods.Itmaybebased,dependingonthecountry,eitheronthevalueofthegoodslandedattheportofdestination,orattheportinthecountryoforigin.Aspecificdutyrelatestolocalcurrencyperunitofgoodsbasedonweight,number,length,volume,orotherunitofmeasurement.Analternativedutyiswhereeitheranadvaloremdutyoraspecificonecanbeprescribedforaproduct,withtherequirementthatthemoreexertiveoneshallapply.Acompounddutyisacombinationofanadvaloremdutyandaspecificone.3. Contrarytotariffdutieswhicharerelativelytransparent,non-tariffbarriersareoftenmorecomplexanddifficulttosniffandthereforeassessthantariffs.Furthermore,non-tariffbarrierscanhavemoretrade-restrictiveeffectsthantariffs.4. Quotasandvoluntaryexportrestraints.5. Allthedistinctformsmaygenerallybeclassifiedunderthreeprincipalheadings:(a)directgovernmentparticipationintrade,(b)customsandotheradministrativeprocedures,and(c)variousstandards.II.1.c2.f3.a4.e5.h6.g7.b8.j9.d10.iIII.關(guān)稅會(huì)以下列四種形式出現(xiàn)：從價(jià)稅、從量稅、選擇稅或復(fù)合關(guān)稅。最常使用的一種是從價(jià)稅，是以商品價(jià)格的百分比計(jì)算，例如10%，20%或25%。根據(jù)不同國(guó)家，它們不是以到達(dá)目的港的商品價(jià)格為依據(jù)，就是以原產(chǎn)國(guó)港口的貨物價(jià)格為依據(jù)。從量稅是根據(jù)商品的重量、數(shù)量、長(zhǎng)度、體積或其他單位來(lái)征稅—例如，每磅或每碼25美元。選擇稅，即規(guī)定對(duì)一種產(chǎn)品既可以征收從價(jià)稅又可以征收從量稅，最終按照稅額更多的稅種征收。復(fù)合關(guān)稅，即對(duì)進(jìn)口貨物同時(shí)征收從量稅和從價(jià)稅，例如，征收商品價(jià)格的10%外加每千克1美元。IV.1. Theunionhasaskedthegovernmenttoimposetradebarrieronforeigncars.2. Tradebarriersusuallyconsistoftariffbarriersandnon-tariffbarriers.3. Tariffshavedeclinedworldwidefromanaverageof40%in1940to7%in1990.4. TheWTOhascontinuedtopushfortheeliminationoftradebarriers.5. Weshouldreducetradebarriersandenhanceeconomicandtradecooperationtoanewlevel.V.Omitted快速閱讀1I.1.T2.T3.F4.T5.FII.1.B2.C3.D4.A5.D快速閱讀2I.1. BecausetheyillegallygiveaidtoexporterswhosupplyplasticforEurope’srapidlygrowingsoft-drinksmarket.2. Allegationsofillegalsubsidiesinthethreecountries,aninvestigationandthentheproposal.3. EuropeanplasticsmakerswhosayillegaltradepracticesaresqueezingthemoutofEurope’smarket.4. Becausetheyfeardutieswilltranslateintoplasticshortages.5. Theythinkthatthetariffswillsqueezetheirprofitsandopentheirownoperationstocompetitionfromabroad,whilefailingtosavelocalplasticsproductionlongterm.II.1.T2.F3.F4.F5.F參考答案6I.1. Therearethreemethodstocalculateaproduct’s“normalvalue”.Themainoneisbasedonthepriceintheexporter’sdomesticmarket.Twoalternativesarethepriceatwhichtheproductissoldtoathirdcountry,andthe“constructedvalue”oftheproduct,whichiscalculatedonthebasisofthecostofproduction,plusselling,general,andadministrativeexpenses,andprofits.2. WTOmemberscanimposeanti-dumpingmeasures,if,afterinvestigationinaccordancewiththeAgreement,adeterminationismade(a)thatdumpingisoccurring,(b)thatthedomesticindustryproducingthelikeproductintheimportingcountryissufferingmaterialinjury,and(c)thatthereisacausallinkbetweenthetwo.3. Typicallyanti-dumpingactionmeanschargingextraimportdutyontheparticularproductfromtheparticularexportingcountryinordertobringitspriceclosertothe“normalvalue”ortoremovetheinjurytodomesticindustryintheimportingcountry.4. Anti-dumpingcanregulatethesituationarisingoutofthedumpingofgoodsanditstradedistortiveeffectandre-establishfairtrade,providingrelieftothedomesticindustryagainsttheinjurycausedbydumping.5. Onewayistoenhancethetechnologicalcontentsoftheexportproductsandaddedvaluetostrengthentheircompetitivenessforexportsoastowinhighpricebyhighquality.Enterprisesshouldalsomakeanearneststudyoftherelatedlawsinalienlandsandfosteragroupofanti-dumpingprofessionalsassoonaspossible.II.1.c2.e3.a4.g5.b6.h7.i8.d9.j10.fIII.如果在本國(guó)市場(chǎng)上的售價(jià)超過(guò)了在進(jìn)口國(guó)市場(chǎng)上的售價(jià)，那么在這個(gè)售價(jià)上就存在確定了（1）傾銷正在發(fā)生，（2）進(jìn)口國(guó)生產(chǎn)相似產(chǎn)品的國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)在遭受物質(zhì)損害，（3）兩者有因果關(guān)系，世貿(mào)組織成員就可以強(qiáng)制采取反傾銷措施。典型的反傾銷行動(dòng)的手段就是對(duì)特定出口國(guó)的特定產(chǎn)品額外征收進(jìn)口稅，以便使產(chǎn)品價(jià)格接近“正常值”或消除對(duì)進(jìn)口國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)的損害。IV.1. TheUShasaccusedJapanofdumpingmini-vanshereinAmerica.2. Anti-dumpingisoneoflegitimatemethodspermittedbyWTOtoresistunfaircompetitionfromabroad.3. Thegovernmentshallhavetheauthoritytoadoptpromptandeffectiveprovisionalmeasureswhereappropriate.4. Oneoftheprotectionmeasuresistolevyanti-subsidydutiesagainstimportedgoods.5. Inthepast,manyChinesecompanieswerereluctanttoparticipateinforeignanti-dumpingproceedings.V.Omitted快速閱讀1I. 1．F2.T3.T4.F5.T=2\*ROMANII.1.D.2.A3.C4.A5.C快速閱讀2I.1.Anti-dumpingpracticesbytheUnitedStates.2. ChinafiledadisputeagainsttheUnitedStates,takingissuewiththewayWashingtonassesseswhetherexportshavebeen"dumped"atunfairlylowpricesontotheUSmarket.3. TheWTO'sDisputeSettlementBody.4. Ifthetwopartieshavenotreachedagreementonasatisfactorycompensationwithin20daysoftheWTOdeadline,ChinacanrequestpermissiontoimposesanctionsontheU.S.5. Intotal,approximatelyUS$7.043billionannually.II.1.F2.T3.F4.T5.T參考答案7I.1. InFrankShallenberger’ssmall-businessclass,Shallenbergeraskedhisclasstoinventanewbusiness,describeitspurposeandcreateamarketingplanandhealsodefinedthetypeofpersonwhowasanentrepreneur,whichmadeKnightawareofwhathereallywouldliketodo.2. ItisonepartofJapaneseculture,soitcangiveevidencetothefactthatKnighthasbeenenamoredofJapanesecultureandbusinesspractices.3. Hefoundawaytoutilizesociety’sworshipofheroes,obsessionwithstatussymbolsandpredilectionforsingular,oftenrebelliousfigures.Nike’sseductivemarketingfocusesonacharismaticathleteorimage,rarelyevenmentioningorshowingtheshoes.4. BecauseKnightunderstoodandcapturedthezeitgeistofAmericanpopcultureandmarriedittosports.5. Hehasjumpedintotheanimationgame.II.1.g2.i3.a4.f5.b6.c7.d8.j9.h10.eIII.1. 從斯坦福大學(xué)畢業(yè)后，奈特勉強(qiáng)服從了父親的意愿，在波特蘭的一家會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所找了一份“真正”的工作。2. 但他堅(jiān)信，這些廉價(jià)的、高性能的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋定能擊敗市場(chǎng)上像阿迪達(dá)斯、匡威、凱德這樣的頂級(jí)品牌。3. 1972年耐克運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋的銷售額達(dá)到320萬(wàn)美元，在之后的十年中每年的利潤(rùn)都翻了一番。4. 即使邁克爾·喬丹極具運(yùn)動(dòng)員風(fēng)范，魅力超凡，單憑他自己的力量也無(wú)法使耐克成為像可口可樂(lè)、麥當(dāng)勞這樣的全球知名品牌。5. 奈特理解并抓住了美國(guó)流行文化的時(shí)代精神，使之與體育聯(lián)姻，因此，耐克成為了一種文化符號(hào)。6. 他找到一種方法，充分利用了社會(huì)對(duì)英雄的崇拜、對(duì)身份象征的迷戀以及對(duì)一些叛逆?zhèn)€體的偏好。IV.1. PriortohisappointmentasCEO,Mr.Moorehadworkedatthecompanyfortwelveyears.2. Achiefexecutiveofficeristhehighest-rankingcorporateadministratorinchargeoftotalmanagementofanorganization.3. PeoplealwaystrytounveilhowtheoutstandingCEOshavesucceededinundertakingtheirresponsibilities.4. TheCEOisresponsibleforthesuccessorfailureofthecompany,especiallyinastartup.5. ACEOmusthaveabalanceofinternalandexternalinitiativestobuildasustainablecompany.V.Omitted快速閱讀1I.1.F.2.F3.T4.T5.FII.1.B2.D3.D4.A5.A快速閱讀2I.1. Itturnedhimintooneofthearea’sleadingcitizens.2. ItwasattheexpositionthatHersheyfirstbecamefascinatedwiththeartofchocolatemaking,beganproducingchocolatecoating,andthenstartedtheHersheyChocolateCompany.3. BecauseuptothentheprocessofmakingmilkchocolatehadbeenkeptacloselyguardedsecretbytheSwiss.4. Becauseitwasconvenienttotheportcitiesthatcouldprovidecocoabeansandsugar,surroundedbydairyfarmsandendowedwithahardworkingpopulace.5. Workerswhoweretreatedfairlyandwholivedinacomfortable,pleasantenvironmentwouldbebetterworkers.II.1.F2.T3.T4.T5.F參考答案8I.1. 1951:theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC)

1957:theEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity(Euroatom)andtheEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC)(theTreatiesofRome)

1967:theEuropeanCommunity(EC)

Thus,theEuropeanUnion(EU)(theTreatyofMaastricht)2. TheEuropeanCommissionisthecoreinstitutionthatrunsthedaytodaybusinessandtheonlyEuropeaninstitutionthatcandraftlegislation.

TheEuropeanParliamentprovidesademocraticforumfordebate.Ithasawatchdogfunctionandalsoplaysapartinthelegislativeprocess.

TheCounciloftheEuropeanUnionisthemaindecision-makinginstitution.

TheEuropeanCourtofJusticeadjudicatesondisputesrelatingtoEUpowersanddecisionmaking.3. OneprimebenefitofNAFTAisthatgoodsshippedbetweenthethreecountrieshavelabelsprintedinthreelanguages:French,Spanish,andEnglish.AnotheristhattheNAFTAagreementalsoencouragesgreaterimmigrationbetweenthethreecountries.4. Notexactly.TheEU,likeNAFTA,isaneconomicunionthatfostersgreatertradeandcooperationbetweenalargehandfulofthecountriesofEurope.EUmembers,however,haveacommoncurrency“Euro”,whileNAFTAmembersdonot.Also,theEUhasapoliticalelementanditsowngovernment,neitherofwhichNAFTAhas.5. APECistheonlyinter-governmentalgroupingintheworldoperatingonthebasisofnon-bindingcommitments,opendialogueandequalrespectfortheviewsofallparticipants.UnliketheWTOorothermultilateraltradebodies,APEChasnotreatyobligationsrequiredofitsparticipants.DecisionsmadewithinAPECarereachedbyconsensusandcommitmentsandundertakenonavoluntarybasis.6. Regionaleconomicintegrationbringsabouttradecreation;enlargesthemarketcapacity;stimulatescompetitionandinvestment;facilitatestheflowoffactorsofproduction;promotesinternationaldivisionoflabor;enhancesproductivityandreducestransactioncosts,sothattheresourcesareeffectivelyallocatedamongthemembers.Thetotalwelfareofallmemberswillincreaseafterintegration.Theprospectsofthesebenefitshelpedtheemergenceofregionalorganizationsforeconomicintegration.II.1.d2.g3.a4.f5.b6.c7.i8.j9.e10.hIII.區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化常指某些在一定的區(qū)域范圍內(nèi)，地理相鄰的國(guó)家建立合作組織，以減少并最終取消關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅壁壘，使商品、服務(wù)以及生產(chǎn)要素可以在各成員國(guó)間自由IV.1. TheoverallstrategicgoalofPan-PearlRiverDeltaregionaleconomiccooperationistoachieveregionaleconomicintegration.2. CitizensoftheEUcantravelwithoutrestrictionwithintheEU.3. Inameredecade,APEChasgrowntoakeyeconomiccooperationforumintheworld,boasting21membersintheAsia-Pacific.4. IntheG20,industrializedcountriesandemergingmarketscometogethertoshareideasandpromotefinancialstability.5. TheASEANhasbecomearepresentationforregionalcooperationinSoutheastAsia.V.Omitted快速閱讀1I.1.F2.T3.T4.F5.FII.1.A2.D3.B4.D5.D快速閱讀2I.1.ItseekstoexpandmaritimeroutesandlandinfrastructurenetworksconnectingChinawithAsia,AfricaandEurope,boostingtradeandeconomicgrowth.2.Theyarepolicycoordination,facilitatingconnectivity,unimpededtrade,financialintegrationandestablishingnewbondsbetweenpeople.3.In2013,China’sPresidentXiJinpingdrewinspirationfromtheconceptoftheSilkRoadestablishedduringtheHanDynasty2000yearsago.4.Becausethroughpolicyreform,ChinaandBRIpartnersaresuccessfullyworkingtogethertofacilitatetradeandinvestmentactivitiestoensurelowernon-tariffbarriers,transparencyoftechnicalmeasuresandthefreeflowoflabor–allkeytocreatingahealthybusinessenvironmentintheregion.5.Theywillneedtodeepentheirunderstandingofneighboringcountries,coordinateeconomicdevelopmentstrategiesandpolicies,andbuildacoherentgovernancearchitecturethatencouragestransparency,inclusivenessandaccountability.II.

1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F參考答案9I.1. Theenvironmentprovidesmanybasicinputsofeconomicactivity—forests,fisheries,metals,minerals—aswellastheenergyusedtoprocessthosematerials.Tradeandinvestment,inturn,areaffectedbyenvironmentalconcerns,asproducersandinvestorsmustcomplywithenvironmentalregulationsandmarketsmustaddresstheconsumerdemandforgreenergoods.2.Tradeandinvestmentrules.3. “Relationsinthefieldoftradeandeconomicendeavorshouldbeconductedwithaviewtoraisingstandardsofliving...seekingbothtoprotectandpreservetheenvironmentandtoenhancethemeansfordoingso.”4. US-JordanFreeTrade.5. Environmentalagreementsandeffectivenationalenvironmentalpolicieshelptodecreasethepossibilitythateconomicintegrationcouldleadcountriestorelaxtheirhealth,safetyandenvironmentalstandardsinordertoattractinternationalinvestmentorgainacompetitiveadvantageinthemarketplace.II.1.c2.j3.g4.a5.i6.b7.h8.e9.f10.dIII.世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化有可能導(dǎo)致一些國(guó)家為了吸引外資或?yàn)榱嗽谑袌?chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中獲得一席之地而放松健康、安全和環(huán)境方面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。世貿(mào)環(huán)境協(xié)議以及有效的國(guó)家性環(huán)境政策降低了這種可能性。如果沒(méi)有適當(dāng)?shù)慕?jīng)濟(jì)政策，日益發(fā)展的全球化經(jīng)濟(jì)及全球化投資也許不能持續(xù)發(fā)展下去，世貿(mào)環(huán)境協(xié)議也重申了這一點(diǎn)。這些協(xié)議正是為了減慢或阻止環(huán)境的進(jìn)一步惡化而簽署的，目前這些協(xié)議有的仍處于談判狀態(tài)，有的已經(jīng)開始實(shí)施。IV.1. Theseenterprisesmustbemadetocomplywiththeenvironmentalregulations,otherwise,theconsequenceswillbequiteserious.2.Asidefrommotorcars,thefactoryturnsoutbicycles.3.Let’stakethecompanyasanexampletoseehowtheydotheirexporttrade.4.Toomuchworkandtoolittlerestoftenleadtoillness.5.Climatechangeresultsfromthedestructionoftheenvironment.V.Omitted快速閱讀1I.1.Theaimofthemeeting,hostedbytheZoologicalSocietyofLondon,istofindnewwaystoprotectanimalsandreducedemandforwildlifeproducts.2. PrinceCharlesandPrinceWilliam,DukeofCambridgewilljointhemeetinghostedbytheUKgovernment.3.Poacherskilledrhinosfortheirhorns.4.20,000elephantswerekilledinAfricaduring20125.Tigersarethoughttonumberjust3,200inthewild.II.1.F2.T3.T4.F5.T快速閱讀2I.Becausecitiesareconcrete,glassandsteel–theylookandactunnaturally-absorbingheatandrepellingwater.CarloBeckerTheSpongeCitystrategyaimstokeeprainwaterwhereitlands,toimitatethenaturalwatercycle.It’slikeaspongeanditsoaksthewaterduringheavyrainfallandthenit’susedbytheplants,sotheyta