非謂語動詞用法詳解doingdone非謂語動詞todo現(xiàn)在分詞動名詞概念：非謂語動詞（Non-finiteVerbs）是指句子中不能作謂語的動詞形式，是動詞的特殊形式，保留了動詞某些特征，相當(dāng)于名詞、形容詞、副詞，可以充當(dāng)除謂語以外的其他成分。常見的形式有：動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）。非謂語動詞使用的條件：一個句子中已經(jīng)有謂語動詞，在沒有連詞出現(xiàn)情況下，還有別的動詞出現(xiàn)時，要用非謂語動詞。Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,butleftherhandbagonherseat.非謂語動詞在句子中所作成分一覽表主語賓語表語定語狀語賓語補(bǔ)足語不定式√√√√√√動名詞√√√√現(xiàn)在分詞√√√√過去分詞√√√√一、動名詞的基本構(gòu)成：動名詞(Gerund)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone二、動名詞的性質(zhì)：動名詞既有動詞的特征，可以加賓語；又有名詞的特征，可以被形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格修飾。Areyoufororagainsthavingthemeeting?John'snotknowingEnglishgrammartroubledhimalot.三、動名詞的句法功能：動名詞有名詞和形容詞的句法功能，所以在句中可以做主語、賓語、表語、定語成份。1.動名詞作主語動名詞作主語表示抽象或經(jīng)常性發(fā)生的動作，有時可以和不定式互換。Seeingisbelieving./Toseeistobelieve.眼見為實(shí)。

Swimmingisthebestsportinsummer.Thereisnoneedinforminghimofit.注意：①動名詞做主語與不定式作主語的區(qū)別：不定式做主語表示一次性、具體的動作，而動名詞作主語表示經(jīng)常性或抽象的動作。

Gettingupearlyisgoodhabit.Togetupearlythismorningmademesleepy.②動名詞短語作主語時，常將一些較長的動名詞短語置于句尾，而用it作形式主語，常用句型有：

nouse/good

uesful/uselessItis/was+oflittleuse/good+doingsth.

awasteoftimeworthIt'snousecryingoverspiltmilk.覆水難收。It'swasteoftimearguingwithsuchaperson.It'sworthmakinganappointmentbeforeyougo.2.動名詞作賓語動名詞既可以作動詞賓語，也可以作介詞賓語。①只能接動名詞作賓語的動詞有：consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon,admit,delay/putoff,fancy(想要)，avoid,miss,keep/keepon,practice,deny,finish/complete,enjoy/appreciate,forbid,imagine,risk,can'thelp(禁不住)，mind,allow/permit,escape.口訣：考慮建議盼原諒，承認(rèn)推遲沒得想。避免錯過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞。禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡。Weareconsideringchangingtheplan.Afterhearingthefunnystory,allofuscouldn'thelplaughingeartoear.Wouldyoumindringingmeuptomorrow?Doyoufancygoingoutthisevening?②接動名詞做賓語的動詞短語和句式（即動名詞做介詞的賓語）beused/accustomedto,leadto,devoteto,stickto,objectto,getdownto(開始做，著手做),payattentionto,giveup,feellike,insiston,havedifficulty(in),haveagood/wonderful/hardtime(in),spendtime(in),befondof,thereisnosensein(毫無意義)...

I'mlookingforwordtoyourcomingnexttime.Heisfondofwatchingsportsgames.Onceyouwanttodosomething,youmustgetdowntodoingitwell.Thereisnosenseinworryingaboutthepast.④形式賓語it:當(dāng)動名詞作賓語時，如果后面有形容詞或名詞作賓補(bǔ)，常用it做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語后置，即“主語+consider/think/find/believe+it+nogoo/nouse/useless/awasteoftime+doingsth.”Wefounditnogoodarguingwithothers.Heconsidereditnousewaitingforotherstohelp.Weshouldbelieveitawasteoftimewatchingsomeboringvedios.③主動形式表示被動含義：

有些動詞(want,need,require,deserve)后雖然跟動名詞的主動形式做賓語，但實(shí)際表達(dá)被動含義,這時主語通常是物。

Your

carneedsrepairing.Thetreeswantwatering.Thiscitydeservesstudyingcarefully.3.動名詞作表語動名詞做表語時相當(dāng)于名詞，說明主語的含義及內(nèi)容，它與主語是是對等關(guān)系，主語與表語互換位置不影響句子的的基本含義。這時主語是無生命事物的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的主語從句。

HerfirstdelightwasgoingtotheTower.(人教版5U2)=GoingtotheTowerwasherfirstdelight.Myjobislookingafterthechildren.=Lookingafterthechildrenismyjob.WhatIhatemostisbeinglaughedat.=BeinglaughedatiswhatIhatemost.動名詞作定語的情況并不普遍，一般只限于單個的動名詞作名詞的定語，表示所修飾名詞的用途或功能，在意義上相當(dāng)于“名詞+for+doing”。swimmingpool游泳池readingmaterial閱讀材料walkingstick手杖openingspeech開幕詞waitingroom候車室listeningaid助聽器NoflyingmachinewilleverflyfromNewYorktoParis.(外研社版4M1)4.動名詞作定語現(xiàn)在分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，所以在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)表語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和狀語四種成分。

A.

現(xiàn)在分詞所表達(dá)的含義：現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示與謂語動詞的動作同時發(fā)生，完成式表示的在謂語動作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語。Theywenttothepark,singingandtalking.(同時發(fā)生)Havingdone

hishomework,heplayedbasketball.(完成式的動作先發(fā)生)

Theproblembeingdiscussedisveryimportant.

B.

現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式：not

doing,nothavingdone,notbeingdone,nothavingbeendone.Notlikingmaths,shegaveitup.Nothavingreceivedananwser,hedecidedtowriteanotherlettertoher.現(xiàn)在分詞(PresentParticiple)1.現(xiàn)在分詞作表語現(xiàn)在分詞作表語用來解釋主語的狀態(tài)和特征。

Thestoryissomoving.Thepresentsituationisinspiring.Thefilmbeingshowninthecinemaisexciting.注意：①現(xiàn)在分詞作表語與進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別：進(jìn)行時里的動詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動作；現(xiàn)在分詞作表語相當(dāng)于形容詞，表示事物特征，且與系動詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。

Wearemovingtoanewhouse.(進(jìn)行時)It'sverymovingtoseehowmuchstrangerscancareforeachother.(表語)

②現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別：

Thejobissotiring.Ifeltsotired.Thegirlgotsoexcitedbecauseshewonthefirstprize.Theresultofthegamewassoexciting.從上述例句我們可以總結(jié)出：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語“令人感到...的”，說明主語的特征，主語通常是物（也可以是人）；過去分詞表示主語“感到...的”，通常說明人的感受。

Theladyispleasingtotheeye.這位女士的樣貌令人賞心悅目。Theboyissodisappointing,sincehefailedagainintheexam.這個男孩考試又沒通過，真是讓人失望啊。②

現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別：

Thejobissotiring.Ifeltsotired.Thegirlgotsoexcitedbecauseshewonthefirstprize.Theresultofthegamewassoexciting.從上述例句我們可以總結(jié)出：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語“令人感到...的”，說明主語的特征，主語通常是物（也可以是人）；過去分詞表示主語“感到...的”，通常說明人的感受。

3.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)作定語時相當(dāng)于形容詞，要放在被修飾的名詞之前；如果是分詞短語作定語時可以轉(zhuǎn)化為定語從句，要放在名詞之后。①前置定語（單個分詞）A.表示動作正在進(jìn)行：risingsunrunningwaterfallingleavebarkingdogB.表示事物特征：interestingjokemovingfilmamusingstorytiringwork②后置定語（分詞短語）

Themanstandingthereismyfather.=Themanwhoisstandingthereismyfather.Thepatientbeingoperatedismysister.=Thepatientwhoisbeingoperatedismysister.2.現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語用來補(bǔ)充說明賓語的狀態(tài)，與賓語是主動關(guān)系且動作正在進(jìn)行。常見的跟現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有：①感官動詞：see,watch,notice,lookat,listento,hear,smell.②部分使役動詞：keep,have,leave,set.Hesawabirdflyinginthesky.Jimsmeltsomethinginthekitchenburning.Myfatherkeptmeplayingthepianoawholeday.Canyouhearhersingingthesonginthenextroom?4.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語時，通常都表示主語正在進(jìn)行的除謂語以外的另一動作，對謂語加以修飾或作為陪襯，可以表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨動作，相當(dāng)于對應(yīng)的狀語從句。①時間狀語，多置于句首。Walkinginthestreet,Imetanoldfriend.=WhenIwalkinginthestreet,Imetanoldfriend.Havingwateredtheflowers,hebegantocutthegrass.=Afterhewateredtheflowers,hebegantocutthegrass.Beingsick,Istayedathome.=BecauseIwassick,Istayedathome.Notknowingheraddress,Ican'twritertoher.=SinceIdon'tknowheraddress,Ican'twritertoher.③條件狀語，多置于句首。Takingthepaththatleadsoutofthetown,youwillcometoadensewood.=Ifyoutakethepaththatleadsoutofthetown,youwillcometoadensewood.Seeingfromthetopofhill,youwillenjoybeautifulsceneryofthewholecity.=Ifyouseefromthetopofhill,youwillenjoybeautifulsceneryofthewholecity.②原因狀語，多置于句首，這時現(xiàn)在分詞的動詞多數(shù)表示心理狀態(tài)：be,feel,know,recognize,fear,think等。④結(jié)果狀語，置于句尾。一般表示正常的或自然的結(jié)果。

Herhusbanddiedtenyearsago,leavingherwiththreechildrentolookafter.=Herhusbanddiedtenyearsago,andleftherwiththreechildrentolookafter.Heglancedather,notingthatthoughshewastiny,sheseemedverywell.=Heglancedather,andnotedthatthoughshewastiny,sheseemedverywell.⑤伴隨狀語，置于句尾或句首。特點(diǎn)：現(xiàn)在分詞的動作或狀態(tài)是伴隨著句子謂語動作而發(fā)生或存在。

Hesatinthearmchair,readinganewspaper.Allnightlonghelayawake,thinkingoftheproblem.Istoodbythedoor,notdaringtosayaword.⑥方式狀語，置于句尾。這類狀語易與伴隨狀語混淆，它可以用來回答how或bywhatmeans的問題。Peopleprobablycookedtheirfoodinlargepools,usingtwigstoremoveit.Myflightwasdelayed,soIkilledtwohoursreadingabook.⑦讓步狀語，置于句首。

Grantingthistobetrue,wecannotexplainit.=Althoughwegrantedthistobetrue,wecannotexplainit.Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.=Eventhoughhehadbeentoldmanytimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.⑧為強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在分詞動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生，現(xiàn)在分詞前可用連詞when,while等;為強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在分詞動作與謂語動作之前或之后發(fā)生，現(xiàn)在分詞前可用連詞before,after等

。

Becarefulwhencrossingtheroad.Don'tlaughwhileeating.Beforegoingabroad,helivedherefor20years.AfterwathcingTV,hewenttobed.⑨現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語時，前面可以加介詞on,表示“一...就...”。

OnarrivinginBeijing,hewenttoseehisuncle.=AssoonashearrivedinBeijing,hewenttoseehisuncle.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語時，其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致，且必須與句子主語是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這時，現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作是次要動作，因?yàn)榫渥又幸粋€主語有多個動作。

(see)fromthetopofthehill,thecitywasextremelybeautiful.

(feel)hungry,webuiltafirebythelakeandbarbecuedthefish.

SeenFeeling

1.Rewritethesentences.①Thewitchleaptintotheairandvanished.

②Thebearcameoutofthebushes,showeditsteethandmadealotofnoise.

2.TranslatethesentencesintoEnglish.①在鄉(xiāng)下工作了三年后，他學(xué)會了如何種蔬菜。

②譯成了多種語言之后，這本書已經(jīng)聞名于世了。

③一聽到這個傷心的消息，他們就大哭起來。Onhearingthesadnews,theyburstintotears.Havingbeentranslatedintoseverallanguages,thebookbecamefamousallovertheworld.

Havingworkedinthecountrysideforthreeyears,heknewhowtogrowvegetables.Leapingintotheair,thewitchvanished.Showingitsteethandmakingalotofnoise,thebearcameoutofthebushes.

動詞不定式(Infinitive)一、動詞不定式的基本構(gòu)成：主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式todotobedone進(jìn)行式tobedoing——完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone二、不定式時態(tài)與語態(tài)的用法1.不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之后，或與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，用不定式的一般式。

Iamsorrytohearthatheartbreakingnews.

Sheishelpingustocleanthewindow.Heaskedmetobuyhimsomedrinks.Heeagerlyexpectedtoreunitewithhisfamilies.2.強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式的動作正在進(jìn)行時，用不定式的進(jìn)行式。

Whenhismothercamein,hepretendedtobereading.Thefamouswriterissaidtobewritinganovel.

3.強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式的動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生時，或在某個特定的時間之前已完成的動作，用不定式的完成時。I

amashamedtohavementionedit.WehopetohavefinishedthejobbynextSaturday.4.不定式的完成進(jìn)行式表示不定式的動作在謂語動作之前一直在持續(xù)。

Heappearstohavebeenwaitingalongtime.I'dliketohavebeensittingtherewhenshewalkedin.5.當(dāng)句子的主語是不定式動作的承受者時即(被動關(guān)系)，不定式用被動式。Ihavetoshouttobeheardwhenkidsareplayingintheroom.ThebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoEnglish.三、動詞不定式的的句法功能：動詞不定式有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征，因此可以在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語、定語成份。To

dothatsortofthingisfoolish.Iwanttoseeyourhomeworktomorrowmorning.Allyouhavetodoistofinishitquickly.Wehavefoundahouseappropriatetolivein.ManyforeignerscameheretolearnChinese.Iwarnthepatientsnottoeatcoldfoodafteroperations.

主語

賓語

賓語補(bǔ)足語

表語

定語

狀語1.不定式作主語A.

不定式作主語時，可以放在謂語動詞之前。Toseeistobelieve。Nottogetthereintimeisyourfault.B.

還可以用it代替不定式作形式主語，而將todo放在謂語動詞之后，使句子保持平衡。句型1：It+takes/took

+todo...

Ittakesusanhourtogettherebybus.句型2：It's+n.+todo...

It'sourdutytohelpthepoor.句型3：Itis+adj.+for/ofsb.

+todo...1.Itis+adj.+forsb.+todo...(形容詞是表示事物特征的:easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,necessary...)It'seasyformetofinishthisworkbeforeten.Itisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninanhour.2.Itis+adj.+ofsb.+todo...(形容詞是表示人的品質(zhì)的：wise,good,kind,clever,honest,silly,stupid,foolish,careless...)Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingthattheteachersays.It'simpoliteofyoutospeaktotheteacherlikethat.2.不定式做賓語A.

一般接不定式做賓語的動詞有：decide,determine,learn,want,expect,hope,wish,refuse,manage,care,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask,beg,help等。口訣：

決心學(xué)會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝。主動答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃，同意請求幫一幫。Shepretended

nottoseemewhenIpassedby.Weagreedtomeetherebutsofarshehasn'tturnedupyet.Wouldyoucaretojoinusfordinnertonight?Jonehadsaidhewishedtobeanengineer.Hehadpromisedtogivemeahand.Idon'texpecttomeetyouhere.例句：注意：下面這些動詞既可以接不定式，也可以接動名詞做賓語。①begin

+todo/-ing

意義相同

start

②likelove+todo/-ing

意義有細(xì)微差別hate

prefer

③continue+todo表示繼續(xù)或停下來做另一件事goon+todo/-ingstop+-ing表示繼續(xù)或停止做同一件事

④

trytodo設(shè)法去做...meantodo打算要做...

trydoing嘗試去做...

meandoing意味著...

remembertodo記得要做...forgettodo忘記要做...

rememberdoing記得做過...forgetdoing忘了做過...regettodo很遺憾要...regretdoing后悔做過....1.Boys,don'tforget

thewindowsbeforeyouleavetheclassroom.A.closingB.closesC.toclosingD.toclose2.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped

onabigrock.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest3.Weregret

youthatyourapplicationhasnotbeensuccessful.

A.toinformB.informingC.informD.tobeinformed4.I'mfeelingveryguilty—I'vebeenmeaning

myparentsfordays,butstillhaven'tgotaroundto(抽出時間)it.A.callingB.tocallC.calledD.tobecalled練習(xí)：B.形式賓語it:當(dāng)不定式作賓語時，如果后面有形容詞或名詞做賓補(bǔ)，常用it作形式賓語，而真正的賓語需要后置，放在賓補(bǔ)之后，即“主語+consider/think/find/feel/make/believe+it+adj./n.+todosth.Idon'tfeelitdifficulttofinishtheworkinsuchashorttime.Shefindsitinterestingtolearnmusic.Allthesenoisesmadeitimpossibleformetogoonwiththework.Hemakesitarulenevertoborrowmoney.Marythinksitherdutytohelpus.3.不定式作表語A.不定式作表語，一般放在系動詞be或seem等之后。主語通常是wish,idea,work,task,job,aim,duty,plan等詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句表示，不定式通常說明主語的內(nèi)容。Hiswishistobeapoliceman.Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.B.有些句型里主語和表語都是不定式，其含義往往一個是條件，一個是結(jié)果。Tobekindtotheenenmyistobecrueltooneself.Todothatwouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe.

A.常跟不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有:advise,allow,ask,beg,encourage,expect,force,invite,order,permit,persuade,remind,require,teach,tell,want,wish等。

Whensummercomes,theywillinvitetheirstudentstopickupthefreshvegetables.Thedoctorwarnedhimnottoeattoomuchmeat.Youarenotallowedtosmokehere.Hewasnotsurewhetherhewishedhertostayornot.4.不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語B.

常跟省略to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有：make,let,have,hear,see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,listento,feel等部分使役動詞和感官動詞（口訣：一感，二聽，三使，四看，一注意）。注意：help后面可跟帶to或省略to的不定式做賓補(bǔ)。

Theteacherhadusrecitethetexyeveryday.IheardhersinganEnglishsongjustmow.Iwaslettodotheexperimentalone.(被動式要加to)Washenoticedtoleavethehouse?動詞不定式在主動語態(tài)中用省略投的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，在被動句中要用帶to的不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語。5.不定式作狀語動詞不定式做狀語用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，通常表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等。①不定式作目的狀語的情況較多，可以放在句首或句尾，置于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。

Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbernottoforgetit.(Inorder)tomeettheboss,hehaswaitedattheairportfor2hours.②不定式作結(jié)果狀語常用在固定結(jié)構(gòu)中:so...

asto...,such...asto...,...enoughto...,too...to...,only/justto...(常表示出乎意料或事與愿違的結(jié)果)I'mnotsostupidafoolastowriteitdown.Weshouldbeconfidentenoughtoreachouttohelpthem.Janehurriedbackonlytofindthathermotherhaleft.③不定式作原因狀語時，多見于“sb.+be+adj.+todosth.”結(jié)構(gòu)中。

I'mgladtostandheretogiveyouaspeech.I'mmorethanhappytoreceiveyourletter.WeareproudtobestudentsofChina.6.不定式作定語不定式作定語是不定式用法里的難點(diǎn)，能否用不定式作定語修飾名詞或代詞，首先要分析不定式與被修飾詞之間是否構(gòu)成以下關(guān)系：①

動賓關(guān)系：被修飾的名詞或代詞實(shí)際是不定式的邏輯賓語。Shehasnothingtosayonthisevent.(tosaynothing)He

toldmehehadacompositiontowrite.(towriteacomposition)Iwanttogetsomethingtodrink.(todrinksomething)

注意：A.上述例子中的不定式必須是及物動詞，如果是不及物動詞，必須帶一個結(jié)構(gòu)或含義上所需的介詞。

Willyoupleasebringmeachairtositon?Shehasmanythingstoworryabout. B.

當(dāng)不定式與被修飾詞之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時，不定式可以是主動語態(tài)，也可以是被動語態(tài)，但其含義不同。

Doyouhaveanyclothestowash?你有衣服要洗嗎？（不定式towash的邏輯主語是主語you）Doyouhaveanyclothestobewashed?你有衣服要我或別人幫你洗嗎？（不定式tobewashed的邏輯主語不是主語you）

②主謂關(guān)系：被修飾的名詞或代詞實(shí)際是不定式的邏輯主語。

Weneedsomeonetohelpwiththework.(someonewillhelpwiththework)

Hewasthelastonetoleavetheschool.(有序數(shù)詞或最高級修飾了中心詞，Hewasthebestmantodothejob.

其后要用不定式作后置定語)③同位關(guān)系：不定式是用來解釋被修飾的名詞的內(nèi)容，常見的名詞有：ability，chance,idea,fact,attempt,right等。

WehavemadeaplantolearnfromLeiFeng.（plan=tolearnfromLeiFeng）DoyouhavetheabilitytoreadandwriteinEnglish?(ability=toreadandwriteinEnglish)Inarrowlymissedthechancetogotoakeyuniversity.(chance=togotoakeyuniversity)④動狀關(guān)系：被修飾的名詞實(shí)際上表示不定式多的方式、時間、地點(diǎn)等。常見的名詞有：way,time,place。

Wehavegotanewwaytokillfieldmice.Shehasnotimetoseethefilm.Ihavetofindaplacetobeginourprogram.

注意：不定式做狀語時，通常用一般式和被動式，不定式的進(jìn)行式和完成式不能作定語。7.帶疑問詞的不定式短語動詞不定式前面可以帶疑問代詞what,which,who或疑問副詞how,when,where,why等。這種結(jié)構(gòu)其名次的作用，在句子里作主語、賓語、表語，或單獨(dú)使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不帶to。①用作句子成分。

Wheretogoisnotdecidedyet.(作主語)Idon'tknowwhattodonext.(作賓語)Whatyoushouldconsiderishowtofinishyourworkontime.(作表語)②單獨(dú)使用。Howtodealwithit?whentorepairthemachine?whynottakeaholiday?

一、過去分詞的形式1.規(guī)則形式：大部分動詞都是加-ed。opened,loved,studied,worked2.不規(guī)則形式：需要單獨(dú)記憶。

build—builtkeep—keptbreak—brokenswim—swumfight—fought(參考不規(guī)則動詞表)注意：過去分詞沒有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。過去分詞(PastParticiple)二、過去分詞的性質(zhì)過去分詞既有動詞的性質(zhì)，也有形容詞和副詞的性質(zhì)。1.動詞性質(zhì)表現(xiàn)為：其后可以有自己的狀語，并組成過去分詞短語。

HelikestoreadthebookswrittenbyLuxun.2.形容詞和副詞性質(zhì)表現(xiàn)為：過去分詞在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)表語、定語、賓語補(bǔ)足語和狀語四種成分。三、過去分詞所表達(dá)的含義1.語態(tài)上：過去分詞表示被動（現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動）Thesoldierswoundedinthewarhavegotcompensation.2.時態(tài)上：過去分詞表示完成（現(xiàn)在分詞表示進(jìn)行）developedcountriesboiledwaterfallenleaves四、過去分詞的句法功能1.過去分詞作表語過去分詞作表語時相當(dāng)于形容詞，表示主語的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。（主語一般是人）Shewastoofrightenedtomove.

Thechildrenweresatisfiedwithhisexplanation.注意：過去分詞作表語與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別：

Thisriverisheavilypolluted.(系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表狀態(tài))Thisriverwaspollutedbythechemicalplant.(被動語態(tài)，表動作)Thewindowsareclosed.(系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表狀態(tài))ThewindowswereclosedbyJack.(被動語態(tài)，表動作)因此，在被動語態(tài)中，過去分詞表動作，常由by引出動作的發(fā)出者。2.過去分詞作定語過去分詞作定語有兩種形式：當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)作定語時相當(dāng)于形容詞，要放在被修飾的名詞之前；如果是分詞短語作定語時可以轉(zhuǎn)化為定語從句，要放在名詞之后。

WeshouldpayattentiontoourspokenEnglish.Theyonlysellusedbooks.TheOlympicGamesheldin776B.C.lastedforonlyoneday.=TheOlympicGameswhichwereheldin776B.C.lastedforonlyoneday.Thisisoneoftheschoolsbuiltin1905.=Thisisoneoftheschoolswhichwerebuiltin1905.過去分詞在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語時表示賓語的動作已完成，或與賓語是被動關(guān)系，這類句子的謂語通常是：①感官動詞：see,hear,feel,watch,notice,find②意愿動詞:want,wish,expect③使役動詞：make,have,get,keepIfoundthesmalltownchangedalot.Hewantsthelettertypedrightaway.Wemustgetourhomeworkfinishedontime.Wesawthethiefcaghtbythepolice.3.過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語過去分詞做狀語，修飾謂語，常常表示時間、條件、原因、讓步、伴隨等情況，相當(dāng)于與對應(yīng)的狀語從句，與句子謂語是被動關(guān)系。①表時間

Whenofferedhelp,oneoftensays“Thankyou”or“It'skindofyou”.=Whenoneisofferedhelp,heoftensays“Thankyou”or“It'skindofyou”.Seenfromspace,theearthlooksblue.=Whentheearthisseenfromspace,itlooksblue.4.過去分詞作狀語②表?xiàng)l件

Keptinrefrigerator,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.=Ifthesevegetablesarekeptinrefrigerator,theywillremainfresh.Generallyspeaking,iftakenaccordingtothedirection,thedrughasnosideeffects.=Generallyspeaking,ifthedrugistakenaccordingtothedirection,ithasnosideeffects.③

表原因

Deeplymovedbythemovie,thegirlsbegantocry.=Asthegirlsweredeeplymovedbythemovie,theybegantocry.Orderedoveraweekago,thebooksareexpectedtoarriveatanytimenow.=Becausethebookswereorderedoveraweekago,thebooksareexpectedtoarriveatanytimenow.④表讓步Beatenbytheenemy,herefusetoletoutthesecret.=Althoughhewasbeatenbytheenemy,herefusetoletoutthesecret.Praisedbyallthepeoplearoundhim,thefamoussingerseemedupset.=Evenifthefamoussingerwaspraisedbyallthepeoplearoundhim,heseemedupset.⑤表伴隨

Theteachercameintothelab,followedbysomestudents.Dressedinhernewskirt,shetookthepartyheldbyherfriends.一、單項(xiàng)選擇1.

betterattention,thevegetablescouldhavegrownbetter.A.GivingB.GivenC.GiveD.Togive2.

byhisteacher,hehasmadegreatprogressinhislesson.A.HelpingB.TohelpC.HelpD.Helped3.

,thelittleboyislivingahappylife.A.TakinggoodcareofB.TakengoodcareC.HavingtakengoodcareofD.Takengoodcareof4.Unless

tospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvitedBDDA二、判斷句子正誤，并改正錯誤。1.BrokenbyJim,Ican'tusethecup.2.Beingill,hisclassmatessenthimtohospital.3.Togetthereintime,hetoldmetogetupearly.4.TolearnEnglishwell,alotofpracticemustbedone.5.Seeingfromthehill,thecityismorebeautiful.FFFFF6.Heating,waterwillboil.7.Gettingthere,thedoorwasfoundopened.8.Onourwayhome,wecouldn'thelptalkingaboutwhatwehadexperienced.9.Nowadaystherearesomestudentsusecellphonestocopyteachers'lecturenotes.10.Eighteenyearslater,thinkingaboutmyfatherandhisinfluenceonmylife,Ifeelverylucky.FFFTT

一般來說，非謂語動詞或短語作狀語時，其邏輯主語和句子主語一致。但有時候非謂語的動作不是由句子的主語發(fā)出的，它有自己的邏輯主語，這種形式就叫獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)由兩部分組成，前一部分是名詞或代詞，后一部分非謂語動詞或形容詞、副詞或介詞短語。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等，用來修飾整個句子。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(IndependentGenitiveStructure)

請對比以下例子：Givenmoretime，wecoulddoitbetter.Wegivenmoretime,itcouldbefinishedbetter.Havingexplainedthelesson,theteacherclosedhisbook.Theteacherhavingexplainedthelesson,thestudentsclosedtheirbooks.一、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的形式：①名詞/代詞+-ing形式

Themoonappearing,theydeciededtogoonwiththeirjourney.Thepupilsarewalkingslowly,theirteacherfollowing.

②名詞/代詞+-ed形式

Goodbyesaid,wewenthome.Allthingsconsidered,itisagoodplan.

③

名詞/代詞+todo在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和前面的名詞或代詞如果存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，用動詞不定式的主動形式；如果是動賓關(guān)系，用不定式的被動形式。Manytrees,flowersandgrasstobeplanted,ourschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.Thefourofusagreedonadevisionoflabor,eachtotranslateaquaterofthebook.

④

名詞/代詞+adj./adv.

Sheturnedtome,darkeyesbrilliantandexcited.

Computers?very?small,?we?can?use?them?widely.The?lights?off,?we?could?not?go?on?with?the?work.

⑤名詞/代詞+介詞短語The?huntsman?entered?the?forest,?gun?in?hand.?LiKui,hismotheronhisback,hurriedalongasmallpathtowardsthemountain.

⑥

名詞/代詞+名詞

Hisfirstshotfailure,hefiredagain.Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,

manyofthemchildren.

二、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句子里的位置1.如果獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的事件發(fā)生在句子的謂語動詞之前，就要放在句首，這樣不會產(chǎn)生邏輯上的混亂。2.當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，為前面所提到的一般敘述提供細(xì)節(jié)描寫的時候，總是放在后面。3.如果獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的動作，是修飾句子中前面謂語動詞的動作，而不是修飾后面謂語動詞的動作，這種情況下，就要把獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)放在句子中間。

My?shoes?removed，I?entered?a?low-ceilinged?room.Amancamein,hisfacehiddenbyanupturnedcoatcollarandacappulledlowoverhisbrow.Heranupthestairs,abunchofrosesunderhisarm,andranthebell.

三、with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（with+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語）這個結(jié)構(gòu)也可以看作是一種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，with后的賓語