2023年考研考博考博英語哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考試題專家版答案（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）答案解析附后第1卷一.綜合題(共20題)1.翻譯題Ifaskedtogiveoneexampleofasuccessfulinnovationinthepast10years,whatwouldcometomindfirst?Apple’sshinycoolgadgetsliketheIPhoneandtheIPad?OrtheemergenceofsocialnetworkingsitessuchastheFacebookanditsvariouscopycats?Weadmitthesedevicesandapplicationshavegreatlychangedourlifestyle.Wehaveneverbeforefeltsoconnectedandsocialnetworkingsitesarepowerfultoolsinmotivatingpeopletotakepartinworthysocialandciviccauses.Wechumoutoneniftygadgetafteranother,withbiggerscreensandlessbuttons.Wetweaktextandphoto-sharingsocialnetworkingsitestocreateanewproducttoshare,perhapsaudiosandvideos.Allofthesearewonderful,butwhatabouttrulygroundbreakingandvisionaryendeavorsthatwillprofoundlychangetheworldandhumanlife?Or,issomethingwrongwithourtechnologicaldevelopment?SteveBlank,writinginTheHuffintonPost,blamedsocialnetworkingandsocialmediacompaniessuchasFacebookforstiflinginnovation.BlankteachesentrepreneurshipatStanford,ColumbiaandtheUSNationalScienceFoundationInnovationCorps.Headvisespeople,especiallyventurecapitalists(VC),whowanttocommercializeinventions.BlankarguesthatthesuccessofFacebookandothersocialnetworkingandsocialmediacompaniesisdivertingventurecapitalfromseriousresearchwithamoreuncertainpayoff.HeistalkingaboutresearchthattrulyvisionaryVCsshouldbesupporting.Insteadof“investinginablockbustercancerdrugthatwillpaythemnothingfor15years”,BlanksaysVCsarethrowingtheirmoneyatthelatestandpossiblygreatestsocial-mediaideathatcanrunonsmartphonesortabletsinhopesofscoringaquickreturnwhenitgoesbig.’’Inthepast,"Blankwrote,"ifyouwereasuccessfulVC,youcouldmake$100milliononaninvestmentinfivetosevenyears.Today,socialmediastartupscanreturnhundredsofmillionsorevenbillionsinlessthanthreeyears"A1999reportintheWiremagazinepredicted,“TheconvergenceofmobilephonesandtheInternet,high-speedwirelessdataaccess,intelligentnetworks,andpervasivecomputingwillshapehowwework,shop,paybills,keepappointments,conductwars,keepupwithourchildren,andwritepoetryinthenextcentury.”Thirteenyearslater,wearealreadylivingintheworldthereportdescribed.Perhapsitistimeforustoask:Whatnow?2.翻譯題Thedistinctionbetweenthemechanizationofthepastandwhatishappeningnowis,however,notasharpone.Atoneextremewehavetheelectroniccomputerwithitsquiteremarkablecapacityfordiscriminationandcontrol,whileattheotherendofthescaleare“transfermachines”,astheyarenowcalled,whichmaybeassimpleasaconveyorbelttoanother.Anautomaticmechanismisonewhichhasacapacityforself-regulation;thatis,itcanregulateorcontrolthesystemorprocesswithouttheneedforconstanthumanattentionoradjustment.Nowpeopleoftentalkabout“feedback”asbeinganessentialfactorofthenewindustrialtechniques,uponwhichisbasedanautomaticself-regulatingsystemandbyvirtueofwhichanydeviationinthesystemfromdesiredconditionscanbedetected,measured,reportedandcorrected.When“feedback”isappliedtotheprocessbywhichalargedigitalcomputerrunsattheimmensespeedthroughalongseriesofsums,constantlyrejectingtheanswersuntilitfindsonetofitacomplexsetoffactswhichhavebeenputtoit,itisperhapsdifferentindegreefromwhatwehavepreviouslybeenaccustomedtomachines.3.單選題Astrophysicistswrestlingwiththestudyofanewkindofstar,theflat,‘two-dimensional”configurationsknownasaccretiondiskshaverecentlygainednewinsightsintothebehaviorofthesestars.Accretiondisksexistinavarietyofsituationswheremattersswirlaroundacompactstarsuchasawhitedwarfstaroraneutronstar.Accretiondisksarealsosuspectedofplayingapartinmoreexoticsituations,inwhichthecentralobjectisimaginedtobeasupermassiveblackhole,theultimateformofcollapsedmatter,ratherthanacompactstar.Themodelingofaccretiondisksisstillinitsinfancy,asituationanalogoustothedayswhenordinarystarsweremodeledbyusingelementaryscalinglawswithoutbenefitofknowledgeofthenuclearprocessesthatpowerthestars.Similarly,thebasicphysicsofthepowerbywhichaccretiondisksradiate,thoughttooriginateinaformofturbulentfriction,isknownonlyatthecrudestlevel.AccretiondiskswerefirstdefinedinthecontextofCataclysmicvariables.Inthesesystems,matterfromtheouterlayersofanordinarystarisattractedbythegravitationalinfluenceofanearbyorbitingwhitedwarfstar,thematterlostfromtheordinarystarcannotstrikethesurfaceofthetinywhitedwarfdirectlybutsettlesintoanorbitaroundthestar.Theviscosityinthediskthusformedcausesheating,radiation,andaslowspiralingofdiskmatterontothesurfaceofthewhitedwarf.TherapidadvancesmadeinX-rayastronomyinthepastdecadehaveidentifiedasecondtypeofsysteminwhichaccretiondisksoccur.Insuchasystem,anaccretiondiskwhirlsaboutaneutronstatratherthanawhitedwarf.Theinnerreachesoftheaccretiondiskextenddeeplyintothegravitationalpotentialoftheneutronstarwhereveryrapidmotionistherule.Theenergyreleasedbyfrictionandtheactualrainingofthematerialfromthediskontothesurfaceoftheneutronstarissogreatthatradiationisgivenoffinapowerfulfloodofx-rays.Andinatleastonecase,X-rayastronomersbelievethattheobjectinthecenterofanaccretiondiskisablackhole,suggestingthatathirdsystemmayexist.Ithadbeenassumedthatportionsofaccretiondiskswouldbeunstableandthat,asaresult,clumpingoftheirmatterintoringswouldoccur.Thereisnoevidencefromobservation,however,thataccretiondisksdo,infact,sufferfromtheseinstabilities.Inrecentwork,AbramowiczhasshownthataddedgravitationaleffectsduetogeneralrelativitymayaltertheexpectedNewtoniangravitationalrelationshipsinsuchawaythatthediskremainsstable,indicatingthatitispossiblethatthesepredictedinstabilitiesdonotoccur.Furtherprogresstowardunderstandingaccretiondiskswillinvolvedefiningandproposingsolutionstorestrictedproblemsjustaswasdoneinthiscaseandwasdoneandcontinuestobedoneforordinarystars.Abramowicz’workisavaluableexampleofthecarethatmustbetakenbeforereachingconclusionsregardingaccretiondisks.1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.2.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcurrentscientificknowledgeofthenuclearprocessesofordinarystars?3.ThepassagesuggeststhatAbramowicz’workwasmotivatedbywhichofthefollowingassumptions?4.Accordingtothepassage,someaccretiondisksoriginatedin（

）.5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthesignificanceofAbramowicz'workisthatit（

）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.comparingAbramowicz’worktotheworkofearlierastrophysicistsB.DefiningtheconditionsunderwhichaccretiondiskscanbeobservedC.ProvidinginformationaboutaccretiondisksanddiscussingsignificantnewworkD.Exploringthequestionofwhetherablackholecaneverbethecentralobjectofanaccretiondisk問題2選項(xiàng)A.Itspatternofdevelopmenthasbeenanalogoustothatofdevelopmentsinx-rayastronomy.B.Ithascontributedtoamoreaccuratemodelingofordinarystars.C.Itsroleintheexplanationofturbulentfrictionhasbeensignificant.D.Itlagsbehindknowledgeofscalinglaws.問題3選項(xiàng)A.Thequantityofenergyreleasedbyaccretiondiskscanbeaslargeasitisonlyifthedisksarestable.B.ImprovedtechniquesinX-rayastronomywouldrevealanyinstabilitiesoccurringinaccretiondisks.C.Thelackofobservationalevidenceofinstabilitiesinaccretiondiskssuggeststhatpredictionsoftheiroccurrencemightbewrong.D.Knownmethodsofobservingaccretiondisksurroundingcompactstarsandblackholesdonotpermittheobservationofthematterinaccretiondisks.問題4選項(xiàng)A.anincreaseinheatandradiationaroundanordinarystarB.apowerfulfloodofx-raysemittedbyaneutronstarC.theturbulentfrictiononthesurfaceofacompactstarD.Theaccumulationofmatterremovedfromanordinarystar問題5選項(xiàng)A.suggestsaresolutionofadiscrepancybetweenatheoreticalpredictionandactualobservationB.opensanewareaforexplorationinthefieldofx-rayastronomyC.provesthatscalinglawscannotbeappliedtoaccretiondisksD.proposesanewsystemofclassificationofstars4.單選題WhenIwasalittlegirl,lovedformymomtotellmestoriesaboutherself.Nomatterhowtiredshewas,sheneveradumbratedthem.Shewouldfillthemwithminutestdetails,andtheywerealwaysfascinating.Myfavoritestorywastheoneabouthowmymommetmydad:“Iwas17-years-old,butIalreadyknewthekindofmanIwouldmarry.Hewouldnotbetoogarrulous.Itellyou,Rosa,it’simportantforamantotaketimetolistentowhatyouhavetosay,andneverimpertinent.Politenessisagoodtrait.”“Well,I’msupposedtobetellingyouaboutthedayImetyourdaddy,right?Okay,soIwasridingtheAmtraktrainbetweenProvidenceandPhiladelphiaduringmyfreshmanyearatBrown,andthedoorattheendofmycarrattledopen.Hewastallandswarthy.Heworeathickivorycableknitsweaterwithagraywoolscarfwrappedfirmlyaroundhisneck.Icouldn’ttellwhathisheritagewasandthatintriguedme.WhatwasheIndian,Portuguese,Peruvian?”MomwouldpausehereandIwouldshout“CapeVerdean!”She’dcontinue.“Well,ifIhadbeenshyImighthavejustlookedoutthetrainwindow.ButthenwherewouldIbenow?Youwouldn’tevenbehere!SoIletmyeyeslockwithhisashewobbleddownthemovingtrain.”“Hesmiledaslightsmile,notabigone.Hiseyesraisedjustenoughtoletmeknowhehadsportedmetoo.”Ialwayslovedthislineandwouldsmileattheimageofmydadstumblingdownthetrainandthennoticingmyradiantmom.“SoRosa,oncewespottedeachother,yourdadfoundinfinitereasonstowalkpastmetogotothecafecar.Iwassittingbymyselfalongtheaisle.Sofinally,Ijustslidovertothewindow,leavingtheseatnexttomeempty.Yourdadcamebackwithtwocupsofhotcocoaandsatdownwithasmile.Andwehadthemostdelightfulconversation!”“Icouldtellrightthenthatthiswasnoephemeralcrushthiswastherealdeal.Iwasgoingtoenduplovingthismanforever.”HerecomesthepartIlovedbestaboutthestory.“WepullintothetrainstationinPhiladelphia,andit’stimeformetogetoff.HewasheadingontoWashingtonwherehewasgoingtoschool.IpreparedmyselfforsomehackneyedexpressionasIgotoffthetrain.Youknow,greatmeetingyou,oryou’retheappleofmyeye.Ialsoworriedhemighttrytosneakasmooch.Whichwouldhavebeenabigturnoff.We’djustmet!Instead,hetookmyhandgentlyandgaveitalittlesqueeze.Hesaid,4Ifit’sthethoughtthatcounts,consideryourselfkissed.”Mamasaidshejustaboutdiedwhenhesaidthat!Thenshesaidtoherself,“Thatmanwillbemyhusband.”Andsoheis.1.Asusedinthispassage,whichisthebestantonymfor“adumbrated”(Para.1)?2.WhymighttheauthorhavechosenRosaasthenarratoreventhoughitishermotherwhoistellingthemainstory?3.Whatisimpliedintheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph2?(“Well.IfIhadbeenshy,...themovingtrain.’’)4.Whichisthebestantonymfor“hackneyed”(Para.4)?5.WhatmayRosa’smombemeaningtoconveytoherchildbytellingthisstoiy?問題1選項(xiàng)A.InventedB.lengthenedC.understatedD.simplified問題2選項(xiàng)A.TomakethereaderlearnthestoryfromRosa’sperspective.B.Tomakeitclearthatthestoryhappenedalongtimeago.C.TomakeitclearthatRosa’smotherhaspassedaway.D.Tomakethestoryseemmorestraightforward.問題3選項(xiàng)A.Assoonastheylockedeyestheyfellinlove.B.Itisbesttobeoutspokeninallcircumstances.C.Rosareallywantedtojustlookoutthewindow.D.Aslightchangecouldhavegreatlyalteredherlife.問題4選項(xiàng)A.happyB.humorousC.originalD.over-used問題5選項(xiàng)A.TheadviceonwhattolookforinapartnerB.TheyearningtogobacktothattimeandplaceC.TheideathateducationshouldcomebeforemarriageD.ThesuggestionthatRosamightfindherhusbandonatrain.5.翻譯題當(dāng)中國成為世界上最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體時，我們會有什么感受？答案不用多久就會揭曉。幾周前國際貨幣基金組織發(fā)布一項(xiàng)報告指出，中國將會在五年內(nèi)成為世界第一大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。隨著中國日益崛起成為超級經(jīng)濟(jì)大國，一國的財(cái)富與個人財(cái)富的聯(lián)系正在被打破。中國既比西方國家富有，也比西方國家貧窮，它坐擁3萬億美元的外匯儲備，然而如果按當(dāng)前匯率來計(jì)算，美國的人均財(cái)力是中國的十倍。美國社會的相對富裕正是中國成為世界最大經(jīng)濟(jì)體之時卻不能成為世界最強(qiáng)國的原因之一。人們習(xí)慣性地把美國當(dāng)成是世界唯一超級大國，這也讓美國的世界政治主導(dǎo)地位比其經(jīng)濟(jì)地位更加長久。美國在世界各大機(jī)構(gòu)中都有根深蒂固的地位。有一個很重要的事實(shí)是，聯(lián)合國，國際貨幣基金組織以及世界銀行均坐落于美國。中國由于經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力的崛起而引發(fā)的政治問題，其鄰國的感受最為強(qiáng)烈。日本、南韓和澳大利亞發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的經(jīng)濟(jì)和戰(zhàn)略利益正在日益分歧，這三個國家都與中國有非常重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系，同時它們與美國也有相當(dāng)重要的軍事聯(lián)系。但是隨著時間的推移，中國的不斷增長的經(jīng)濟(jì)力量將會變得越來越舉足輕重。6.翻譯題Modemsciencehasopenedupthepathfortheprogressofproductiontechniquesanddeterminedthedirectionoftheirdevelopment.Manynewinstrumentsofproductionandtechnologicalprocessesfirstseethelightofdayinthescientificlaboratories.Aseriesofnewbornindustrieshavebeenfoundedonthebasisofnewly-emergeddisciplinesofscienceandtechnology.Ofcoursethereareandtherewillbemanytheoreticalresearchtopicswithnopracticalapplicationinplainsightforthetimebeing.Howeverahostofhistoricalfactshaveprovedthatonceamajorbreakthroughisscoredintheoreticalresearch,itmeanstremendousprogressforproductionandtechnologysoonerorlater.Contemporarynaturalsciencesarebeingappliedtoproductiononanunprecedentedscaleandatahigherspeedthaneverbefore.Thishasgivenallfieldsofmaterialproductionanentirelynewlook.Inparticularthedevelopmentofelectroniccomputersandautomationtechnologyisraisingthedegreeofautomationinproduction.Withthesameamountofmanpowerandinthesamenumberofwork-hours,peoplecanturnoutscoresorhundredsoftimesmoreproductsthanbefore.Howisitthatthesocialproductiveforceshavemadesuchtremendousadvancesandhowisitthatlaborproductivityhasincreasedbysuchabigmargin?Mainlythroughthepowerofscience,thepoweroftechnology.Therefore,wemaintainthatthedevelopmentofmodemscienceandtechnologyhaslinkedscienceandproductionevenclosertogether.Aspartoftheproductiveforces,scienceandtechnologyarecomingtoplayanevengreaterrolethaneverbefore.7.單選題Inacountrythatdefinesitselfbyideals,notbysharedblood,whoshouldbeallowedtocome,workandlivehere?InthewakeoftheSept11attacksthesequestionshaveneverseemedmorepressing.OnDec.11,2001,aspartoftheefforttoincreasehomelandsecurity,federalandlocalauthoritiesin14statesstaged“OperationSafeTravel”一raidsonairportstoarrestemployeeswithfalseidentification.InSaltLakeCitytherewere69arrests.Butthosecapturedwereanythingbutterrorists,mostofthemillegalimmigrantsfromCentralorSouthAmerica.Authoritiessaidtheundocumentedworkers’illegalstatusmadethemopentoblackmailbyterrorists.ManyimmigrantsinSaltLakeCitywereangeredbythearrestsandsaidtheyfeltasiftheywerebeingtreatedlikedisposablegoods.MayorAndersonsaidthosefeelingswerejustifiedtoacertainextent,“We’resayingwewantyoutoworkintheseplaces,we’regoingtolooktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsare,andthenwhenit’sconvenientforus,orwhenwecantrytomakeapointintermsofnationalsecurity,especiallyafterSept.11,thenyou’redisposable.Therearewholefamiliesbeinguprootedforallofthewrongreasons,”Andersonsaid.IfSept.11hadneverhappened,theairportworkerswouldnothavebeenarrestedandcouldhavegoneonquietlylivinginAmerica,probablyindefinitely.AnaCastro,amanagerataBen&Jerry’sicecreamshopattheairporthadbeenworking10yearswiththesamefalseSocialSecuritycardwhenshewasarrestedintheDecemberairportraid.Nowsheandherfamilyarelivingunderthethreatofdeportation,Castro’scaseiscurrentlywaitingtobesettled.Whilesheawaitstheoutcome,thegovernmenthasgrantedherpermissiontoworkhereandshehasreturnedtoherjobatBen&Jerry’s.1.Accordingtotheauthor,theUnitedStatesclaimstobeanation（

）.2.HowdidtheimmigrantsinSaltLakeCityfeelabout“OperationSafeTravel?3.Undocumentedworkersbecamethetargetof“OperationSafeTravel”because（

）.4.Bysayingwe’regoingtolooktheotherwayintermsofwhatourlawsare”(Line2,Para.4),MayorAndersonmeans“（

）5.WhatdowelearnaboutAnaCastrofromthelastparagraph?問題1選項(xiàng)A.composedofpeoplehavingdifferentvaluesB.encouragingindividualpursuitsC.sharingcommoninterestsD.foundedonsharedideals問題2選項(xiàng)A.GuiltyB.OffendedC.DisappointedD.Discouraged問題3選項(xiàng)A.evidencewasfoundthattheywerepotentialterroristsB.mostofthemworkedatairportsunderthreatofterroristsC.terroristsmighttakeadvantageoftheirillegalstatusD.theywerereportedlyhelpinghideterroristsaroundtheairport問題4選項(xiàng)A.wewillturnablindeyetoyourillegalstatusB.wewillexaminethelawsinadifferentwayC.thereareotherwaysofenforcingthelawD.theexistinglawsmustnotbeignored問題5選項(xiàng)A.Shewillbedeportedsoonerorlater.B.Sheisallowedtostaypermanently.C.HercasehasbeendroppedD.Herfateremainsuncertain.8.單選題TheindustrializationofEuropewhichstartedinthe18thcenturyproducedurbanslimswhichweresweptperiodicallybyepidemicsoftyphoidandtyphus.WhileisolatedgeographicallyfromthescourgesofEurope,Americawasoccasionallyhitwithepidemicsofitsown,especiallyinthegrowingeastcoastcities.Recognizingthatdiseasemaybecomingfromtheshipsthatdockedintheirports,citiesinstitutedquarantinesduringoutbreaks.Treatmentsforwidespreaddisease,however,didnotimprove.In1847,thenewly-formedAmericanMedicalAssociationsponsoredaninvestigationoflargeU.ScitiesandfoundthatlivingconditionsformanyresidentshadbecomeasbadastheworstslumsofEurope.Itconcludedthatwithoutimprovementsinhygieneandlivingstandards,European-typeepidemicswouldsoonhitAmericancities.Italsoadvocatedcollectingvitalstatisticstotrackthecountry’sbirthanddeathrates.Soonafterthis,manybureausofvitalstatisticswereorganized.IncludinginOhio,wherebirthanddeathstatisticswerecollectedatthecountrylevelbeginningin1867.Localsanitarycommissionsformedincitiesandtowns,spurredonbyreformmovementswhichstressedhealthierlivingandcleanwater.TheMassachusettsSanitaryCommission,forexample,soughtbetterventingofcityhomestoremoveanynoxiousodorsandfumesthatmightcausedisease.Toprovideplentifulwater,32waterworkswerebuiltinthecountryby1825,andalmost600wereaddedby1880.Unfortunatelyitwasassumedthatfree-flowingwaterwaspure,sothefirstfiltrationplantwasnotbuiltuntil1871.Thefirstnationalconventiontoestablishuniformquarantinelaws,metinPhiladelphiainMay1857,andfourmoresuchconventionstodiscusspublichealthissueswereheldbeforetheCivilWardisruptedthemovement.TheAmericanPublicHealthAssociationwasfoundedin1872bysomeofthosewhoattendedtheseearlierconventions.ThefollowingyearthenumberofboardsofhealthintheU.S.Increasedfrom4to123.Themostsignificanteventinthepublichealthmovement,however,wasthedevelopmentofthegermtheoryandtherealizationthatdiseasecouldbecontagious.1.AmericawasprotectedfromtheperiodicepidemicsoftyphoidandtyphusinEuropebecauseof（

）.2.Theword“hygiene”inline13isclosestinmeaningto（

）.3.WhatfeardidtheAmericanMedicalAssociationhave?4.WhichofthefollowingactionsdoestheauthorimplywasdoneinresponsetotheAmericanMedicalAssociationrecommendations?5.Theword“noxious”inline22isclosestinmeaningto.6.Thefirstfiltrationplantwasnotbuiltuntil1871because（

）.7.Theword“contagious”inline36isclosestinmeaningto（

）.8.Throughoutthepassage,theauthorimpliesthatpublichealth（

）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.bettersanitationB.lessurbanslumsC.delayedindustrializationD.geographicalisolation問題2選項(xiàng)A.salaryB.SanitationC.protectionD.behavior問題3選項(xiàng)A.thatlivingstandardswouldnotimproveB.thatAmericanslumswouldbeasbadasthoseinEuropeC.thatAmericanslumscouldleadtoEuropean-typeepidemicsD.thatwithoutimprovements，AmericancitieswouldbecomelikeEuropeancities問題4選項(xiàng)A.collectingvitalstatisticsB.quarantinefacilitiesC.removingnoxiousodorsandfumesD.geographicalisolationofdisease問題5選項(xiàng)A.harmfulB.unpleasantC.lingeringD.obvious問題6選項(xiàng)A.ofdisruptionbytheCivilWarB.uniformquarantinelawscouldnotbeagreeduponatthefirstnationalconventionC.ittookatotaloffivenationalconventionstoagreeonuniformquarantinelawsD.free-flowingwaterwasthoughttobepure問題7選項(xiàng)A.seriousB.inheritedC.containedD.catching問題8選項(xiàng)A.wasregardedasaEuropeproblemB.wasslowertodevelopinAmericanthaninEuropeC.treatmentswerenotdevelopedwithanunderstandingofthethreatsD.actionswereusuallyuniformedandineffective9.單選題ThoughEnglishwasonthewholeprosperousandhopeful,thoughcomparisonwithherneighborssheenjoyedinternalpeace,shecouldnotevadethefactthattheworldofwhichsheformedapartwastombyhatredandstrifeasfierceasanyinhumanhistory.Menwerestillfarfromrecognizingthattworeligionscouldexistsidebysideinthesamesociety;theybelievedthatthetolerationofanotherreligiondifferentfromtheirown,andhencenecessarilyfalse,mustinevitablydestroysuchasocietyandbringthesoulsofallitsmembersintodangerofhell.Sothestrugglewentonwithincreasingfurywithineachnationtoimposeasinglecreeduponeverysubject,andwithinthegeneralsocietyofChristendomtoimposeituponeverynation.InEnglandtheReformers,orProtestants,aidedbythepoweroftheCrown,hadatthisstagetriumphed,butoverEuropeasawholeRomewasbeginningtorecoversomeofthegroundithadlostafterMartinLuther’srevoltintheearlierpartofthecentury.Itdidthisintwoways,bytheactivitiesofitsmissionaries,asinpartsofGermany,orbythemilitarymightoftheCatholicPowers,asintheLowCountries,wheretheDutchprovincesweresometimesneartheirlastextremityunderthepressureofSpanisharms.AgainstEngland,themostimportantofalltheProtestantnationstoreconquer,militarymightwasnotyetpossiblebecausetheCatholicPowersweretoooccupiedanddivided:andso,inthe1570’sRomebentherefforts,asshehaddoneathousandyearsbeforeinthedaysofSaintAugustine,towinEnglandbackbymeansofhermissionaries.ThesewereyoungEnglishmenwhohadeithernevergivenuptheoldfaith,orhavingdoneso,hadreturnedtoitandfeltcalledtobecomepriests.Therebeing,ofcourse,noCatholicseminariesleftinEngland,theywentabroad,atfirstquiteeasily,laterwithdifficultyanddanger,tostudyintheEnglishcollegesatDouaiorRome:theformerestablishedforthetrainingofordinaryorsecularclergy,theotherforthemembertheSocietyofJesus,commonlyknownasJesuits,anewOrderestablishedbySt.IgnatiusLoyolasomethirtyyearsbefore.Thesecularscamefirst;theyachievedasuccess,whicheventhemosteagercouldhardlyhaveexpected.Cool-mindedandwell-informedmen,likeCecil,hadlongsurmisedthattheconversionoftheEnglishpeopletoProtestantismwasfarfromcomplete;many-Cecilthoughteventhemajority-hadconformedoutoffear,self-interestor-possiblythecommonestreasonofall-sheerbewildermentattherapidchangesindoctrineandformsofworshipimposedontheminsoshortatime.Thusithappenedthatthemissionariesfoundawelcome,notonlywiththefamilieswhohadsecretlyofferedthemhospitalityiftheycame,butwithmanyotherswhomtheirfirsthostsinvitedtomeetthemorpassedthemonto.Theywouldandattheportsindisguise,asmerchants,courtiersorwhatnot,professingsomeplausiblebusinessinthecountry,andmakebydeviouswaysfortheirfirsthouseofrefuge.TheretheywouldadministertheSacramentsandpreachtothehouseholdsandtosuchoftheneighborsastheirhoststrustedandpresentlygoontosomeotherlocalitytowhichtheyweredirectedforfromwhichtheyreceivedacall.1.Themainideaofthispassageis（

）.2.Thereligiousstrifementionedinthepassageisbetween（

）.3.WhatwasMartinLuther'sreligion?4.ThroughwhatwaydidtheRomerecoversomeofthelostland?5.Whatdidthesecondparagraphmainlydescribe?問題1選項(xiàng)A.thecontinuityofthereligiousstruggleinBritaininnewwaysB.theconversionofreligioninBritainC.thevictoryofthenewreligioninBritainD.Englandbecameprosperous問題2選項(xiàng)A.ReformersandProtestantsB.CatholicpoursandJesuitsC.CatholicpowersandprotestantsD.MartinLutherandSt.Augustine問題3選項(xiàng)A.BuddhismB.ProtestantismC.CatholicismD.Orthodox問題4選項(xiàng)A.CivilandmilitarywaysB.Propagandaandaback,C.PersuasionandcriticismD.Religiousandmilitaryways問題5選項(xiàng)A.TheactivitiesofmissionariesinBritain.B.TheconversionofEnglishpeopletoProtestantismwasfarfromcomplete.C.TheyounginBritainbegantoconverttoCatholicism.D.Mostfamiliesofferedhospitalitytomissionaries.10.翻譯題Theminiaturizationofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnewgeneration,thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereinitspredecessor.Progresshasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersareapproachingapparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Oneoftheseisimposedbytheneedtowirethecomponentsinachiptogether,sothattheycanexchangesignals.But,inaminiaturizedversionoftheshifttowirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworld,agroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretoftheUniversityofBath,inEngland,thinktheycanmakechipswhosecomponentstalktoeachotherwirelessly.Atpresent,theelectronicsthattransmitandreceivetheradiowavesusedinwirelessdevicesaretoolargetobeusedwithinindividualchips.ButDrNogaretbelieveshecanovercomethis.LastweekheandhiscolleaguesatthreeotherBritishuniversities,anotherinBelgiumandaresearchinstituteinFrancewonthemoneytotrytobuildsuchadevice.Theresearchersintendtousethestandardlithographic（平印刷板）techniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithmicroscopicmagnets.Thesemagnetsw