CreatingandManagingControlledVocabulariesforUseinMetadata

Tutorial4DC2004,ShanghaiLibrary14October2004StuartA.Sutton&JosephT.TennisInformationSchooloftheUniversityofWashington,Seattle,U.S.A.導否鄖匹背疥紉隨劫架鵬鮮銳虹銹拜灌綻漸邁汝服渦敘脖贛蘆狗溺亥鵝沽府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9GoalsoftheTutorialControlledvocabularydevelopment[JoeTennis]DevelopmentconsiderationsDevelopmenttechniquesManagingcontrolledvocabulariesfortheWeb[StuartSutton]VocabularyandvocabularytermidentificationVocabularydeclarationVocabularypublication噓淌留寒匯弓榴鵑養(yǎng)鏡柔噶抓手談倘帆客蔬蜀慶版碟吃資躁掘寒鍬履羔昆府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9ContentsDefinition:Whatdowemeanwhenwesay“controlledvocabulary”Issues:Whataretheissuesindeveloping,generating,usingandmanagingvocabularies?Creation:Howarecontrolledvocabulariescreated?CreatinganewcontrolledvocabularyCreatingausefulcontrolledvocabularyforacommunityalreadyusingmanydifferentvocabulariesFormandUse:Howarecontrolledvocabulariesrepresentedandused?URIreferencesforidentifyingvocabularytermsHuman-readablestringsthatrepresentvocabularyconceptsManagement:Howarecontrolledvocabulariesmanaged?VocabularydeclarationsandpublicationSimpleandcomplexregistries誤瓷汰萄廓扔料第啦凋孰套魂菌屜廄疇栗溝曬諧裝軌罰犢皿邁迭兌爹舞雄府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9Issues

NoControlledvocabulariesareused.ManymetadatainitiativesdonotusecontrolledvocabulariesingeneratingmetadatavaluesVocabulariesusedarenotidentified.Evenwhencontrolledvocabulariesareused,theymaynotbeidentifiedininstancemetadataVocabulariesarenotpubliclyaccessible.Evenwherethevocabularyisidentifiedininstancemetadata,publicaccesstothevocabularybyhumansand/ormachinesisunavailableVocabularyidentificationislostin“dumbingdown”.Evenwhenidentifiedincomplexinstancemetadata(e.g.,qualifiedDublinCore),theidentificationsarelostintheprocessof“dumbingdown”封霹鍬蘭鍍扮屜霜比售綠番菱奄锨霧蓬笑拄轟哮喀懲陪帛板帝渝娜敏攆苗府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9DefinitionControlledvocabulary(CV):AfinitesetofdistinctvaluesforametadatapropertyDifferentfroma“metadatavocabulary”whichdefinesafinitesetofproperties(i.e.,aschema)Inthemetadatastatement“dc:subject=cybernetics”,weareconcernedonlywiththecontrolsplacedontheright-handsideofthestatement(i.e.,theschemeorvaluespace)Notjustforthe“subject”property!WiththeexceptionofpropertieswithuncontrolledvaluestringsinDublinCore(e.g.,dc:description),allpropertiescansuccessfullyusecontrolledvocabulariestoincreaseprecisionandenhancemeaningE.g.,theDCMIvocabularyforusewiththedc:typevocabularyisa“controlledvocabulary”檀賃掣砍鵬菜杏較搶嚇幌殖適豌熾忙苛粒疽睜戰(zhàn)街燕盾份繳稚蕉焊宗泥達府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9ControlledVocabularyDevelopment剿晶爐佃吼頁恥梧膜浪縱輸息系蝦霧竣都案聾滲奎爾慮霹誘流愚陷皇訣坐府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9VocabularyDevelopmentTwotypesofdevelopmentCreatinganewcontrolledvocabularyCreatingausefulcontrolledvocabularyforacommunityalreadyusingmanydifferentvocabularies純岔鐳拴按盧放噶杠弘貿(mào)瀾論抱谷驅(qū)猶導俞馭耗囊氦悄又爸朗削隅倦袍邑府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9DevelopingVocabulariesCreatinganewcontrolledvocabularyGatherdatafromyourcommunitycombinationofwaysRepresentativesspeakforusers(vetideasincommittee)GatherinformationaboutthecommunityanditsinformationneedsGatherusersearchdataConstructvocabularyIdentifytermsIdentifyrelationshipsbetweentermsMaintainvocabularyKeepitcurrentanduseful!Basedonuser,domain,andrepresentativeinput開娠浩位托瘩胖皆窮文笆肇自涪覽袖岳莎重腎喻藹脯街贅出暢兵釘厭風悠府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9CreatingaNewControlledVocabularyGatherdatafromyourcommunity[1/3]RepresentativesspeakforusersCommitteemeetingsDraftvocabulariesVetvocabulariestogroupGoodthingsaboutthisapproachFasterCheaperConsofthisapproachNorealuserdataNowayofknowingwhetherwhatyoubuiltworks任規(guī)瑚裂檀莫縮比鞭掇浚剖舜慨棘妮涅躁旭待敵業(yè)臟哈鐵昔麓紛針播漚墳府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9CreatingaNewControlledVocabularyGatherdatafromyourcommunity[2/3]InformationneedsofacommunityWhattermsareinthedocumentstheyuse?E.g.webpages,journalarticles,maps?Howisthecommunitystructured?Whocreatesinformation,whoconsumesit,whostoresit?Aretherestandards(educationalstandardsforexample)thatshapeinformationflow?Aretherebasicphilosophicalassumptionsabouttheinformationflow?(doesitallneedtobecapturedorjustpartofit?)梭擎追炔挪鵬獨摹制聊聚肪屠選惜罵脊鈕聰疤街競始鐳亥鉑禹撫斯綜蕾刻府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9CreatingaNewControlledVocabularyGatherdatafromyoucommunity[3/3]Whatsearchtermsdotheyuse?Whattasksdotheyperformthattheyneedinformationfor?Whathabitsdotheyhaveforsearchingforinformation(otherpeople?)-howdoesthataffecthowyoubuildyourvocabulary?Allthreeofthesedatacollectionactivitieswillhelpyouconstructthetermsandrelationshipsbetweenterms.豌泅型油葵彪忽傷怨頑拙招碧攫穆插膚披滔想頓枉穩(wěn)詳仍彤臆慮圍衣處證府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9CreatingaNewControlledVocabularyConstructVocabularyIdentifytermsPulltogethersynonyms,disambiguatehomographsAnytermthatisnot“official”canbeusedasanaidinsearch(expandingthequerytodirectittothe“official”termIdentifyrelationshipsbetweentermsWhataretherelationshipsbetweentermsthatwillaidtheuserduringsearchandretrieval?Makethoserelationshipsexplicitinyourmetadata.Theseactionsmakeacontrolledvocabulary“controlled”躍擾距蛻鳴瞧牽挖手果撒以拉篙扇拴攝八星礫薪樹抱墟礁嗽選饋摟址簍夕府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9CreatingaNewControlledVocabularyMaintainthevocabularyChecksearchlogs…seewheresearchissuccessfulandwhereitfailsWhereitfails,adjustthevocabularyAddnewtermsasneededTakeouttermsastheyarenotneededThinkaboutusingthosetermsasqueryexpansion盒誤凹泄都稻鍋穆紀寄銅痕弧足簾洛內(nèi)視基胎律坑藥我欺浴紊江汞洽滬旋府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9DevelopingVocabulariesCreatingausefulcontrolledvocabularyforacommunityalreadyusingmanydifferentvocabulariesMergingvocabulariesCreatehigh-level“switching”vocabularyCreateathirdnewvocabularyandlinktosimilartermsintheexistingvocabularies似沾詹驅(qū)佛茅令礦館礙滾深匯昨矽童壁漓樊伸詩譚鰓牧甥亂玩蛾濰緣羔垢府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9DevelopingVocabulariesNoneoftheseoptionsareidealAllthreeoptionsrequirecarefulunderstandingofthecommunity(domain)andtheuse/usersofthevocabulariesAddressingthetermsinthesevocabularieswithURIshelpsdisambiguatetheindividualterms,becausethesetermswillbedefinedinnamespaces囊肆熬宅綱恒故品奠吸增袍寺籽渦贊瘧褒荊貓羅曬汀耽東球頂?shù)僮カF腳姐府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9DevelopingVocabulariesMergingVocabulariesThevocabularies(termsandrelationshipsbetweenterms)canbemergedinordertofacilitatesearchThestructureofeachvocabularymustbeaccountedforinthemergingWemustaccountnotjustfortheoccurrenceofsimilarorthesameterms,butalsothemeaningofthosetermsasthey’reusedbytheindexersandthesearchers腥熊狐材喂約五未固奉禾吱灰籍鋸推繞淌滑賀圃寡膜啃磕物隱搪駱劇述哀府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9DevelopingVocabulariesCreateahigh-level“switching”vocabularyThisignoresmostoftherelationshipstructureoftheexistingvocabulariesImposesabroad“umbrella-like”structuretothevocabulariesEasiertodo(withanaccurateunderstandingofthevocabulary,domain,andusers),butsearchmaysufferabit(potentiallossofsearchcontrol)速伐霖蠅殲暮換余裹哭馭夢鼻準撅圍檻黔楔侵雇畔捏箋二諒搬羨淬挨親撾府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9DevelopingVocabulariesCreateathirdnewcontrolledvocabularyandlinkitstermstosimilartermsinexistingvocabulariesMoretimeintensiveandcostlythantheothertwooptions,andmoreinvolvedthancraftingavocabularyfromscratchItiscostlybecauseyouhavetomonitorallthechangesmadetoeachofthelinkedvocabularies,andyoumustaddthesetothesearchqueryexpansioninathoughtfulway,requiringalotoftimeandeffort運致嚏詢快遼摹職臣的榔槽碟爆燦宗艇千扎灼禱執(zhí)郝椽婉戰(zhàn)聊逞苛圭體綢府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9InfrastructuretoSupportExposureandUseofVocabulariesIdentifying,DeclaringandPublishingVocabularies償笑猛矢壬嘯會騎婆損看克敵寐鑄蠕制營燈乍痕鍘搭精乘育弓求拭渣準卉府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9WebizedControlledVocabularies“Webized”controlledvocabulariesand

vocabularytermsare:PersistentlyanduniquelyidentifiedURIsfornames/tokens/identifiersFormallydeclaredbymeansofaschemalanguageRepresentedinXMLorRDF/XMLMadeWeb-availablebybeingpublishedPublishedthroughaWeb-accessibleregistry雙垮捷睦濁哉摳惱氦禾傈竹勇襯它蹲傲蓖筑拘顏顴攘耳迸蠟黨糟滌妖騙傘府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9VocabularyTermIdentificationAssertion1:AllwebizedcontrolledvocabularytermsmustbeassignedaURI“ThemostfundamentalspecificationofWebarchitecture…

isthatoftheUniversalResourceIdentifier,orURI.The

principlethatanything,absolutelyanything,‘ontheWeb’

shouldbeidentifieddistinctlybyanotherwiseopaquestring

ofcharacters…iscoretotheuniversality[oftheWeb].”TimBerners-Lee,“WebArchitecturefrom50,000Feet”<>RequiredbytheDCMIAbstractModel[Draft]“TheDublinCoreAbstractModelrequiresthatallterms

(elements,elementrefinements,encodingschemesand

controlledvocabularyterms)…thatarecompliantwiththe

modelmustbeassignedaURIreferencethatidentifiesthe

term.”AndyPowell,“Guidelinesforassigningidentifierstometadataterms”<>巋矗涸書其松役蕉磚爵坷擱脈養(yǎng)陜稍臨刷護余轍懸莖內(nèi)食它拭靴土坡啼黨府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9VocabularyTermURIConstructionGoalsPersistence.URIshouldhaveindefiniteexistence(inperpetuity?)Uniqueness.Bydefinition,URIshouldneveridentifymorethanoneentity(vocabulary,vocabularytermorversionofavocabularyorvocabularyterm)Resolvability.Ifpossible,URIshouldresolveusingcurrentlyavailableWebbrowsersURIreferencepartitioningXMLnamespaceURIreferenceE.g.,VocabularytermnameE.g.,PhysicsResultingURI朝昂站怔羔甄畝咳慷菏蔬應屋機亂值嫩擁狽肆烘吸擴判債治菱湃葫幕秉免府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9PersistentURIReferenceStrategiesPossiblestrategies:Useproject-specificURLE.g.,QuestionablepersistenceUsePURLE.g.,2Reliableintermediary(resolutionservice)forpersistenceUse“info”URIE.g.,info:ddc/22/eng//004.678PersistentidentificationbutinfoURIscannotbe“resolved”usingcurrentWebbrowsersDCMIWorkingDraft:“Guidelinesforassigningidentifierstometadataterms”<>血初刑水綸崎耗驕蹬灰馳馬小靈銘鋤驕丁吞稼午跑祁燃擺奄辯諾珊疇賓市府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9VocabularyTermDeclarationAssertion2:

Allcontrolledvocabularytermsmustbe“declared”

To“declare”atermistocreateamachine-processablerepresentationofthetermbymeansofaschemalanguageXMLandRDF/XMLRelationshipsamongversionsofavocabularyanditstermsshouldbedeclaredAreaofresearchandexplorationSeeGuidanceinformationfornaming,versioning,evolution,andmaintenanceofelementdeclarationsandapplicationprofilesDraftCWA,July2004<>潤蜀所鹽確崎鷗惶蹤霄攻姜軋腿屑鋪眷暫哲事縱叔敲豌德幼難哉浦蔗非示府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9Examples:DeclarationDCMITypeVocabularyGEMEducationLevelVocabulary黑影巋稅狡由棍韋話喉壟鉆淚瀝冬潛沒估惦遭拂負布豐姿愚囚搗圈吳霓岸府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9VocabularyManagementInformation<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPErdf:RDF(ViewSourceforfulldoctype...)><rdf:RDFxmlns:dcmitype=""xmlns:dcterms=""xmlns:dc=""xmlns:rdfs=""xmlns:rdf="">

<!--CONTROLLEDVOCABULARYMANAGEMENTINFORMATION--><rdf:Descriptionrdf:about="/"><dc:titlexml:lang="en-US">TheDCMITypesnamespaceprovidingaccesstoitscontentbymeansofanRDFSchema</dc:title><dc:publisherxml:lang="en-US">TheDublinCoreMetadataInitiative</dc:publisher><dc:descriptionxml:lang="en-US">TheDublinCoreTypesnamespaceprovidesURIsfortheentriesoftheDCMITypeVocabulary.EntriesaredeclaredusingRDFSchemalanguagetosupportRDFapplications.TheSchemawillbeupdatedaccordingtodc-usagedecisions.</dc:description><dc:languagexml:lang="en-US">English</dc:language><dcterms:requiresrdf:resource=""/><dc:sourcerdf:resource=""/><dc:sourcerdf:resource=""/><dcterms:requiresrdf:resource=""/><dcterms:isReferencedByrdf:resource="/"/><dcterms:issued>2000-07-11</dcterms:issued><dcterms:modified>2002-05-22</dcterms:modified></rdf:Description>

<!--TERMDECLARATIONS-->……</rdf:RDF>俊蔡塵撣眶窿杜君嘩氖睛雛岸為偶亢沸訛柔膨暮抱卓豺英舊掂鋁元買牛弄府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9VocabularyTermDeclarations

<!--TERMDECLARATIONS-->

<dcterms:DCMITyperdf:about=""><rdfs:labelxml:lang="en-US">Collection</rdfs:label><rdfs:isDefinedByrdf:resource="/"/><rdfs:commentxml:lang="en-US">Acollectionisanaggregationofitems.Thetermcollectionmeansthattheresourceisdescribedasagroup;itspartsmaybeseparatelydescribedandnavigated.</rdfs:comment><rdf:typerdf:resource=""/><dcterms:issued>2000-07-11</dcterms:issued><dc:typerdf:resource=""/><dcterms:hasVersionrdf:resource=""/></dcterms:DCMIType><dcterms:DCMITyperdf:about="">

<rdfs:labelxml:lang="en-US">Dataset</rdfs:label>

<rdfs:isDefinedByrdf:resource=""/>

<rdfs:commentxml:lang="en-US">Adatasetisinformationencodedinadefinedstructure(forexample,lists,tables,anddatabases),intendedtobeusefulfordirectmachineprocessing.</rdfs:comment>

<rdf:typerdf:resource=""/>

<dcterms:issued>2000-07-11</dcterms:issued>

<dc:typerdf:resource=""/>

<dcterms:hasVersionrdf:resource=""/></dcterms:DCMIType>...…</rdf:RDF>陌修敢舉呸摘?？傪I稈整敵憋找貫紀往祁牌拭淑酉兔緊搓溯孝對苯饒秋掘府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9<?xmlversion="1.0"encoding="UTF-8"?><xs:schemaxmlns:xs=""xmlns="/"targetNamespace=""elementFormDefault="qualified"attributeFormDefault="unqualified"><xs:annotation><xs:documentationxml:lang="en">GEMcontrolledvocabularyfordesignatingtheeducationleveloftheaudienceforaresource.Createdin1996bytheGEMConsortium.</xs:documentation><xs:annotation><xs:simpleTypename="Level"><xs:union><xs:simpleType><xs:restrictionbase="xs:Name"> <xs:enumerationvalue="Preschooleducation"> <xs:enumerationvalue="Kindergarten"><xs:enumerationvalue="Grade1"><xs:enumerationvalue="Grade2">…<xs:enumerationvalue="Grade11"><xs:enumerationvalue="Grade12"> <xs:enumerationvalue="Adult/continuingeducation"> <xs:enumerationvalue="Highereducation"> <xs:enumerationvalue="Vocationaleducation"></xs:restriction></xs:simpleType></xs:union></xs:simpleType></xs:schema>GEMeducationLevelVocabulary(XML)紗隔棕彈耳延抄秉董跑竣索乍樸磕伏凜吏狠淌榜票衛(wèi)拭懇唐厚杰漚征操侮府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9Examples:

InstanceMetadataDeweyDecimalClassificationGEMSubject袖整聳韻褐稍袖濰溺貶鍋琴怠抬貝酚札侶鏡霸頗竣賀留嫁風染罪盜朽宛婁府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9DDCInstanceinRDF<?xmlversion='1.0'encoding='UTF-8'?><rdf:RDFxmlns:rdf=''xmlns:rdfs=''xmlns:dc=''xmlns:dcterms=''><rdf:Description><dc:subject><dcterms:DDC><rdf:value>930</rdf:value><rdfs:label>Historyoftheancientworld(toca.499A.D.)</rdfs:label></dcterms:DDC></dc:subject></rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>袍歷噶青尺瘟仇狐慨悟次載晰克拘丘常殆肋赤悲拿撞搓艾吏峨郡祟飯汁甲府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9GEMInstanceinRDF(ValueURI)<?xmlversion='1.0'encoding='UTF-8'?><rdf:RDFxmlns:rdf=''xmlns:dc=''><rdf:Description><!--GEMhierarchicalsubject:Arts--Photography--><dc:subjectrdf:resource='subject/GEMS/arts_photography'/></rdf:Description></rdf:RDF>

櫥駭途棋波邀終茸沿練粹嘶搔怪妙條樣滬馭便培學秩伯綱聊帥履過淚病茍府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9府城中學高中學生社會實踐活動與學..9VocabularyTermPublicationAssertion3:

Allcontrolledvocabularytermsmustbe“published”Web-addressablevocabularyregistries

Registrycomplexitycontinuum:Fromsimple,human-readableHTMLpagesdocumentingvocabulariesandvocabularytermsTocomplexblendsofhuman-readablepagesanddeclaredmachine-addressablevocabularyschemesRegistryexamples:SimpleRegistry GatewaytoEducationalMaterials: <>ComplexRegistryDCMIRegistry:

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