2023/7/23經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)供給與需求市場(chǎng)與福利RevisitingtheMarketEquilibriumDotheequilibriumpriceandquantitymaximizethetotalwelfareofbuyersandsellers? Marketequilibriumreflectsthewaymarketsallocatescarceresources.

Whetherthemarketallocationisdesirableisdeterminedbywelfareeconomics.回顧市場(chǎng)均衡市場(chǎng)均衡價(jià)格和數(shù)量能否使買者和賣者的總利益最大化？市場(chǎng)均衡反映了市場(chǎng)配置稀缺資源的方式。

市場(chǎng)配置資源是否合意可以根據(jù)福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論判定。WelfareEconomics

Welfareeconomics

isthestudyofhowtheallocationof

resourcesaffectseconomicwell-being.福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)——研究資源配置如何影響經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。WelfareEconomics福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Equilibriuminthemarketresultsinmaximumbenefits,andthereforemaximumtotalwelfareforboththeconsumersandtheproducersoftheproduct.市場(chǎng)均衡使利益最大化，即使產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)者和生產(chǎn)者的總利益最大化。WelfareEconomics福利經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Consumersurplusmeasureseconomicwelfarefromthebuyer’sside.

消費(fèi)者剩余從消費(fèi)者角度衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。Producersurplusmeasureseconomicwelfarefromtheseller’s

side.生產(chǎn)者剩余從生產(chǎn)者角度衡量經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。ConsumerSurplus消費(fèi)者剩余Willingnesstopayisthemaximumpricethatabuyeriswillingandabletopayforagood.支付意愿——買者為某種物品愿意和能夠支付的最高價(jià)格。Itmeasureshowmuchthebuyervaluesthegoodorservice.

它衡量買者對(duì)物品的評(píng)價(jià)是多少。ConsumerSurplus消費(fèi)者剩余Consumersurplus

istheamountabuyeriswillingtopayforagoodminustheamountthebuyeractuallypaysforit.消費(fèi)者剩余

——買者支付意愿減去買者的實(shí)際支付量。FourPossibleBuyers’WillingnesstoPay...

四個(gè)可能買者的支付意愿…ConsumerSurplus消費(fèi)者剩余Themarketdemandcurvedepictsthevariousquantitiesthatbuyerswouldbewillingandabletopurchaseatdifferentprices.市場(chǎng)需求曲線表示在不同價(jià)格水平下，買者愿意和能夠購買的數(shù)量。TheDemandScheduleandtheDemandCurve需求表與需求曲線Figure1TheDemandScheduleandtheDemandCurvePriceofAlbum5070800$1001234QuantityofAlbumsJohn’swillingnesstopayPaul’swillingnesstopayGeorge’swillingnesstopayRingo’swillingnesstopayDemand圖1.需求表與需求曲線專輯的價(jià)格5070800$1001234專輯的數(shù)量約翰的支付意愿保羅的支付意愿喬治的支付意愿林格的支付意愿需求MeasuringConsumerSurpluswiththeDemandCurve...PriceofAlbum5070800$1001234QuantityofAlbumsDemandJohn’sconsumersurplus($20)Price=$80用需求曲線衡量消費(fèi)者剩余...專輯的價(jià)格5070800$1001234專輯的數(shù)量需求約翰的消費(fèi)者剩余（20美元）價(jià)格=80美元Figure2MeasuringConsumerSurpluswiththeDemandCurve(b)Price=$70PriceofAlbum5070800$100Demand1234Totalconsumersurplus($40)QuantityofAlbumsJohn’sconsumersurplus($30)Paul’sconsumersurplus($10)圖2.用需求曲線衡量消費(fèi)者剩余(b)價(jià)格=70美元專輯的價(jià)格5070800$100需求1234總消費(fèi)者剩余(40美元)專輯的數(shù)量約翰的消費(fèi)者剩余(30美元)’保羅的消費(fèi)者剩余(10美元)’Figure3HowthePriceAffects

ConsumerSurplusConsumersurplusQuantity(a)ConsumerSurplusatPricePPrice0DemandP1Q1BAC圖3.價(jià)格如何影響消費(fèi)者剩余消費(fèi)者剩余數(shù)量(a)價(jià)格在P價(jià)格0需求P1Q1BAC時(shí)的消費(fèi)者剩余Figure3HowthePriceAffects

ConsumerSurplusInitialconsumersurplusQuantity(b)ConsumerSurplusatPricePPrice0DemandABCDEFP1Q1P2Q2ConsumersurplustonewconsumersAdditionalconsumersurplustoinitialconsumersQ2P2圖3.價(jià)格如何影響消費(fèi)者剩余數(shù)量?jī)r(jià)格0需求原來的消費(fèi)者剩余原來消費(fèi)者新增的消費(fèi)者剩余新消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)者剩余Q1P1DEFBCA（b）價(jià)格在P2時(shí)的消費(fèi)者剩余MeasuringConsumerSurpluswiththeDemandCurve

用需求曲線衡量消費(fèi)者剩余Theareabelowthedemandcurveandabovethepricemeasurestheconsumersurplusinthemarket.需求曲線以下和價(jià)格以上的面積衡量市場(chǎng)的消費(fèi)者剩余。WhatDoesConsumerSurplusMeasure?Consumersurplus,

theamountthatbuyersarewillingtopayforagoodminustheamounttheyactuallypayforit,measuresthebenefitthatbuyersreceivefromagoodasthebuyersthemselvesperceiveit.消費(fèi)者剩余衡量了什么？消費(fèi)者剩余，

即買者愿意為一種物品支付的量減他們實(shí)際支付的量，衡量了消費(fèi)者從一種物品中得到的買者自己感覺到的利益。ProducerSurplus生產(chǎn)者剩余Producersurplusistheamountasellerispaidminustheseller’scost.

生產(chǎn)者剩余——賣者得到的量減去賣者的成本。Itmeasuresthebenefittosellersparticipatinginamarket.

它衡量了賣者從參與市場(chǎng)中得到的利益。TheCostsofFourPossibleSellers...

四個(gè)可能賣者的成本…UsingtheSupplyCurvetoMeasureProducerSurplus

利用供給曲線衡量生產(chǎn)者剩余Justasconsumersurplusisrelatedtothedemandcurve,producersurplusiscloselyrelatedtothesupplycurve.正如消費(fèi)者剩余與需求曲線密切相關(guān)一樣，生產(chǎn)者剩余也與供給曲線緊密相關(guān)。TheSupplyScheduleandtheSupplyCurve供給表和供給曲線TheSupplyScheduleandtheSupplyCurve

供給表和供給曲線QuantityofHousesPainted要油漆的房子數(shù)量PriceofHousePainting油漆房子的價(jià)格500800$90006001234Grandma’scost格拉瑪?shù)某杀綠eorgia’scost喬治亞的成本Frida’scost路易斯的成本

Mary’scost瑪麗的成本Supply供給Figure6HowthePriceAffects

ProducerSurplusCopyright?2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearningProducersurplusQuantity(a)ProducerSurplusatPriceP

Price0SupplyBACQ1P1圖6.價(jià)格如何影響生產(chǎn)者剩余Copyright?2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearning生產(chǎn)者剩余數(shù)量(a)價(jià)格在P

價(jià)格0供給BACQ1P1時(shí)的生產(chǎn)者剩余Theareabelowthepriceandabovethesupplycurvemeasurestheproducersurplusinamarket.價(jià)格以下和供給曲線以上的面積衡量市場(chǎng)的生產(chǎn)者剩余。UsingtheSupplyCurvetoMeasureProducerSurplus

用供給曲線衡量生產(chǎn)者剩余MARKETEFFICIENCYandConsumerSurplus=Valuetobuyers_AmountpaidbybuyersProducerSurplus=Amountreceivedbysellers_Costtosellers市場(chǎng)效率和消費(fèi)者剩余=買者的評(píng)價(jià)_買者支付的量生產(chǎn)者剩余=賣者得到的量_賣者的成本MARKETEFFICIENCYorTotalSurplus=Valueto

buyers_CosttosellersTotalSurplus=ConsumerSurplusProducerSurplus+市場(chǎng)效率或總剩余=買者的評(píng)價(jià)_賣者的成本總剩余=消費(fèi)者剩余生產(chǎn)者剩余+MarketEfficiency市場(chǎng)效率Marketefficiency

isthepropertyofaresourceallocationofmaximizingthetotalsurplusreceivedbyallmembersofsociety.市場(chǎng)效率——資源配置使社會(huì)所有成員得到的總剩余最大化的性質(zhì)。MarketEfficiency市場(chǎng)效率Inadditiontomarketefficiency,asocialplannermightalsocareabout

equity

–thefairnessofthedistributionofwell-beingamongthevariousbuyersandsellers.除了效率之外，社會(huì)計(jì)劃者還應(yīng)關(guān)心平等——福利在各種買者與賣者之間分配的公平性。ConsumerandProducerSurplusintheMarketEquilibrium...PriceEquilibriumprice0QuantityEquilibriumquantityASupplyCBDemandDEProducersurplusConsumersurplus市場(chǎng)均衡時(shí)的消費(fèi)者與生產(chǎn)者剩余...價(jià)格均衡價(jià)格0數(shù)量均衡數(shù)量A供給CB需求DE生產(chǎn)者剩余消費(fèi)者剩余SummaryConsumersurplusequalsbuyers’willingnesstopayforagoodminustheamounttheyactuallypayforit.Consumersurplusmeasuresthebenefitbuyersgetfromparticipatinginamarket.Consumersurpluscanbecomputedbyfindingtheareabelowthedemandcurveandaboveth