1供應(yīng)鏈規(guī)劃與執(zhí)行模組世新大學(xué)資管系鄒慶士副教授2AgendaOverview/FeaturesofSCMSupplyChainNetworkDesignAdvancedPlanningandSchedulingShopFloorControlMES/MCS3EnterprisefunctionalsiloswithconflictinggoalsPurchasingManufacturingDistributionCustomerService/SalesFewchange-oversStableschedulesLongrunlengthsHighinventoriesHighservicelevelsRegionalstocksSOURCEMAKEDELIVERSELL

Lowpur-chasepriceMultiplevendorsLowinvent-oriesLowtrans-portationOverviewofSCM-Issues4OverviewandtargetsofSCM

DefinitionofSupplyChainManagement:SupplyChainManagementdescribesallkindofactivitiesacrossmultiplecompaniesorlocationstooptimizethemanufacturingofproducts.Herebyconcerningallinterfacesonoperationalandstrategiclevelforinvolvedassociates.

Mainfocus

DevelopmentofheterogeneousglobalproductionnetworksIncreasedintegrationofadvancedtechnologies

Minimzingcostsforinventoriesanddeliveries

Longterm

relationships(customer/supplierbinding)

Customersatisfaction

ByERP-BasisSCM-ToolsInternet5OverviewandtargetsofSCMBuysIngredientsandComponentsMakesa

ProductMovesittoa

Distribution

CenterStoresitat

DistributionCentersStoresitinaWarehouseMovesit

toStoresStoresitin

theStoreSellsittoConsumersMultiEnterpriseSupplyChainsSource:I2-Technologies6OverviewandtargetsofSCM

Integrationofsuppliersinplanninginconsiderationof...

SuppliersinventoriesSuppliersmanufacturingcapacitiesTransporttimesandcapacitiesReductionofowninventories7

IntegratedplanningofsupplychainsleadstoReductionofinventoriesCostsavingsCapabilitytomeetpromiseddeliverydates

Increasedcustomersatisfaction Intensifiedcustomerbinding PerspectivetoextendthesalesmarketOverviewandtargetsofSCM8Prerequisitesforsuccess

NomanagementmethodguaranteesitselfforsuccessTypeofproductleadstospecialtypeofsupplychainPrimarilyfunctionalproducts

Don’tchangemuchovertimeLonglifecyclesPredictabledemandStabilityinvitescompetitionLeadsoftentolowprofitmarginsPrimarilyinnovativeproducts

EnableshigherprofitmarginsShortlifecycle(typicallyfewmonth)VolatiledemandNewnessmakesdemandunpredictableImportanceofearlysales9PrerequisitesforsuccessPrimarilyfunctionalproductsSupplyatlowestcoststopredictabledemandHighutilizationrateofcapacityMinimizeinventoriesShortleadtimeasitdoesn’tincreasecostsSelectsuppliersprimarilyforcostsandqualityPhysicalefficiencyMinimizecostsby

PhysicalefficiencyPrimarilyinnovativeproductsRespondquicklytounpredictabledemandDeployexcessbuffercapacityDeploysignificantbufferstocksInvestaggressivelytoreduceleadtimeSelectsuppliersprimarilyforspeed,flexibilityandqualityResponsivenesstomarketMinimizecostsbyHighestresponsivenesstomarketMinimizeriskofshortagesorexcesssupply10PrerequisitesforsuccessEfficientResponsiveFunctionalInnovativematchmatchmismatchmismatchUseofSCMsoftwaretoolslikeAPO11Prerequisitesforsuccess

ShareinformationwithyoursuppliersKeeplongerrelationshipswithyoursuppliersTrustasfoundationofrelationshipswithsuppliers

Fundamentalsofsupplychainplanningwww.ZQZL.cn

中國最大的資料庫下載12SCMBusinessProcessesTechnologyhelpsenableavarietyofSCMbusinessprocessesPushtopullProcessorientationOptimizationPostponementMorefrequentplanningCollaboration13MovefrompushtopullmanufacturingManufacturersDistributors/

WholesalersConsumersSuppliersRetailersManufacturersDistributors/

WholesalersConsumersSuppliersRetailers

Makewhatwewillsell,notsellwhatwewillmake!!

FeaturesofSCM14PurchasingManufacturingDistributionCustomerService/SalesAvailable-to-Promise(ATP)Capable-to-Promise(CTP)Movefromfunctionalsilostoprocess-orientedbusinessprocesses(e.g.,order-to-cash,cash-to-cash)IntegratedSalesandOperationsPlanning(S&OP)SOURCEMAKEDELIVERSELLFeaturesofSCM15OptimizationofallsupplychainactivitiesSupplyChainOptimizationSynchronized,ConcurrentPlanningDemandPlanningDistributionPlanningManufacturingPlanningProcurementPlanningIndependent,SequentialPlanningForecastingDistributionPlanningManufacturingPlanningProcurementPlanningFeaturesofSCM16PostponementMovetoMTO,ATOandCTOfromMTSFront-endAPSsuitessupport

ATP/CTPProductconfigurationBack-endintegrationtotransactionsystemsInternationalTradeLogisticsWarehouseManagementAdvancedPlanningScheduling

CustomerRelationshipManagementLogisticsManufacturingMaterialsManagementAccountingHumanResourcesERPEAIFeaturesofSCMSCM17MorefrequentplanningmeansresponsivetochangingcustomerneedswhiledecreasinginventoriesTimeTimeAverageSupplyAverageSupplyPlanningCyclePlanningCycleFeaturesofSCM18e-BusinesswillenablesupplychaincollaborationamongtradingpartnersManufacturerDistributors/WholesalersSuppliersRetailersCollaborativeDemandPlanningCollaborativeLogisticsPlanningTransportationservicesDistributioncenterservicesSynchronizedProductionSchedulingCollaborativeProductDevelopmentFeaturesofSCMLogisticsProviders19ComponentsofE-SupplyChainSupply-chainreplenishmentE-procurementCollaborativeplanningCollaborativeproductdevelopmentE-logisticsSupplywebs20EvolutionofITARAPGLPayrollMRPFMISHRMRPIISchedulingplanningDistributionERPAPS/SCMEISEDIE-CommerceBICRME-Business21AgendaOverview/FeaturesofSCMSupplyChainNetworkDesignAdvancedPlanningandSchedulingShopFloorControlMES/MCSwww.ZQZL.cn

中國最大的資料庫下載22ManufacturersWholesaleDistributorsSuppliersCustomers

InformationFlowsGoodsFlowSupplyChainNetworkDesignSupplierExchangesCustomerExchangesLogisticsExchangesContractManufacturersLogisticsProvidersVirtualManufacturersRetailersLocationdecisionCapacitydecisionAssignmentdecision23StrategicPlanningProblemsWhichproductsshallbeproducedatwhichlocations?Howarecustomersassignedtodistributioncenters?Whereshallnewlocationsbeopened?Whichlocationsshallbeclosed?Whatarecapacityrequirementsforplants/distributioncenters?Whatisthecostsituationwithinthesupplychain?24PlanningMethodPlanningoflocationassignmentandtransportationlanesLocationassignmentbasedongeographicaldistanceCostoptimallocationassignmentStructuralNetworkChangesPlacementofagivennumberoflocationsbasedongeographicaldistanceandcostsCostoptimalselectionoflocations25PlanningParametersCostTransportationcostsProductioncostsStoragecostsHandlingcostsProcurementcostsLocationcosts/LocationproceedsFixmaintenancecostsCostsforopeningandclosureoflocationsPublicsubsidiesPenaltycostsfordelayedornon-fulfilleddemand26PlanningParametersCapacitiesHandlingcapacitiesforplantsanddistributioncentersProductioncapacitiesofplantsDemandCalculationofdemandviaDemandPlanningSupportedbyforecastmethodsSimulationofdemandscenariosVariationofdemand27PlanningResultsSupplyChainNetworkAssignmentoflocationsTransportationlanesAllocationofproductstolocationsNewlocationswithgeographicpositionSelected/notselectedlocationsProposalforopeningorclosureoflocations28PlanningResultsQuantitiesProduction,transport,handling,storageandprocurementCostsProduction,transport,handling,storageandprocurementLocationcostsOpeningcosts,maintenancecosts,subsidies,etc.CapacityRequirementsProduction,transport,handlingundstorage29OutlookProfit-orientedplanningConsiderationofpiece-wiselinearcostsfortransportandproductionConsiderationofstoragecapacitiesIntegrationofGISapplicationsautomaticcalculationoftransportationdurationandtransportationcostsexpandedgeographicdisplay30AgendaOverview/FeaturesofSCMSupplyChainNetworkDesignAdvancedPlanningandSchedulingShopFloorControlMES/MCS31ProductionLogisticsForecastCustomerorderadministrationPrimaryrequirementsplanningRequirementsplanningPurchasingCapacityschedulingCapacityadjustmentOrderreleaseReservationSequencingDetailedschedulingExecutionFactorydataentryShopfloorcontrolPlanningPlanning/schedulingInitiationofimplementationfunctions32TypicalPlanningProcessSupply/DemandMeetingMRP/ERPManualAdjustmentReleasePOReceiving/ReceiptChangeProductionPlanCannotdeliverontimeLongpromisetimeDeaditems&shortageCustomerunsatisfied33MRPIIPlanningProcessTop-downprocessIterativeprocessMasterPlanningRCCPMRPCRPSFC34ProbleminIndustrySalesSOconfirm時(shí)間太長PC無法如期交貨Hub會(huì)造成投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)PC/MC插單Cancel訂單訂單交期變更頻繁Yield和Rework造成交期Delay無法確認(rèn)真正的產(chǎn)能與瓶頸作業(yè)替代料無法掌控ECN頻繁，易產(chǎn)生呆料35ProbleminIndustryShopFloor開製令前無法確認(rèn)料是否備齊臨時(shí)缺料Yield和Rework造成大量未結(jié)案工單ShopFloor催M(jìn)C，MC催Buyer，Buyer催Supplier產(chǎn)能規(guī)劃不合理，無法執(zhí)行Buyer無法確認(rèn)到底欠哪些料追料頻繁O(jiān)rderCancel頻繁未考慮LeadTime36DrawbacksinTraditionalProductionPlanningSequentialplanningProbleminschedulinglogicIndependentdemandandsupplyplanningLackofintegrationBatchprocessSinglepointplanningLackofsimulationcapability37SCMInformationSystem38DefinitionofAPS…there’snoprecisedefinitionofAPSsystems,butitisquiteintuitivetosaythattheAPSsystemsresolvetheshortcomingsoftheERPsystemsasaplanningtool….APSsystemsconsidermaterialrequirementsandplantcapacitytogeneratenewplans,andsomeofthemcreateadetailedproductionschedulethatsequencestheproductionoptimally,toachievetheorganizationgoalsaswellascustomer’sduedate.(AMR,1998)…APSsystemsapplyprofoundadvancedtechnologiestoachieveimprovedplansthattakeintoaccountmostofthefactorsandconstraintsthatlimittheabilitytodeliverontime.(ForrestResearch,1996)39FeaturesofAPSSynchronizedconcurrentplanningConstraint-basedplanningOptimizedplanningReal-timeplanningDecisionsupportcapabilityWhat-ifsimulationPeggingbetweendemandandsupplySpeedandperformance40SynchronizedPlanning41Constraint-basedPlanningAPSConstraintSupplyDemandOutputTime: PurchaseLT Mfg.LT

Trasf.LT DueDateCapacity: Resourceload RoutingMaterial: AlternateParts ECNParts SourcingRuleDemand: Forecast SalesOrderSupplyData: On-hand WIP PurchasingOrderOptimalPlan42OptimizedTechnologiesinAPSDemandPlanningExponentialSmoothingSystemDynamicsMultipleLinearRegressionProductionPlanning&SchedulingLinearProgramming/MixedIntegerLPGeneticAlgorithmsSimulationAnnealingHeuristicMethodsDistributionPlanning&DeploymentFlowAlgorithmsBranch-and-BoundAlgorithm43ScopeofAPSSupplychainstrategicplanningSupplychainnetworkplanningDemandplanningandforecastingInventoryplanningSupplychainplanningSupplyplanningDistributionplanningTransportationplanningShopflooroperationschedulingShipmentscheduling44FunctionsofAPS45APS是使用現(xiàn)存Transaction系統(tǒng)(ERP)的資訊，以提供快速規(guī)劃及排程的智慧型決策支援系統(tǒng)。PurchasingOrderEntryManufacturingLogistics/ShippingERPCurrentSituationFinalPlanSupplyChainPlannerInputDataDemandCapacityMaterialsOutputProductionPlanShippingPlanPromisePlanAPSandERP46Multi-SitePlanningComplexmulti-sitemanufacturingreferstotheenvironmentwheretherearemultiplesitesthataredependentuponeachotherformaterialandassemblies.SupplyPlanningforacomplexmulti-sitemanufacturingenvironmentinvolvestheconsolidationofdatafromtheindividualsitesintoacorporateconsolidationdatabase.47Multi-SitePlanningGlobalAPSEngineDemandPlanningEngineOrderPromisingEngineAPSEngineAPSEngineAPSEngineMasterPlanMasterPlanMasterPlanSupplyPlanSupplyPlanSupplyPlanDemandPlanSupplyPlan48*Source:AMR,1996PerformanceResultsLateOrder25-50%ImprovementOrderLeadTime10-40%ImprovementPlanningCycle95%ImprovementProductionLeadTime10-50%ImprovementInventory10-60%ImprovementOperatingExpense10-50%ImprovementThroughput2-5%Improvement49AgendaOverview/FeaturesofSCMSupplyChainNetworkDesignAdvancedPlanningandSchedulingShopFloorControlMES/MCS50PurposeofShopFloorControl將生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃單位所規(guī)劃的生產(chǎn)訂單(PO)有效的轉(zhuǎn)變成實(shí)際成品的產(chǎn)出51ShopFloorControlSystem52FunctionsofShopFloorControlOrderreview/releaseDetailedshopflooroperationsschedulingDatacollection/monitoringControl/feedbackOrderdisposition53OrderReviewandRelease扮演一個(gè)過濾機(jī)制，控制訂單進(jìn)入現(xiàn)場的流量54FocusofOR/RAvailabilityofmaterialsRequiredcapacityRequiredmachinesandtoolingsReal-timeproductionstatusVerifyMRPplansConfirm/modifyBOMstructureConfirm/modifyroutingEvaluateproductionloadsinshopfloorCriteriaofperformanceevaluation55OperationsSchedulingWorkcenterorientedschedulingWorkorderorientedschedulingBackwardschedulingForwardschedulingFiniteschedulingDispatching56DataCollectionandMonitorBarcodeOpticalcharacterrecognitionMagneticstripeVoicerecognitionRadiofrequencyidentificationMachinevisionsystemBluetooth57ControlandFeedbackOrderproblemsvs.ResourcesproblemsIsitsolvable?Whatisthesolution?AdjustandimproveInformationfeedback58OrderDispositionOrdercompletionASplannedOrdercancellationMaterialsshortageReleasepreviouslyassignedresourcesEvaluateproductionperformanceDefineandexplainspecificunexpectedconditions/solutions59ShopFloorControlSystem-Anotherview60AgendaOverview/FeaturesofSCMSupplyChainNetworkDesignAdvancedPlanningandSchedulingShopFloorControlMES/MCS61RelationshipsofERP/APS/MES/MCSERPAPSMCSMES62InteractionsBetweenERP/APSandMES63DefinitionofMES將加工現(xiàn)場中的原物料、半成品、成品、機(jī)器、時(shí)間、成本等資訊以動(dòng)態(tài)且即時(shí)的方式來收集、匯整與表達(dá)，並追蹤與管制目前正在進(jìn)行中的各項(xiàng)製造作業(yè)的一個(gè)資訊系統(tǒng)(APICS)。其上層銜接APS的生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃結(jié)果，以進(jìn)行即時(shí)性的現(xiàn)場生產(chǎn)派工；下層則連結(jié)MCS，根據(jù)派工結(jié)果控制設(shè)備進(jìn)行實(shí)際加工生產(chǎn)，並即時(shí)收集與回饋現(xiàn)場生產(chǎn)資訊。64FunctionsofMES65Order&OperationsManagementSelectorderAssignroutingDispatchingTraceWIPOrderprogress66Material&ResourceManagementMonitormaterialssupplyDeployresourcesManageoperatorsToolings(e.g.Fixtures,Jigs…)controlEquipmentsmaintenanceTraceequipmentstatusControlscrapes67QualityManagementInternalvs.ExternalQCPerformanceanalysisQCforrawmaterialsandfinishedgoodsSPCSQCEngineeringdataanalysis68Reporting&DocumentsManagementWorkinstructionsQCreportsSOPMachiningcodeWorkorderrecordLotdocumentsEngineeringchangenoticesISOdocuments69ManufacturingControlSystemManmachineinterface(MMI)Supervisorycontrolanddataacquisition(SCADA)Distributedcontrolsystem(DCS)Manualprocesscontrol70*Source:PRTMIntegratedSupplyChainBenchmarkingStudy,1997TypicalQuantifiedBenefitsfromIntegratedtheSupplyChain

DeliveryPerformance16%-28%ImprovementInventoryReduction25%-60%ImprovementFulfillmentCycleTime30%-50%ImprovementForecastAccuracy25%-80%ImprovementOverallProductivity10%-16%ImprovementLowerSupply-ChainCosts25%-50%ImprovementFillRates20%-30%ImprovementImprovedCapacityRealization10%-20%Improvement71ConclusionsAPScanenhanceERPMatchofBusinessNeedsandAPSSoftwareIntegrationwithERPandMESAccuratedataSCMismorelikeaphilosophyEnabler-IT72ReferencesScheer,A.-W.(1994),BusinessProcessEngineering:ReferenceModelsforIndustrialEnterprises,2ndEdition,Springer-Verlag.王立志(1999)，系統(tǒng)化運(yùn)籌與供應(yīng)鏈管理，滄海書局。Norris,G.et.al.(2000),E-BusinessandERP:TransformingtheEnterprise,JohnWiley.華夏科技(2001)，訂單管理與運(yùn)籌管理整合方案研討會(huì)。http://www.mySAP.com73QuestionsandCommentsE-MAIL:cstsou@.tw（第14講）考場作文開拓文路能力?分解層次(網(wǎng)友來稿)江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江中學(xué)陳乃香說明：本系列稿共24講，20XX年1月6日開始在資源上連載【要義解說】文章主旨確立以后，就應(yīng)該恰當(dāng)?shù)胤纸鈱哟?，使幾個(gè)層次構(gòu)成一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體，形成一篇完整的文章。如何分解層次主要取決于表現(xiàn)主旨的需要?！静呗越庾x】一般說來，記人敘事的文章常按時(shí)間順序分解層次，寫景狀物的文章常按時(shí)間順序、空間順序分解層次；說明文根據(jù)說明對(duì)象的特點(diǎn)，可按時(shí)間順序、空間順序或邏輯順序分解層次；議論文主要根據(jù)“提出問題－—分析問題——解決問題”順序來分解層次。當(dāng)然，分解層次不是一層不變的固定模式，而應(yīng)該富于變化。文章的層次，也常常有些外在的形式：1．小標(biāo)題式。即圍繞話題把一篇文章劃分為幾個(gè)相對(duì)獨(dú)立的部分，再給它們加上一個(gè)簡潔、恰當(dāng)?shù)男?biāo)題。如《世界改變了模樣》四個(gè)小標(biāo)題：壽命變“長”了、世界變“小”了、勞動(dòng)變“輕”了、文明變“綠”了。2．序號(hào)式。序號(hào)式作文與小標(biāo)題作文有相同的特點(diǎn)。序號(hào)可以是“一、二、三”，可以是“A、B、C”，也可以是“甲、乙、丙”……從全文看，序號(hào)式干凈、明快；但從題目上看，卻看不出文章內(nèi)容，只是標(biāo)明了層次與部分。有時(shí)序號(hào)式作文，也適用于敘述性文章，為故事情節(jié)的展開，提供了明晰的層次。3．總分式。如高考佳作《人生也是一張答卷》。開頭：“人生就是一張答卷。它上面有選擇題、填空題、判斷題和問答題，但它又不同于一般的答卷。一般的答卷用手來書寫，人生的答卷卻要用行動(dòng)來書寫?！敝黧w部分每段首句分別為：選擇題是對(duì)人生進(jìn)行正確的取舍，填空題是充實(shí)自己的人生，判斷題是表明自己的人生態(tài)度，問答題是考驗(yàn)自己解決問題的能力。這份“試卷”設(shè)計(jì)得合理而且實(shí)在，每個(gè)人的人生都是不同的，這就意味著這份人生試卷的“答案是豐富多彩的”。分解層次，應(yīng)追求作文美學(xué)的三個(gè)價(jià)值取向：一要?jiǎng)蚍Q美。什么材料在前，什么材料在后，要合理安排；什么材料詳