專題一閱讀理解專題一閱讀理解第三講主旨大意題——辨主干細(xì)加工主旨大意題是閱讀理解中學(xué)生失分最多的題目，因?yàn)樵擃愵}目不僅考查略讀文章、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意的能力，也對(duì)歸納概括能力提出了較高的要求。該類題目在文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。一、了解題型特點(diǎn)與設(shè)問方式[命題解讀]1．主旨大意題考查的是對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，對(duì)整篇文章的主旨大意有一個(gè)較為清晰的印象。主旨大意題分為標(biāo)題歸納類和文章大意類。專題一閱讀理解2．標(biāo)題歸納類要求學(xué)生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題，文章大意類(內(nèi)容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意。[題型特點(diǎn)]1．把握主旨大意題常見的設(shè)問方式。Thebesttitleforthepassageis________．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?Thepassageismainlyabout________．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?專題一閱讀理解2．掌握主旨大意題的考查角度。(1)高頻考點(diǎn)：標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題。(2)低頻考點(diǎn)：段落大意題。專題一閱讀理解二、掌握主旨大意題的解題捷徑——熟知主旨大意題的解題捷徑——題型特點(diǎn)解題捷徑主題類(內(nèi)容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意找主題句四竅門：①段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however、but、infact、actually等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。②首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對(duì)該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。③作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。④表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore、thus、inshort、conclude、conclusion等詞專題一閱讀理解續(xù)上表標(biāo)題類要求選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題文章標(biāo)題三特點(diǎn)：①形式一般為單詞、短語或句子，短語居多。②短小精悍，精確性強(qiáng)。③涵蓋性強(qiáng)，能覆蓋全文大意專題一閱讀理解——明了主旨大意題的正確選項(xiàng)和干擾選項(xiàng)的特征——正確選項(xiàng)特征干擾選項(xiàng)特征1．涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段2．確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小3．精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語言表意的程度及色彩過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云所給選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容以偏概全，主次不分所給選項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個(gè)別詞作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點(diǎn)專題一閱讀理解續(xù)上表1．涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段2．確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小3．精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語言表意的程度及色彩移花接木，偷換概念所給選項(xiàng)，命題者有意識(shí)地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯(cuò)答案無中生有，生搬硬套所給選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞雖然在文章中談到了，但經(jīng)過仔細(xì)閱讀分析，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系專題一閱讀理解——破解主旨大意題的三大類型——類型1標(biāo)題歸納題

標(biāo)題歸納題要求在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項(xiàng)中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。注意最佳標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)：精準(zhǔn)性強(qiáng)(不改變?cè)牡囊饬x和感情色彩)，覆蓋性強(qiáng)(能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨)理解標(biāo)題的3大特點(diǎn)專題一閱讀理解巧用三大方法確定文章標(biāo)題(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨。(2)反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去設(shè)想如果它們作標(biāo)題寫出來的文章將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文對(duì)照，一一排除不符選項(xiàng)。(3)研讀備選項(xiàng)本身：研讀備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等專題一閱讀理解[典例]

(2022·全國乙卷)Canasmallgroupofdrones(無人機(jī))guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand，atthesametime，helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear？Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday's“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected，themorerailwaysafety，reliabilityand專題一閱讀理解on-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance，includingsendingmaintenancestaff，oftenatnight，toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies，dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways，detectingfaultsintherailorswitches，beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks，dronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.專題一閱讀理解Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain，andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead，theycouldsignalanyproblem，sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.31．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDrones

B．HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC．WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD．HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways專題一閱讀理解[解題示范]第一步：讀文章，理清結(jié)構(gòu)專題一閱讀理解第二步：析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A無人機(jī)可以檢測(cè)到哪些故障本文在最后一段提到檢測(cè)到故障，但文中說在“軌道或開關(guān)出現(xiàn)任何安全問題之前”B如何擴(kuò)大無人機(jī)生產(chǎn)文中并未提到擴(kuò)大無人機(jī)生產(chǎn)C無人機(jī)發(fā)展將面臨什么困難文中并未提到無人機(jī)發(fā)展的困難D無人機(jī)將如何改變鐵路的未來從無人機(jī)在鐵路領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用的介紹以及對(duì)未來無人機(jī)的發(fā)展展望可知，在未來，無人機(jī)將會(huì)保證鐵路的安全性和可靠性，或許會(huì)成為鐵路安全的新未來。此標(biāo)題全面、精煉地概括了文章內(nèi)容第三步：對(duì)比選項(xiàng)得出答案[答案]

D專題一閱讀理解類型2文章大意題

文章大意是作者在文章中所要表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通過行文邏輯和各種細(xì)節(jié)來闡明的中心話題。應(yīng)掌握尋找文章主題的三個(gè)小竅門，快速確定文章大意主題句法解答文章大意題，找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是關(guān)鍵。下面介紹兩種快速找出主題句的方法。(1)根據(jù)文體和寫作手法來定位主題句：專題一閱讀理解專題一閱讀理解(2)根據(jù)行文標(biāo)志來定位主題句：轉(zhuǎn)折詞如

but、however、infact、actually等，其后的內(nèi)容往往是作者真正想要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)總結(jié)詞如therefore、thus、inshort、conclude等，其后的內(nèi)容往往是文章的主題句疑問句若首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對(duì)該問題的回答可能是文章的主題句高頻詞法若全文無明顯主題句，我們可以利用文章中的高頻詞找出文章的主題句。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此，有的文章最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是文中有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心專題一閱讀理解逆向思維法在兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)看上去都十分正確且無法選擇時(shí)，試著從選項(xiàng)出發(fā)，想象一下如果自己以此選項(xiàng)來寫文章會(huì)有哪些內(nèi)容，然后把它與文章的內(nèi)容相比較，接近的即為正確選項(xiàng)[典例]

(2021·全國甲卷)WhenIwas9，wepackedupourhomeinLosAngelesandarrivedatHeathrow，LondononagrayJanuarymorning.Everyoneinthefamilysettledquicklyintothecityexceptme.Withoutmybelovedbeachesandendlessblue-skydays，Ifeltatalossandoutofplace.UntilImadeadiscovery.專題一閱讀理解Southbank，ataneasternbendintheThames，isthecenterofBritishskateboarding，wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once，whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam(橫桿)，Ifellontothestones，damaginganerveinmyhand，andTobycameover，helpingmeup：Safe，man.Safe.Afewminuteslater，whenIlandedthetrick，myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud，shouting:“Safe！Safe！Safe！”Andthat'swhatmattered—landingtricks，beingagoodskater.專題一閱讀理解WhenIwas15，myfamilymovedtoWashington.Itriedskateboardingthere，butthelocalswerefarlesswelcoming.Withinacoupleofyears，I'dgivenitup.WhenIreturnedtoLondonin2004，IfoundmyselfwanderingdowntoSouthbank，spendinghoursthere.I'vetraveledbackseveraltimessince，mostrecentlythispastspring.Thedaywascoldbutclear；touristsandLondonersstoppedtowatchtheskaters.Weaving(穿梭)amongthekidswhorushedbyontheirboards，Ifoundmywaytothebeam.Thenarail-thinteenager，inabaggywhiteT-shirt，skidded(滑)uptothebeam.Hesatnexttome.Heseemednottonoticethemannexttohim.ButsoonIcaughtafewofhisglances.“Iwasalocalhere20yearsago，”Itoldhim.Then，slowly，hebegantonodhishead.“Safe，man.Safe.”“Yeah，”Isaid.“Safe.”專題一閱讀理解31.Whatmessagedoestheauthorseemtoconveyinthetext？A．Childrenshouldlearnasecondlanguage.

B．Sportisnecessaryforchildren'shealth.C．Childrenneedasenseofbelonging.D．Seeingtheworldisamustforchildren.[解題示范]第一步：讀文章，概括文意專題一閱讀理解專題一閱讀理解第二步：析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A兒童應(yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)第二外語。文中沒有這種說法無中生有，生搬硬套B體育運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)兒童健康是非常必要的。文中雖提到了滑板運(yùn)動(dòng)，但并未涉及滑板運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)健康的作用無中生有，曲解文意C兒童需要?dú)w屬感。文章描述了作者通過滑板運(yùn)動(dòng)融入新生活、結(jié)交當(dāng)?shù)厝说慕?jīng)歷，表達(dá)了歸屬感、集體感對(duì)于兒童的必要性，因此該選項(xiàng)符合文章主旨涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文D看世界對(duì)于兒童來說是件必要的事情。文中沒有這種說法無中生有，生搬硬套第三步：對(duì)比選項(xiàng)得出答案[答案]

C專題一閱讀理解類型3段落大意題段落大意題主要考查段落的主要意思，是對(duì)某個(gè)段落基本內(nèi)容的簡縮和概括。概括、總結(jié)、歸納段落大意就是用準(zhǔn)確的、簡練的語言把一個(gè)段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達(dá)出來定位段落主題句，首尾兼顧定段意每一文段都要圍繞一個(gè)特定的主題，按照一定的邏輯順序展開，所以段落的結(jié)構(gòu)也有一定的規(guī)律性。做題時(shí)要特別注意“首尾兼顧”，即問題所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因?yàn)樗鼈兺w現(xiàn)主旨要義，二是因?yàn)槔眠@些信息可以迅速提煉段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架，在框架下判斷主旨，其準(zhǔn)確性更高專題一閱讀理解常用的寫作架構(gòu)專題一閱讀理解[典例]（2021·全國乙卷）Whenalmosteveryonehasamobilephone，whyaremorethanhalfofAustralianhomesstillpayingforalandline（座機(jī)）？Thesedaysyou'dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn'townamobilephone.Infactplentyofyoungerkidshaveoneintheirpocket.Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere，anytime.24.Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusaboutmobilephones？A.Theirtargetusers.B.Theirwidepopularity.C.Theirmajorfunctions.D.Theircomplexdesign.專題一閱讀理解[解題示范]第一步：首尾兼顧定段意根據(jù)第二段中的“Thesedaysyou'dbehardpressedtofindanyoneinAustraliaovertheageof15whodoesn'townamobilephone”以及“Practicallyeveryonecanmakeandreceivecallsanywhere，anytime”可知，移動(dòng)電話在澳大利亞幾乎隨處可見，即本段主要談及移動(dòng)電話在澳大利亞的普及程度。第二步：析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A它們的目標(biāo)用戶。文中提到了年輕人，但他們并不是用于介紹移動(dòng)電話的目標(biāo)用戶以偏概全，曲解文意專題一閱讀理解第三步：對(duì)比選項(xiàng)得出答案[答案]

BB它們廣泛的普及度。本段主旨就是舉例說明手機(jī)在澳大利亞非常普遍，該項(xiàng)是對(duì)本段內(nèi)容的精煉總結(jié)和概括涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全段C它們的主要功能。原文未提及相關(guān)內(nèi)容無中生有，生搬硬套D它們復(fù)雜的設(shè)計(jì)。原文未提及相關(guān)內(nèi)容無中生有，生搬硬套續(xù)上表課堂新體驗(yàn)A（2022·長沙新高考適應(yīng)性考試）Morethan45，000yearsago，bytheshoreofpresent-dayTasmania，alocalpersonpickedupalargepieceofthick，darkbrownseaweed.Andherealizedthatthisgiantpieceofseaweedcouldbeusedtomakeawatertightbag.And45，000yearslaterinmainlandAustralia，peopleareagainturningtoseaweedtosolvepressingproblems.Today，itisusedtoaddresstheworld'sclimatecrisis.Winberg，amarineecologistattheUniversityofWollongong，hasspentdecadesstudyingseaweed.Shebelievesseaweed'sfastgrowthrateandabilitytoabsorbvastamountsofcarbondioxidecanhelpfightclimatechange，deacidifytheocean，andchangethewaywefarm，notonlyintheoceanbutalsoonland.專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗(yàn)“Ifweusedtheinfrastructurewehaveintheoceanandcreatedseaweedislands，wewouldactuallygetridofmanyclimatechangeissueswehavetoday，”saysWinberg.Realizingseaweed'spotentialasaclimatesolution，WinbergopenedAustralia'sfirstland-based，commercialseaweedfarmin2013.OnherfarminNewSouthWales，Winbergproducesseaweedextracts（提取物）thatareusedinfood，cosmeticsandmedicines.Likeplantsonland，seaweedabsorbsCO2andgrowsbiomass（生物量）.Coastalmarinesystemscanabsorbcarbonatratesupto50timesgreaterthanforestsonland，accordingtoEmilyPidgeon，seniordirectorofstrategicmarineinitiativesatConservationInternational.Globally，seaweedisthoughttoabsorb專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗(yàn)nearly200milliontonsofCO2everyyear—asmuchasNewYorkState'sannualemissions.Andwhenseaweeddies，muchofthecarbonlockedupinitstissuesistransportedtothedeepocean.ByraisingpHlevelsintheocean，seaweedalsoimprovesgrowingconditionsforshellfishsuchasoystersandmussels，whoseshellsbecomemorefragile（脆弱的）inacidicenvironments.專題一閱讀理解Thepotentialforseaweedcultivationdoesn'tstopintheocean.Winberghasfoundtherearebenefitsofdoingitonlandtoo.Shebelievesthatseaweedfarmingoffers“hugepotential”tonotonlyaddresstheclimatecrisis，butalsofeedagrowingpopulationinasustainableway.AccordingtoWinberg，onehectare（公頃）課堂新體驗(yàn)ofaseaweedfarmcanproducemoreproteinthanthesameamountoflandusedforcattle.“We'resittingonundiscovered，renewable，sustainableresources，”shesays.專題一閱讀理解【語篇解讀】

45000多年前，人類發(fā)現(xiàn)海藻可以用來做防水袋?，F(xiàn)在人們可以用海藻來解決世界上的氣候問題。1.WhatismainlyintroducedaboutseaweedinParagraph1？A.Itsuse.

B.Itshistory.C.Itsorigin. D.Itsappearance.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知，45000多年前，人類發(fā)現(xiàn)了海藻可以用來做防水袋。45000年后它被用來解決“pressingproblems”，如今它被用來解決世界上的氣候危機(jī)。故可知該段主要介紹了海藻的用途。故A項(xiàng)正確。答案：A課堂新體驗(yàn)2.Whyisseaweedspokenhighlyofaccordingtothetext？A.Itlowerstheoceantemperaturedirectly.B.Itcontributestoshellfish'sgrowingspeed.C.Itproducesthesameamountofproteinascattle.D.Itgrowsfastandcanabsorbcarbonatahighrate.專題一閱讀理解解析：推理判斷題。由第二段中的“Shebelieves...onland”可知海藻生長速度快，能吸收大量二氧化碳；根據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容可知，沿海海洋系統(tǒng)吸收碳的速度高達(dá)陸地森林的50倍。由此可推知，海藻生長迅速，并且能以很高的速度吸收碳。故D項(xiàng)正確。答案：D課堂新體驗(yàn)3.WhatisWinberg'sattitudetowardsseaweed？A.Unclear. B.Favorable.C.Critical. D.Doubtful.專題一閱讀理解解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Shebelieves...butalsoonland”，第三段中的“Ifweused...saysWinberg”和第六段中的“Shebelieves...asustainableway”可知，Winberg對(duì)海藻持支持態(tài)度。答案：B課堂新體驗(yàn)4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？A.CO2，aKillerofClimateChangeB.Pollution，theWorld'sClimateCrisisC.Seaweed，aPotentialClimateSolutionD.Infrastructure，aWayofEliminatingClimateIssues專題一閱讀理解解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容，尤其是第一段的最后一句“Today，itisusedtoaddresstheworld'sclimatecrisis”可知，現(xiàn)在人們可以用海藻來解決世界上面臨的氣候問題。由此可知，C項(xiàng)“海藻，一種潛在的氣候解決方案”適合作文章標(biāo)題。答案：C課堂新體驗(yàn)BIfthethreeRs（reduce，reuseandrecycle）isaguidelinetosavetheplanet，garbage-sortingiswheretheeffortsstart.SinceMay1，Beijinghasstartedtocarryoutmandatorygarbage-sortinginneweffortstobetterprotecttheenvironment.Underthenewregulation，residentsarerequiredtoclassifyhouseholdwasteintofourcategories：

kitchen，recyclable，hazardousandotherwaste.Peoplewhofailtosorttheirgarbageproperlycanbefinedfrom50to200yuan，reportedXinhua.SomeresidentialcommunitiesinBeijinghaveintroducedrewardstoencourageresidentstosorttheirgarbage.AccordingtoXinhua，residentscanearnpointsbyclassifyingtheirdomesticwastecorrectlyandthenexchangethepointstheyaccumulatedfordailynecessitiessuchassoap.專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗(yàn)Garbage-sortingpracticeshavereachedover70percentofhousingestatesin18cities，includingShanghai，XiamenandHangzhou，accordingtotheMinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopment.Shanghaifirstenactedamandatorygarbage-sortingregulationinJuly2019andhashada90percentcompliance（服從）rateamongitshousingestates.AccordingtoareportbytheMinistryofEcologyandEnvironment，over90percentofthepublicbelievethatgarbage-sortingisimportantfortheprotectionoftheenvironment.However，garbage-sortingisstillabigprobleminChina.Only30percentofparticipantssaidtheythinktheyarecompletelysortingtheirwaste，thereportnoted.AccordingtoXinhua，it'spartlybecausemanypeoplelackthewillingnesstosorttheirownwaste.Also，somepreviousgarbageregulationsdidn'tincludefinesforpeoplewhofailedtoobeythem.專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗(yàn)“It'samusttohavealegalguaranteetopromotegarbage-sorting，”LiuJianguo，aprofessorfromTsinghuaUniversity，toldChina

Daily.“AsidefromChina，manycountrieslikeGermany，SpainandBritain，alsoaskpeopletosortwasteintospecificcategories.InJapan，thereisafixedtimeforthesortingofeachkindofgarbageandlittering.”【語篇解讀】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道。自5月1日起，北京開始實(shí)施強(qiáng)制垃圾分類，以更好地保護(hù)環(huán)境。文章介紹了這一政策的相關(guān)規(guī)定，說明了如今中國垃圾分類的現(xiàn)狀和存在的一些問題，以及其他人對(duì)于中國垃圾分類的一些看法。專題一閱讀理解課堂新體驗(yàn)5.WhatcanwelearnaboutthenewregulationinBeijing？A.Ithasn'tbeenputin