語言學知識點Mr.Potato語言學知識點I語言學導論II語言學主要分支學科III語言學的流派和理論I語言學導論I語言學導論

1.designfeatureoflanguage（語言的定義特征）2.LanguageFamilies(世界語言分類)3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(語言學研究中幾對重要的概念)4.scopeoflinguistics(語言學的研究范圍)I語言學導論

1.designfeaturLOREMIPSUMDOLOR1.designfeatureoflanguage（語言的定義特征)

definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunicationLOREMIPSUMDOLOR1.designfea1.designfeatureoflanguage

語言定義特征

1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二層性)3)Creativity/Productivity(創(chuàng)造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化傳遞性)1.designfeatureoflanguage

1）Arbitrariness(任意性):定義：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.舉例：書,book,livre喜歡，like，aimerLOREMIPSUMDOLOR1）Arbitrariness(任意性):LOREMIPLOREMIPSUMDOLOR2）Duality（二層性）:定義：thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.舉例：Sounds>syllables>words>phrases>clauses>sentences>texts/discoursesLOREMIPSUMDOLOR2）Duality（二層性LOREMIPSUMDOLOR3）Creativity/Productivity（創(chuàng)造性）:定義：Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsduality舉例1：/k/,/a:/,/p/----carporpark舉例2：England,defeated,FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance.FrancedefeatedEngland.LOREMIPSUMDOLOR3）Creativity4）Displacement（替代性）:定義：Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.4）Displacement（替代性）:5）CulturalTransmission（文化傳遞性）:定義：languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.反例：印度狼孩LOREMIPSUMDOLOR5）CulturalTransmission（文化傳遞性3.Designfeature定義特征1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二層性)3)Creativity/Productivity(創(chuàng)造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化傳遞性)

如何記憶:五性，創(chuàng)意遺傳3.Designfeature定義特征1)ArbitrLOREMIPSUMDOLOR4.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics(語言學研究中幾對重要的概念)1)descriptive&prescriptive2)synchronic&diachronic3)langue&parole4)competence&performanceLOREMIPSUMDOLOR4.ImportantLOREMIPSUMDOLOR1)Descriptive（描述性）vs.Prescriptive（規(guī)定性）Descriptive:describinghowthingsare.prescriptive:prescribinghowthingsoughttobeLOREMIPSUMDOLOR1)DescriptivImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics舉例：Don'tsayX.Peopledon'tsayX.Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.ImportantDistinctionsinLingLOREMIPSUMDOLOR2).Synchronic（共時性）vs.Diachronic（歷時性）synchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.diachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.LOREMIPSUMDOLOR2).SynchroniLOREMIPSUMDOLOR舉例：研究1800年的英語發(fā)音Synchronicstudies(共時性研究)研究1800-1900的法語語法變化Diachronicstudies(歷時研究)LOREMIPSUMDOLOR舉例：2.世界語言分類Languagefamily語系languagegroup語族Languagebranch語支印歐語系,漢藏語系，南島語系，阿爾泰語系，南亞語系印歐語系下的日耳曼語族，羅曼語族，凱爾特語族,斯拉夫語族，伊朗印度語族日耳曼語族下分東日耳曼語支，西日耳曼支，北日耳曼語支2.世界語言分類Languagefamily語系lan2.世界語言分類Languagefamily語系languagegroup語族Languagebranch語支印歐語系,漢藏語系，南島語系，阿爾泰語系，南亞語系印歐語系下的日耳曼語族，羅曼語族，凱爾特語族,斯拉夫語族，伊朗印度語族日耳曼語族下分西日耳曼支，東日耳曼語支，北日耳曼語支2.世界語言分類Languagefamily語系lanIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily印歐語系Germanicgroup日耳曼語族WestBranch西日耳曼語支英語，德語NorthBranch瑞典語，丹麥語--Celticgroup凱爾特語族NorthCelticgroup北凱爾特語支愛爾蘭語，蓋爾語SouthCelticgroup南凱爾特語支威爾士語Romangroup羅曼語族WestRomanGroup西羅曼語支法語，西班牙語等東支羅馬尼亞語Slavicgroup斯拉夫語族WestSlavicgroup斯拉夫語西支波蘭語，捷克語東支俄語Indo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyG3).langue（語言）&parole（言語）Theorist：Saussure（索緒爾）,fatherofmodernlinguisticslangue:abstractlinguisticsystemparole:actualrealizationoflangueImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics3).langue（語言）&parole（言語）ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics舉例：漢語系統(tǒng)langue每個中國人在不同具體場景中說出的具體話語paroleImportantDistinctionsinLingImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics4)Competence（語言能力）andperformance（語言運用）theorist:Chomsky(喬姆斯基)competence:user'sknowledgeofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem.performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituations.ImportantDistinctionsinLingLOREMIPSUMDOLOR5.ScopeofLinguistics(語言學的研究范圍)1）按研究內(nèi)容來分2）按研究導向來分LOREMIPSUMDOLOR5.ScopeofL語言學分類-按研究內(nèi)容分LinguisticsMicro-linguistics語言內(nèi)部問題Macro-linguistics語言與外部世界關系問題語言學分類-按研究內(nèi)容分LinguisticsMicro-l語言學分類-按研究內(nèi)容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(語音學)Phonology（音系學）wordMorphology（形態(tài)學）sentenceSyntax（句法學）meaningSemantics（語義學）Pragmatics(語用學)語言學分類-按研究內(nèi)容分Micro-LinguisticsMacro-linguisticsLanguage&SocietySociolinguistics社會語言學Language&MindPsycholinguistics心理語言學Language&Cultureanthropologicallinguistics人類語言學Language&ComputerComputationalLinguistics計算機語言學Macro-linguisticsLanguage&So語言學分類-按研究導向分LinguisticsTheoreticalLinguisticsLinguisticnature,universalrulesAppliedLinguisticslanguageacquisition,teaching,assessment語言學分類-按研究導向分LinguisticsTheore語言學分類-按研究內(nèi)容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(語音學)Phonology（音系學）wordMorphology（形態(tài)學）sentenceSyntax（句法學）meaningSemantics（語義學）Pragmatics(語用學)語言學分類-按研究內(nèi)容分Micro-Linguistics語言學分類-按研究內(nèi)容分Micro-LinguisticssoundPhonetics(語音學)Phonology（音系學）wordMorphology（形態(tài)學）sentenceSyntax（句法學）meaningSemantics（語義學）Pragmatics(語用學)語言學分類-按研究內(nèi)容分Micro-LinguisticsLOREMIPSUMDOLOR考點:1.語音學(phonetics)和音系學(phonology)的定義和區(qū)別2.語音學重要概念:清音和濁音3.音系學重要概念:音子，音位,超音段特征

LOREMIPSUMDOLOR考點:LOREMIPSUMDOLORPhoneticsstudiesallspeechsoundsinhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,transmittedandhowtheyarereceived.Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.區(qū)別:meaning(是否研究和表達意義有關的語音）LOREMIPSUMDOLORPhoneticsstuLOREMIPSUMDOLOR舉例:too和tea中的/t/發(fā)too中的/t/時,舌位更靠近口腔前部發(fā)tea中的/t/時，舌位更靠近口腔后部語音學要研究這種/t/發(fā)音的不同之處,音系學不研究LOREMIPSUMDOLOR舉例:Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechs語音學分類articulatoryphonetics(發(fā)音語音學):speaker’sproductionacousticphonetics（聲學語音學）:transmission’smediumauditoryphonetics(聽覺語音學):receiver’sreception語音學分類articulatoryphonetics(發(fā)音如何記憶phonetics和phonolgy的區(qū)別:聯(lián)想:mathematics,physics,mechanicsphonetics語言學，-ics科學性更強

geology,sociology,astrologyphonology音系學，-ology人文性更強如何記憶phonetics和phonolgy的區(qū)別:SpeechorgansHowspeechsoundsaremadeSpeechorgansHowspeechs英語語言學大全ppt課件Positionofthevocalfolds(聲帶):voicing(濁音)andvoiceless(清音)Positionofthevocalfolds(聲帶LOREMIPSUMDOLORVoiceless(清音)：vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstruction清音舉例：[p,s,t]Voicing/Voiced（濁音）：vocalcordsheldtogether,lettingtheairstreamvibrates濁音:[b,z,d]LOREMIPSUMDOLORVoiceless(清音)LOREMIPSUMDOLORThedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.Asthereisnoobstructionofairintheproductionofvowels,thedescriptionoftheconsonantsandvowelscannotbedonealongthesamelines.LOREMIPSUMDOLORThedistinctiLOREMIPSUMDOLOR音系學定義：studyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.音系學重要概念:phone音子，phoneme音位(音系研究的基本單位)supra-segmentalfeatures超音段特征LOREMIPSUMDOLOR音系學定義：studyoLOREMIPSUMDOLORPhone(音子)：aphoneticunit;thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringcommunicationareallphones舉例:too和tea中的/t/發(fā)too中的/t/時,舌位更靠近口腔前部發(fā)tea中的/t/時，舌位更靠近口腔后部所以too和tea中的/t/兩個不同的音子LOREMIPSUMDOLORPhone(音子)：apLOREMIPSUMDOLORPhoneme(音位):phonologicalandabstractunit,aunitofdistinctivevalue;thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.舉例：tea和sea,/t/和/s/是兩個不同的音位morphemeLOREMIPSUMDOLORPhoneme(LOREMIPSUMDOLORWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeLOREMIPSUMDOLORWhatisthepLOREMIPSUMDOLORWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme(音位)LOREMIPSUMDOLORWhatisthepLOREMIPSUMDOLORWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeLOREMIPSUMDOLORWhatisthepLOREMIPSUMDOLORWhatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phonemeLOREMIPSUMDOLORWhatisthepSuprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征)Suprasegmentalfeatures:phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsare:Suprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征LOREMIPSUMDOLORSupra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特征)：stress（重音）舉例:perfect(adj)和perfect(v)tone(聲調(diào))/pitch(音高):定義:soundfeaturewhicharecausedbythedifferingrateofvibrationofthevocalfolds.舉例:mā媽,má麻,m?馬，mà罵比較：英語單詞，如meLOREMIPSUMDOLORSupra-segmentLOREMIPSUMDOLORintonation（語調(diào)）：pitch,stress,andsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation.

舉例:LOREMIPSUMDOLORintonation（語Morphology形態(tài)學1.學科定義2.語素的定義和分類3.詞的分類（classificationofwords）Morphology形態(tài)學1.學科定義形態(tài)學研究的基本單位

1.morpheme(語素）.Themostbasicelementofmeaninginlanguage，anelementthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutalteringitsmeaning.舉例：ballfootballballs形態(tài)學研究的基本單位

1.morpheme(語素）.ThMorpheme語素Freemorpheme自由語素定義：constitutewordsbythemselves舉例：girl,book,dogBoundmorpheme粘附語素Derivationalmorpheme派生語素定義：changelexicalmeaning舉例：Dis-,co-,-ful,-enInflectionalmorpheme屈折語素定義：changegrammaticalmeaning舉例:-s,-ed,-ing,,er,est定義:notoccurbythemselvesMorphemeFreemorpheme定義：constiTypesofMorphemesFreemorphemesvs.Boundmorphemes（自由語素和黏著語素）:Freemorphemes:thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.Boundmorphemes:thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.TypesofMorphemesFTypesofBoundMorpheme

Inflectionalmorpheme(屈折語素)=inflectionalaffix(屈折詞綴)：changethegrammaticalmeaning(number,aspect,case,tense)Derivationalmorpheme（派生語素）=inflectionalaffix(派生詞綴）:changethelexicalmeaningTypesofBoundMorpheme

Inflecdis+like+sderivationalfreeinflectionalmorphemedis+like+slight+en+edfreederivationalinflectionalmorphemelight+en+edLOREMIPSUMDOLORDerivationalmorpheme(改變詞義):改變詞義：dis-,un-,multi-,micro-改變詞性：en-,-full,-mentInflectionalmorpheme（改變語法含義）:改變名稱的性，數(shù)，格：-ess,-s,改變動詞的時,態(tài)，體:-ing,-ed,改變形容詞的級：-er,-estLOREMIPSUMDOLORDerivational詞的分類-按構詞法分wordSimpleword簡單詞Compoundword合成詞Derivationalword派生詞詞的分類-按構詞法分wordSimplewordCompoLOREMIPSUMDOLOR如何區(qū)分派生詞（derivationalword）和合成詞(compoundword):拆開后看各個組成的語素能否都單獨成詞，如果可以，就是合成詞，如果不能就是派生詞。Businessman:business+manPlayboy:play+boyMouthful:mouth+fulLighten:light+enLOREMIPSUMDOLOR如何區(qū)分派生詞（deriv詞的分類-按詞義分wordGrammaticalword語法詞（functionword功能詞）定義：表達語法意義，連接舉例：prep介詞，conj連詞，art冠詞，pronoun代詞Lexicalword詞匯詞（contentword實義詞）定義：表達實際意義（物質(zhì)，動作和性質(zhì)）的詞舉例：n名詞，v動詞，adj形容詞，adv副詞詞的分類-按詞義分wordGrammaticalword詞的分類-按開放性分wordOpenclassword開放詞類定義：不斷有新詞進入舉例：noun,adj,verb,advClosed-classword封閉詞類定義：基本沒有新詞進入舉例:preposition,conjunction,article,pronoun詞的分類-按開放性分wordOpenclassword定詞的分類-按在句子重要性分詞類MajorpartofspeechNoun名詞Verb動詞Adjective形容詞adverb副詞preposition介詞MinorpartofspeechArticle冠詞Conjunction連詞Auxiliary助動詞詞的分類-按在句子重要性分詞類Majorpartofs英語語言學大全ppt課件考點1.定義2.句法范疇3.句子類型Syntax句法考點Syntax句法LOREMIPSUMDOLOR1.Syntax定義：:studiesinternalstructureofsentenceandrulesofsentence-formationLOREMIPSUMDOLOR1.Syntax定義：:LOREMIPSUMDOLORCategory(范疇):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchassentence,anounphraseoraverb(起相同作用的一類語言單位)Syntacticalcategory(句法范疇):agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinsentence-formation.（在句子構成中起相同作用的一類語言單位）LOREMIPSUMDOLORCategory(范疇):Syntacticalcategory(句法范疇)Word-----------lexicalcategoryPhrase---------phrasalcategoryClause---------clausalcategorySentenceSyntacticalcategory(句法范疇)WordLexicalCategory詞法范疇

=PartsofSpeech詞類LexicalcategoryMajorpartofspeechNoun名詞Verb動詞Adjective形容詞adverb副詞preposition介詞MinorpartofspeechArticle冠詞Conjunction連詞Auxiliary助動詞LexicalCategory詞法范疇

=Partso英語語言學大全ppt課件phrasespecifierheadcomplementacarfivemetersaway

英語語言學大全ppt課件72SentenceTypes(句子類型) simple

Sentence complex non-simple compound72SentenceTypes(句子類型) simpLOREMIPSUMDOLOR4.句子分類：Simplesentence簡單句Coordinatesentence并列句Complexsentence復雜句LOREMIPSUMDOLOR4.句子分類：LOREMIPSUMDOLORsimplesentence

簡單句定義：alsocalledindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.

LOREMIPSUMDOLORsimplesentenLOREMIPSUMDOLOR練習：

JimandMikeplayfootballeveryafternoon.(simplesentence)Marygoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.(coordinatesentence)LOREMIPSUMDOLOR練習：

JimandMLOREMIPSUMDOLORcoordinatesentence并列句:containstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(并列連詞)suchasand,or,butetc.Coordinatorsareoftenprecededbyacomma.例句:ItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.

Lilywenttoplayfootball,butMariawentshopping.LOREMIPSUMDOLORcoordinateseLOREMIPSUMDOLORYouhavetodoitonewayortheother.SimplesentenceTheworkerswerecheerful,oratleasttheyappearedtobecheerful.CoordinatesentenceLOREMIPSUMDOLORYouhavetodLOREMIPSUMDOLORcomplexsentence定義：Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedwithoneormoredependentclausesbyoneormoresubordinators(從屬連詞)suchasif,when,because,althoug.LOREMIPSUMDOLORcomplexsenteLOREMIPSUMDOLORAsheisgrowingold,heseldomgoesout.Heis

growingold,whereashebecomeshealthier.如何區(qū)分并列和復雜句---看連詞表示的關系

并列，選擇和轉(zhuǎn)折關系---并列句時間，條件，原因和讓步關系---復雜句

LOREMIPSUMDOLORAsheisgrowSemantics考點：1.定義：studyofmeaning2.兩種基本意義：reference指稱和sense涵義3.五種詞語語義關系Semantics考點：LudwigWittgenstein:‘Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage’.Meaningisstudiedbymakingdetailedanalysesofthewaywordsandsentencesareusedinspecificcontexts.Reference（指稱）:howlanguagereferstotherealphysicalworld(語言指代外部物質(zhì)世界)Sense（涵義）:inherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandthemeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.(語言形式的內(nèi)在意義)LudwigWittgenstein:‘Themeanconceptsymbolizes

referstosymbolreferent(word)standsfor(object)英語語言學大全ppt課件

dogSense:adomesticatedcaninemammalReference:

dogReference:Synonymy同義Synonymy同義:samenessorsimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.

Synonymy同義Synonymy同義:samene同義分類舉例dialecticalsynonym地域同義詞：舉例:fallandautumn,flatandapartmentstylisticsynonym風格同義詞：舉例:copandpolice,kidandoffspringcollocationalsynonym搭配同義詞：舉例:accuseof,chargewith,rebukeforSemanticallydifferentsynonym語義稍有不同的同義詞:舉例:surpriseandastound,blameandrebuke同義分類舉例dialecticalsynonym地域同義詞Antonymy反義Antonymy反義:oppositenessofmeaning.Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningarecalledantonyms.Antonymy反義關系分類：gradableantonymy等級反義complementaryantonymy互補反義converseantonymy反向反義Antonymy反義Antonymy反義:opposiGradableantonymy等級反義young--------middle-aged---------------oldbig--------middle-sized---------------smallgood-------------average-----------------badGradableantonymy等級反義young---Complementaryantonymy互補反義alive:deadmale:femalepresent:absentinnocent:guiltyodd:evenpass:failboy:girlhit:missComplementaryantonymy互補反義Converseantonymy反向反義

buy:selllend:borrowgive:receiveparent:childhusband:wifeteacher:studentabove:belowbefore:afterhost:guestemployer:employeeConverseantonymy反向反義

Hyponymy上下義關系Hyponymy上下義:referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Superordinate/hypernym上義詞:themoregeneraltermHyponym下義詞:themorespecifictermHyponymy上下義關系Hyponymy上下義:reLOREMIPSUMDOLOR舉例:hypernym上義詞:animalHyponym下義詞:bird,fish,tiger,cat如何記憶:hyper---向上hype炒作hypo---向下hypothesis假設LOREMIPSUMDOLOR舉例:

Animal

birdfishinsectanimal

humananimal

tigerlionelephant...Animal

birdfishPolysemy一詞多義Polysemy:thesameonewordhasmorethanonemeaning.Suchawordiscalledpolysemicword.舉例:Fish:1.魚2.魚肉3.水生動物4.捕魚5.尋找Polysemy一詞多義Polysemy:thesamLOREMIPSUMDOLORHomonymy同音/同形異義詞:wordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Identicalinsound:homophones同音詞Identicalinspelling:homograph同形詞Identicalinboth:completehomonyms同音同形詞LOREMIPSUMDOLORHomonymy同音/同形LOREMIPSUMDOLORhomophones同音詞：舉例:knightandnight,pieceandpeacehomograph同形詞舉例:tear(v)andtear(n),lead(v)andlead(n)completehomonyms同音同形詞:fast(adj)andfast(n)LOREMIPSUMDOLORhomophones同音LOREMIPSUMDOLOR如何區(qū)分同音同形和一詞多義現(xiàn)象:beauty,fish,ball,scalebeauty:美麗；美女fish:魚；魚肉；水生動物；捕魚；尋找ball:球；舞會scale:規(guī)模；魚鱗

看其多個意義之間是否有關聯(lián)，如果有就是一詞多義，沒有就是同音同形詞LOREMIPSUMDOLOR如何區(qū)分同音同形和一詞多義Pragmatics語用學

考點:定義和與語義學的區(qū)別：studyofmeaningincontextorinuse言語行為理論（兩位理論家和三種行為）會話原則Pragmatics語用學考點:2.SpeechActTheoryJohnAustin(1911-1960)HowtoDoThingswithWords(1962)MainIdea:thingscanbedonewithwords2.SpeechActTheoryJohnAustiConstatives(敘事句)vs.performatives（施為句）Constatives（敘事句）:utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact,reportthatsomethingisthecase,ordescribewhatsomethingis,eg:IgototheparkeverySunday.IteachEnglish.

Constatives(敘事句)vs.performatLOREMIPSUMDOLORPerformatives（施為句）:utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts,donotdescribeorreportanythingatall;theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction;theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Performativeverbs:name,bet,etc.LOREMIPSUMDOLORPerformativesThreeSpeechActs(三種言語行為)Alocutionaryact(言內(nèi)行為):theactofutteringwords,phrase,sentences.Itisanactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Anillocutionaryact（言外行為）:anactofexpressionspeaker’sintention;itisanactperformedinsayingsomething.Aperlocutionaryact（言后行為）:theactpreformedbyorasaresultofsaying,theeffectsonthehearer.ThreeSpeechActs(三種言語行為)Alo三種話語行為-舉例老師對學生說:Youhaveleftthedooropen.Locutionaryact(言內(nèi)行為):theactofutteringthewordsof“you”,“have”,“l(fā)eft”,“the”,“door”,“open”Illocutinaryact(言外行為):theactofexpressingtheteacher’sintentionofaskingthestudenttoclosethedoor.Perlocutionaryact(言后行為):theeffectoftheutterance:studentgoestoclosethedoor三種話語行為-舉例老師對學生說:Youhaveleft103IllocutionaryActTheory美國哲學家JohnSearle(約翰-塞爾，1932-)在Austin理論基礎上把言外行為進一步分為5類：陳述（assertives），指示(directives)，承諾(commissives)，表達(expressives)，宣告（declaratives）103IllocutionaryActTConversationalImplicature（會話含義理論）Theorist：英國語言學家HerbertPaulGrice(格萊斯，1913-1988)MainIdea:Peopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.ConversationalImplicature（TheCooperativePrinciple(CP，合作原則)

MaximofQuality（數(shù)量準則）MaximofQuantity（質(zhì)量準則）MaximofRelation（關系準則）MaximofManner（方式準則）TheCooperativePrinciple(CP，TheCooperativePrinciple(CP，合作原則)

MaximofQuality（數(shù)量準則）Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaysomethingifyoulackadequateevidence;MaximofQuantity（質(zhì)量準則）MaximofRelation（關系準則）MaximofManner（方式準則）TheCooperativePrinciple(CP，LOREMIPSUMDOLORMaximofQuality（數(shù)量準則）MaximofQuantity（質(zhì)量準則）：Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange).Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanrequired.MaximofRelation（關系準則）MaximofManner（方式準則）LOREMIPSUMDOLORMaximofQualLOREMIPSUMDOLORMaximofQuality（數(shù)量準則）MaximofQuantity（質(zhì)量準則）MaximofRelation（關系準則）：Berelative.MaximofManner（方式準則）LOREMIPSUMDOLORMaximofQualLOREMIPSUMDOLORMaximofQuality（數(shù)量準則）MaximofQuantity（質(zhì)量準則）MaximofRelation（關系準則）MaximofManner(方式準則)：Beperspicuous.Avoidobscurityofexpression.Avoidambiguity.Bebrief.Beorderly.LOREMIPSUMDOLORMaximofQualMacro-Linguistics

宏觀語言學LOREMIPSUMDOLORMacro-Linguistics

宏觀語言學LOREMILOREMIPSUMDOLORSociolinguistics社會語言學1.定義2.語言變體languagevariety3.雙語LOREMIPSUMDOLORSociolinguistLOREMIPSUMDOLORSociolinguistics社會語言學1定義：Thesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.Speech語言變體雙語LOREMIPSUMDOLORSociolinguistLOREMIPSUMDOLORSociolinguistics社會語言學定義Speechvariety/languagevariety語言變體:refertoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.雙語LOREMIPSUMDOLORSociolinguistspeakerregionageracegendersocialclasssituationspeakerregionageracegendersociLanguagevariety語言變體regionRegionaldialect地域方言SocialclassSociolect社會方言genderGenderdialect性別方言ageAgedialect年齡方言raceEthnicdialect種族方言situationRegister/situationaldialect語域Languagevariety語言變體regionRegIdiolect個人方言RegionaldialectSociolectAgedialectGenderdialectEthnicdialectIdiolectRegionaldialectSociolLOREMIPSUMDOLORPidgin(洋涇浜語/皮欽語)：aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeaksdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.上海洋涇浜

LOREMIPSUMDOLORPidgin(洋涇浜語/皮LOREMIPSUMDOLOR上海話中的洋涇浜英語“蹩腳”（BILGE，船底污水，引申為骯臟的、下三濫的、劣質(zhì)的）“癟三”（BEGSIR，乞丐先生，用來形容叫花子、難民、逃荒者等各式窮人，后引申為最廣泛的罵人用語之一。“赤佬”是英語“CHEAT”（欺騙）和中文“佬”的混生詞語，一個魯迅時代最流行的洋涇浜俚語（隱語）。LOREMIPSUMDOLOR上海話中的洋涇浜英語119Frompidginto

creoles(克里奧語):Pidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageasaresultofintermarriage,itisspokenathomeandlearnedbychildrenasamothertongue.舉例.French-basedHaitianCreole,EnglishbasedjamaicaCreole119Frompidgintocreoles(克里奧語LOREMIPSUMDOLORSociolinguistics社會語言學定義語言變體雙語LOREMIPSUMDOLORSociolinguistLOREMIPSUMDOLORBilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象)Diglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象)Multilingualism（多語現(xiàn)象）LOREMIPSUMDOLORBilingualism(LOREMIPSUMDOLORBilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers.舉例：Canada(FrenchandEnglish),Wales(WelshandEnglish)Diglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象)Multilingualism（多語現(xiàn)象）LOREMIPSUMDOLORBilingualism(LOREMIPSUMDOLORBilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象)Diglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.舉例：Switzerland:HighGermanasthestandard(public,official)SwissGermanasthevernacular(informal,daily)Multilingualism（多語現(xiàn)象）LOREMIPSUMDOLORBilingualism(LOREMIPSUMDOLORBilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象)Diglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象)Multilingualism（多語現(xiàn)象）:alinguisticsituationinwhichmorethantwolanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers.舉例：Singapore(English,Chinese,Malay)

LOREMIPSUMDOLORBilingualism(LOREMIPSUMDOLORBilingualism(雙語現(xiàn)象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakersDiglossia(高低雙語現(xiàn)象):alinguisticsituationinwhichtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplayMultilingualism（多語現(xiàn)象）:alinguisticsituationmorethantwovarietiesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakersLOREMIPSUMDOLORBilingualism(LOREMIPSUMDOLOR人類語言學AnthropologicalLinguistics定義:studyoftherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguage假說：Sapir-WhorfHypothesis(薩丕爾-沃爾夫假說)：structureofthelanguagepeopleuseinfluencesthewaytheythinkandbehave(簡言之,語言影響人的思想行為)LOREMIPSUMDOLOR人類語言學Anthrop127Sapir-WhorfHypothesisEdwardSapir(1884-1939)andBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941)Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.

Linguisticdeterminism:Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.Linguisticrelativity:differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround.127Sapir-WhorfHypothesis128English:horseshoeFrench:feracheval——ironforhorseGerman:hufeisen——hoofironTheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsnow.TheArabs,forcamels.128English:horseshoeLOREMIPSUMDOLOR心理語言學Psycholinguistics:thestudyofthementalprocess