【概況】英語(yǔ)中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)貫穿整個(gè)中學(xué)階段的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)，也是歷年高考重點(diǎn)考查的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目之一。因此，我們要特別重視動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的學(xué)習(xí)。中學(xué)階段常用的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)有下列10種：(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；(3)一般將來(lái)時(shí)；(5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；(7)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；(9)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)；(2)一般過(guò)去時(shí)；(4)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)；(6)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；(8)過(guò)去完成時(shí)；(10)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)【概況】動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)反映主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的一種關(guān)系。動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，句子通過(guò)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的不同形式體現(xiàn)出的不同時(shí)態(tài)形式；被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，不同的時(shí)態(tài)通過(guò)be的不同形式體現(xiàn)。【考查范圍】

在特定語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中，區(qū)別使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(過(guò)去時(shí))與現(xiàn)在(過(guò)去)進(jìn)行時(shí)；時(shí)態(tài)的特殊用法；及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)用法；主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)的情況；特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中時(shí)態(tài)的使用；結(jié)合所獲得的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)確定正確時(shí)態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)概況：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)通常表示習(xí)慣性的、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。通常與表示頻度的副詞如often,sometimes,usually,always,occasionally等和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)如in

the

evening,atnight,

twice

a

month,

every

day/week/month/year,onSundays

等連用常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)①表示永恒的真理，即使出現(xiàn)在過(guò)去的語(yǔ)境中，仍用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：I

learnedthat

the

earthgoes

around

the

sun

when

I

wasin

primaryschool.②在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)，常用的引導(dǎo)詞有：時(shí)間：when,until,after,before,as

soon

as,

once,themoment/the

minute,the

day,the

next

time;條件：if,

unless,provided,so/as

long

as,

如：A

senior

officer

said,“All

the

soldiers

will

have

torescueall

the

survivors,as

soon

as

they

arrive

in

thedisasterareas.”

If

he

accepts

the

job,

he

will

get

more

moneysoon.注意：由if

引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時(shí)態(tài)。If

you

will

accept

my

invitation

and

come

to

our

party,

myfamily

will

be

pleased.如果你愿意接受并參加我們的舞會(huì)，我的家人會(huì)非常高興。③表示現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)時(shí)多用系動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞；表示經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，多用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞，且常與表頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。Ice

feels

cold.We

always

care

for

each

other

and

help

eachother.④表示知覺(jué)、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong,

seem等。如：I

know

what

you

mean.Smith

owns

acar

and

ahouse.All

the

students

here

belong

to

No.1

Middle

School.⑤少數(shù)用于表示起止的動(dòng)詞如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、open、close、end、stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。另外，當(dāng)表示與日期有關(guān)的內(nèi)容時(shí)，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)，因?yàn)橛嘘P(guān)日期的陳述是固定不變的事實(shí)。The

shop

closes

at

11:00

p.m.

every

day.Tomorrow

is

Wednesday.The

train

leaves

at

eight

o’clock

tomorrowmorning.“It’s

my

18th

birthday

next

Tuesday.”

Said

Ding

Junhui.二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)概況：表在過(guò)去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生且完成的動(dòng)作，或過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，只說(shuō)明過(guò)去。常跟明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間連用，如：yesterday;last

week;in1945;

at

that

time;once;during

the

war;before;a

fewdaysago;

when等常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)①used

todo，表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常但現(xiàn)在已不再維持的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作

to為不定式標(biāo)志詞，后接動(dòng)詞原形。而be/become/getused

to+doing，表示習(xí)慣于做某事。如：He

used

tosmoke

a

lot.He

has

got

used

to

getting

upearly.②在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。如：He

promised

to

buy

me

a

computer

if

he

got

a

raise.③一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法比較這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都用來(lái)表述發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某一動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一過(guò)去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，而

一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表達(dá)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在關(guān)系不大。如：She

has

cleaned

the

room.

It’s

very

clean

now.（此句has

cleaned就不能改為cleaned.一是因?yàn)閏leaned與現(xiàn)狀無(wú)關(guān)，二是因?yàn)橐话氵^(guò)去時(shí)不可突然跳到It’s…這樣的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。）漢語(yǔ)中的“了”、“過(guò)”、“曾”等詞常用完成表達(dá)，如：I

have

seen

that

film.（我看過(guò)那部電影了。）但是如果是在特定的過(guò)去時(shí)間“看了”、“做過(guò)”，就不可用完成時(shí)而必須用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)。如：When

didyou

seethat

film?

Isawit

yesterday.（你什么時(shí)候看了那部電影？我昨天看的。）不能說(shuō)：Whenhave

you

seen

that

film?

I

have

seen

it

yesterday.三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)概況：表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，完成在過(guò)去，但強(qiáng)調(diào)與現(xiàn)在情況仍有聯(lián)系，其結(jié)果或影響仍存在。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。2.常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)①for+時(shí)間段；since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)，如：

They

have

lived

in

Beijing

for

five

years.They

have

lived

in

Beijing

since

1995.I

have

learned

English

for

ten

years.②常見(jiàn)的不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：lately,

recently,

just,already,

yet,

up

to

now,till

now,so

far,these

days等，如：Has

it

stopped

rainingyet?③在表示“最近幾世紀(jì)/年/月以來(lái)……”時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：in

the

past

few

years/months/weeks/days;over

the

past

fewyears;during

the

last

three

months;

for

the

last

fewcenturies,through

centuries;throughout

history等④表示“第幾次做某事”或在“It

is

the

best

(worst,mostinteresting)+名詞＋that”后面跟現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：

This

is

my

first

time

that

I

have

visitedChina.This

is

the

most

interesting

film

I

have

ever

seen.That

is

the

only

book

that

he

haswritten.⑤在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以代替一般將來(lái)時(shí)。如：I

shall

post

the

letter

as

soon

as

I

have

written

it.If

you

have

done

the

experiment,

you

will

realize

thetheorybetter.Don’t

get

off

the

bus

until

it

hasstopped.高考鏈接Danny

hard

for

long

to

realize

his

dream

andnow

he

ispopular.A.works B.

isworking C.

hasworked D.workedSofarthisyearwe

a

fall

in

house

prices

bybetween

5

and

10

percent.A.saw B.

see C.

had

seen D.

have

seenJudyisgoingtomarrythesailorshe

in

Romelast

year.A.meets B.

met C.

has

met D.

would

meet高考鏈接Althoughmedicalscience

control

overseveral

dangerous

diseases,

what

worries

us

is

that

someof

them

are

returning.A.

achieved

B.

has

achieved

C.

will

achieve

D.

had

achieved─

you

him

around

the

museum

yet?─Yes.

We

had

a

great

timethere.A.

Have

…shownC.

Had

…shownB.

Do

…showD.

Did

…

show6.

I

got

caughtin

the

rain

andmysuit

.has

ruinedC.

has

been

ruinedB.

hadruinedD.

had

been

ruined7.I

in

London

for

many

years，but

I’veneverregretted

my

final

decision

to

move

back

toChina.A.lived B.

wasliving C.

have

lived D.

hadlived四、一般將來(lái)時(shí)概況：一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，也表示將來(lái)經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：tomorrow,tomorro星morning/afternoon…,thedayaftertomorrow,nextyear,ne旺xmonth…,fromnowon,inanhour,intwodays/weeks…等。金如TheywillflytoBeijinginthreedays.常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)①.begoingto＋動(dòng)詞原形a.表示主體現(xiàn)在的意圖，即打算在最近或?qū)?lái)要做某事，主語(yǔ)通常指人。在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中主語(yǔ)也可指物，但動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者仍然是人。如：Whata期yougoingtodonextSunday?She’sgoingtobeateacher.Thewallisgoingtobebrushedwhite.b.表示說(shuō)話人根據(jù)已有的跡象認(rèn)為很可能即將發(fā)生某事。主語(yǔ)既可指人也可指物，如：Lookattheseblackclouds.—It緣瑞’sgoingtorain.I’mafraidI’mgoingtohaveabadcold.②.will/shall＋動(dòng)詞原形shall用于第一人稱，will用于第二雷、三人稱，但在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中will可以通用于各種人稱。在問(wèn)

句中shall常用于第一人稱表示建議或征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，表示事先經(jīng)過(guò)考慮的“意圖”，用begoingto表示；反之則用will。will還多用于對(duì)話中，即一方聽(tīng)了對(duì)

方的話后所作出的反應(yīng)。如：They’regoingtomeetattheschoolgate.—Pleasebringmeacupoftea.—I’lldoitinaminute.③.be＋v.-ing表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，用進(jìn)行時(shí)形式

表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間，但只適用于表示位置移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。如：

go,come,leave,start,arrive,move,return,fly(乘飛機(jī))等，并常時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)以區(qū)別于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)作。如：Whereareyougo釋ingthisSaturday?Mr.LiisflyingtoShanghaitomorrowmornin④.be＋動(dòng)詞不定式著重指按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生某事。常表示“職責(zé)、意圖、約定、可能性”等。如：Youaretobeby11o’clock.Thefootballmatchisnottobeplayedtoday.⑤.beabout＋動(dòng)詞不定式表示“最近或馬上要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”，后不可接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)如：Themeetingisabouttobegin.⑥“祈使句+and/or+句子”，這種結(jié)構(gòu)中and后面的句子謂語(yǔ)用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。如：Useyourheadandyouwillfindaway.⑦一般將來(lái)時(shí)總是用在一些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句的主句中，如：Wewillbeginourclassassoonastheteachercomes.(主句用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句中一定要用一般撲現(xiàn)在時(shí)替代一般將來(lái)時(shí)。)高考鏈接—You’veleftthelighton.—Oh,soIhave.

andturnitoff.A.I’llgoB.I’vegoneC.IgoD.I’mgoingLet’skeeptothepointorwe

anydecisions.A.willneverreachB.haveneverreachedC.neverreachD.neverreached五、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的含義與用法①.表說(shuō)話時(shí)或目前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)，如：WearehavingEnglishclass.Thehouseisbeingbuiltthesedays.②.與頻率副詞，如always,constantly,continually,a幻玉gain等連用表示說(shuō)話人的某種感情色彩(贊嘆、厭煩、埋怨等)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。如：Heisusuallyleavingthingsabout.（埋怨）Johnisalwaysthinkingofothers.（贊嘆）注意：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)也有類似用法。③.下面四類動(dòng)詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動(dòng)作：like,love,hate,care,rememwant,mind,wish,agree,mean,need表存在的狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：appear,exist,lie,remain,seembelo老pendon表示一時(shí)性動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞：allow,accept,permit,promise,向admit,complete表示感官的動(dòng)詞：see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,lok。過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的含義與用法①.表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，和atthattime,atthatmoment,atthistimeyesterday,fromninetastevening,atteno’clockyesterday等明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：Hewaspreparinghislecturealldayyesterday.②.表示動(dòng)作在另一過(guò)去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行。如：TheywerestillworkingwhenIleft.③.用在兩個(gè)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：IwaswritingwhilehewaswatchingTV.④.表示過(guò)去將來(lái)動(dòng)作。如：Hesaidshewasarrivingthenextday.高考鏈接1.I’vewonaholidayfortwotoFlorida.I

mymum.A.amtakingB.havetakenC.takeD.willhavetaken—HasSamfinishedhishomeworktoday?—Ihavenoidea.He

itthismorning.A.didB.hasdoneC.wasdoingD.haddone—WhatwereyoudoingwhenTonyphonedyou?—Ihadjustfinishedmyworkand

totakeashower.A.hadstartedB.startedC.havestartedD.wasstarting六、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：have(has)+been+v-ing；常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)：①.表示某動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能剛剛停止，也有可能持續(xù)下去。如：Wehavebeenwaitingforyouforhalfanhour.（動(dòng)作剛剛停紐奉止）Wehavebeenwaitingforhimfortwohours.（動(dòng)作可能持續(xù)下去）②.表示一直到說(shuō)話時(shí)為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一再重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常帶有感情色彩，如：Shehasbeensayingthattwentytimes.七、過(guò)去完成時(shí)概況：表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，即過(guò)

去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，句中有明顯的 參照動(dòng)作或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如before,by+過(guò)去的時(shí)間,until,w n,after,once等，這種時(shí)態(tài)從不孤立使用。如：Bytheendoflasttermwehadfinishedthebook.Theyfinishedearlierthanwehadexpected.常使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的幾種情況a.在by、bytheend、bythetime、until、before、since后接表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或從句以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：Bytheendoflastyear,wehadproduced20,000cars.Thetrainhaleftbeforewereachedthestation.在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去 完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：WhenIreturnedhome,myguesthadalreadyleft.IdidnotseethefilmbecauseIhadseenitbefore.常用于told,said,knew,heard,thought,asked等動(dòng)詞后的賓 如：Shesaid(that)shehadneverbeentoParis.Heaskedwh atIhadsaid.表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用hadho ped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped/鬼planned…+tohavedone。e.“時(shí)間名詞+before”在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；“時(shí)間名詞+ago”在句中作狀語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去式。如：

Hesaidhisfirstteacherhaddiedatleast10yearsbefore.XiaoHu捏aleftschool3yearsago.f.表示“一……就”的幾個(gè)句型：hardly/scarcely...when;nosooner...than句型中，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)如：Ihadhardlyfinishedmyworkwhenhecametoseeme.Ihadn謹(jǐn)soonergotintotheroomthanitbegantosnow.NosoonerhadIar做rivedhomethanthetelephonerang.(注意主謂倒裝)高考鏈接Thenewscameasnosurprisetome.I

forsometimethatt屆 hefactorywasgoingtoshutdown.A.hadknownB.knewC.haveknownD.knowWhentheoldman

towalkbacktohishouse,thesun

itselfbehindthemountain.A.started;hadalreadyhiddenB.hadstarted;hadalreadyhiddenC.hadstarted;washidingD.wasstarting;hid八、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：shall/will+be+v-ing；將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或沒(méi)表示要在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間開始，并繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。一般椒用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示。常用來(lái)表示禮貌的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求等。手例句：Thistimenextdaytheywillbesittinginthecinema.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有soon,thisevening，onSunday,bythistime，tomorrow,intwodays,tomorrowevening等等它表示的是一種客觀的制約，而不是主觀意愿。例句：Bythistimetomorrow,I'llbelyingonthebeach.基本用法：表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

Theministerwillbegivingaspeechoninternationalaffairs.部長(zhǎng)將就國(guó)際事務(wù)發(fā)表演講。特殊用法：表示原因、結(jié)果或猜測(cè)。

Pleasecometomorrowafternoon,TomorrowmorningI'llbehavingameeting.請(qǐng)你明天下午來(lái)吧。我明天上午有個(gè)會(huì)。(表原因)Stopthechildorhewillbefallingover.抓住那個(gè)孩子，要不他會(huì)掉下去的。(表結(jié)果)Youwillbemakingamistake.你會(huì)出錯(cuò)的。(表推測(cè))九、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)概況：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式：be+過(guò)去分詞，口語(yǔ)里也有用get/become+過(guò)去分詞表示。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本用法：不知道或沒(méi)必要提到動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。強(qiáng)

調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作的承受者常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（by短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以省略）。在試題中動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)一般不單獨(dú)考，而是和時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一起考。使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的注意點(diǎn)①主動(dòng)變化被動(dòng)時(shí)雙賓語(yǔ)的變化。看下列例句。

Myfriendgavemeaninterestingbookonmybirthday.Aninterestingbookwasgiventome(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.Iwasgivenaninterestingbook(bymyfriend)onmybirthday.②主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)時(shí)，賓補(bǔ)成主補(bǔ)（位置不變）；（作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的）不定式前需加to。Thebossmadehimworkalldaylong.Hewasmadetoworkalldaylong(bytheboss)③短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，勿要掉“尾巴”。Thechildrenweretakengoodcareof(byher).Yourpronunciationandspellingshouldbepaidattentionto.④情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和begoingto、beto、besureto、usedto、havet膽o、hadbetter等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，只需將它們后面的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閎e+過(guò)去分詞。

Thisproblemmustbeworkedoutinhalfanhour.⑤當(dāng)句子的謂語(yǔ)為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時(shí)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式：a.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，動(dòng)詞不定式作主補(bǔ)。b.用it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)在后面用主語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示。如：

Peoplesayheisasmartboy.Itissaidthatheisasmartboy.Heissaidtobeasmartboy.PeopleknowpaperwasmadeinChinafirst.ItisknownthatpaperwasmadeinChinafirst.PaperwasknowntobemadeinChinafirst.類似句型有：Itissaid/known/suggested/believed/hoped/thoughtthat…4.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義的幾種情況①當(dāng)系動(dòng)詞feel、look、smell、taste、sound、prove等后面接形容詞時(shí)；當(dāng)cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)，表示主語(yǔ)品質(zhì)與狀態(tài)時(shí)；當(dāng)動(dòng)詞表示“開始、結(jié)關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動(dòng)”等意義時(shí)。Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.這種布易洗。Thesenovelswon’tsellwell.這些小說(shuō)不暢銷。Mypenwritessmoothl