2021年全國碩士研究生入學招生考試英語二試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.ChoosetheBestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

It'snotdifficulttosettargetsforstaff.Itismuchharder,J_,tounderstandtheir

negativeconsequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents._2

oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.

TravelonaLondonbusandyou'll3seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watch

peoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?Never.Dopeople

getonwithoutpaying?Ofcourse!Arethereinspectorsto4thatpeoplehavepaid?

Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewhorunforthebus?Theyare5Howabout

jumpinglights?Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyascyclists.

Why?Becausethetargetis6.Peoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateand

infrequent.7thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere

_8orpunishedaccordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivershitthesetargets.But

they9hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschangedto10,youwouldhavemore

inspectorsandmoresensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldget

more11driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeatthe

expenseoftime.

Thereisanother12:peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.

Haveyou13thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarriveontime?

Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimplychangedthetimea14ismeantto

take.Aone-hourflightisnowbilledasatwo-hourflight.

The15ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiple

criteria.Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell16others.Everythingcanbedone

fasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa17.Settingtargetscananddoeshave

unforeseennegativeconsequences.

Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargumentforexploring

consequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria18criticalfactors

suchastime,money,qualityandcustomerfeedback.Thetrickisnotonlyto19just

oneoreventwodimensionsoftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelp

peoplebetter20theobjective.

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1.[A]therefore[B]however[C]again[D]moreover

2.[A|Emphasize|B|Identify[C]Assess[D]Explain

3.[A]nearly[B]curiously[C]eagerly[D]quickly

4.[A]claim[B]prove[C]check[D]recall

5.[A]threatened|B|ignored[C]mocked[D]blamed

6.[A]punctuality[B]hospitality[C]competition[D]innovation

7.[A]Yet[B]So[C]Besides[D]Still

8.[A]hired[B]trained[C]rewarded[D]grouped

9.[A]only|B]rather[CJonce[D]also

1O.[A]comfort[B]revenue[C]efficiency[D]security

11.[A]friendly[B]quiet[C]cautious[D]diligent

12.[A]purpose[B|problem[C|prejudice[D]policy

13.[A]reported[B]revealed[C]admitted[D]noticed

14.[A]break[B]trip[C]departure[D]transfer

15.[A]moral|B|background[C]style[D]form

16.[A]interpret[B]criticize[C]sacrifice[D]tolerate

17.[A]task[B]secret[C]product[D]cost

18.[A]leadingto[B]callingfor[C]relatingto[D]accountingfor

19.[A]specify[B]predict[C]restore[D]create

2O.[A]modify[B|review[C]present[D]achieve

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

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Text1

“Reskilling“issomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallya

requirementifweplantohaveafuturewherealotofwould-beworkersdonotgetleft

behind.Weknowwearemovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchange

rapidly,aswilltherequirementsofthejobsthatremain.ResearchbytheWorld

EconomicForumfindsthatonaverage42percentofthe46coreskills^withinjobroles

willchangeby2O22.Thatisaveryshorttimeline.

Thequestionofwhoshouldpayforreskillingisathornyone.Forindividual

companies,thetemptationisalwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerin

demandandreplacethemwiththosewhoseskillsare.Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.

AT&Tisoftengivenasthegoldstandardofacompanywhodecidedtodoamassive

reskillingprogramratherthangowithafire-and-hirestrategy.Othercompanies

includingAmazonandDisneyhadalsopledgedtocreatetheirownplans.Whenthe

skillsmismatchisinthebroadereconomythough,thefocususuallyturnsto

governmenttohandle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewherehavebeenarguablylanguidat

best,andhavegivenusasituationwherewefrequentlyhearofemployersbeggingfor

workers,evenattimesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.

Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruary,at3.5per

centand5.5percentrespectively,unemploymentratesinCanadaandtheUnited

Stateswereatgenerationallowsandworkershortageswereeverywhere.AsofMay,

thoserateshadspikedupto13.3percentand13.7percent,andalthoughmanyworker

shortageshaddisappeared,notallhaddoneso.Inthemedicalfield,totakeanobvious

example,thepandemicmeantthattherewerestillclearshortagesofdoctors,nurses

andothermedicalpersonnel.

Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobea

doctorinafewweeks,nomatterwhopaysforit.Butevenifyoucannotclosethatgap,

maybeyoucancloseothers,anddoingsowouldbetothebenefitofall

concerned.ThatseemstobethecaseinSweden:Whenforcedtofurlough90percent

oftheircabinstaff,ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedtostartupashortretraining

programthatreskilledthelaid-offworkerstosupporthospitalstaff.Theeffortwasa

collectiveoneandinvolvedothercompaniesaswellasaSwedishuniversity.

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21.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumsuggests

[A]anincreaseinfull-timeemployment

[Blanurgentdemandfornewjobskills

[C]asteadygrowthofjobopportunities

[D]acontroversyaboutthe“coreskills^^

22.AT&Tiscitedtoshow.

[A]analternativetothefire-and-hirestrategy

[B]animmediateneedforgovernmentsupport

[C]theimportanceofstaffappraisalstandards

[D]thecharacteristicsofreskillingprograms

23.EffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchinCanada.

[A]havedrivenuplabourcosts

[B]haveprovedtobeinconsistent

[C]havemetwithfierceopposition

[D]haveappearedtobeinsufficient

24.WecanlearnfromParagraph3thattherewas.

[A]acallforpolicyadjustment

[Blachangeinhiringpractices

[C]alackofmedicalworkers

[D]asignofeconomicrecovery

25.ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedto.

[A]createjobvacanciesfortheunemployed

[B]preparetheirlaid-offworkersforotherjobs

[C]retraintheircabinstaffforbetterservices

[D]financetheirstaffscollegeeducation

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Text2

Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,and

forecaststhatagriculturalproductioninsomeregionswillneedtonearlydoubleto

keeppace,foodsecurityisincreasinglymakingheadlines.lntheUK,ithasbecomea

bigtalkingpointrecentlytoo,foraratherparticularreason:Brexit.

BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUK

importingfood.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,down

fromalmostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency,the

argumentgoes,wouldboostthefarmingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhe

nation'shealth.Soundsgreat-buthowfeasibleisthisvision?

AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,

85percentofthecountry'stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairy

production.Thatsupplies80percentofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringthewhole

countryinlivestockfarmswouldn'tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.

Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecome

muchmoreself-sufficient,theUKwouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionof

animalfoods,andprobablyalsofarmmoreintensively—meaningfewergreenfields

andmorefactory-styleproduction.

Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn'thelp.Thereisagoodreason

whytheUKisdominatedbyanimalhusbandry:mostofitsterraindoesn'thavethe

rightsoilorclimatetogrowcropsonacommercialbasis.Just25percentofthe

country'slandissuitableforcrop-growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedby

arablefields.Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsoffruitandveg—

whichwouldinvolvetakingoutallthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsof

peoplefromtheirhomes一wewouldachieveonlya30percentboostincrop

production.

Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrently

home-grown,soevenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percent

ofourfreshproduceneeds.Thatisbeforewelookforthespacetogrowthegrains,

sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.

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26.Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencyintheUKwould.

[A]behinderedbyitspopulationgrowth

[B]contributetothenation'swell-being

[C]becomeapriorityofthegovernment

[D]poseachallengetoitsfarmingindustry

27.ThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowsthatintheUK.

[A]farmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilized

[B]factory-styleproductionneedsreforming

[C]mostlandisusedformeatanddairyproduction

[D]moregreenfieldswillbeconvertedforfarming

28.Crop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto.

[A]itsfarmingtechnology

[B]itsdietarytradition

[C]itsnaturalconditions

[D]itscommercialinterests

29.ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatBritishpeople.

[A]relylargelyonimportsforfreshproduce

[B]enjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumption

[C]areseekingeffectivewaystocutcalorieintake

[D|aretryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrains

30.Theauthor9sattitudetofoodself-sufficiencyintheUKis.

[A]defensive

[B]doubtful

[C]tolerant

[D]optimistic

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Text3

WhenMicrosoftboughttaskmanagementappWunderlistandmobilecalendar

Sunrisein2015,itpickedtwonewcomersthatwereattractingconsiderablebuzzin

SiliconValley.MicrosoffsownOfficedominatesthemarketfor“productivity”

software,butthestart-upsrepresentedanewwaveoftechnologydesignedfromthe

groundupforthesmartphoneworld.

Bothapps,however,werelaterscrapped,afterMicrosoftsaidithadusedtheir

bestfeaturesinitsownproducts.Theirteamsofengineersstayedon,makingthemtwo

ofthemany“acqui-hires^thatthebiggestcompanieshaveusedtofeedtheirgreat

hungerfortechtalent.

ToMicrosoffscritics,thefatesofWunderlistandSunriseareexamplesofa

remorselessdrivebyBigTechtochewupanyinnovativecompaniesthatlieintheir

path."Theyboughttheseedlingsandclosedthemdown,^^complainedPaulArnold,a

partneratSanFrancisco-basedSwitchVentures,puttinganendtobusinessesthat

mightonedayturnintocompetitors.Microsoftdeclinedtocomment.

Likeotherstart-upinvestors,Mr.Arnold'sownbusinessoftendependsonselling

start-upstolargertechcompanies,thoughheadmitstomixedfeelingsabouttheresult:

“Ithinkthesethingsaregoodforme,ifIputmyselfishhaton.Butaretheygoodfor

theAmericaneconomy?!don'tknow.^^

TheUSFederalTradeCommissionsaysitwantstofindtheanswertothat

question.Thisweek,itaskedthefivemostvaluableUStechcompaniesfor

informationabouttheirmanysmallacquisitionsoverthepastdecade.Althoughonlya

researchprojectatthisstage,therequesthasraisedtheprospectofregulatorswading

intoearly-stagetechmarketsthatuntilnowhavebeenbeyondtheirreach.

Giventheircombinedmarketvalueofmorethan$5.5trillion,riflingthrough

suchsmalldeals-manyofthemmuchlessprominentthanWunderlistandSunrise一

mightseembesidethepoint.Betweenthem,thefivebiggesttechcompanieshavespent

anaverageofonly$3.4billionayearonsub-$1billionacquisitionsoverthepastfive

years一adropintheoceancomparedwiththeirmassivefinancialreserves,andthe

morethan$130billionofventurecapitalthatwasinvestedintheUSlastyear.

However,criticssaythebigcompaniesusesuchdealstobuytheirmost

threateningpotentialcompetitorsbeforetheirbusinesseshaveachancetogain

momentum,insomecasesaspartofa“buyandkill^tactictosimplyclosethemdown.

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31.WhatistrueaboutWunderlistandSunriseaftertheiracquisitions?

[A]Theirengineerswereretained.

[B]Theirmarketvaluesdeclined.

[C]Theirtechfeaturesimproved.

[D]Theirproductswerere-priced.

32.Microsoffscriticsbelievethatthebigtechcompaniestendto.

[A]exaggeratetheirproductquality

[B]eliminatetheirpotentialcompetitors

[C]treatnewtechtalentunfairly

[D|ignorepublicopinions

33.PaulArnoldisconcernedthatsmallacquisitionsmight.

[A]weakenbigtechcompanies

[B]worsenmarketcompetition

[C]harmthenationaleconomy

[D]discouragestart-upinvestors

34.TheUSFederalTradeCommissionintendsto.

[A]limitBigTech'sexpansion

[B]encourageresearchcollaboration

[C]examinesmallacquisitions

[D]supervisestart-ups9operation

35.Forthefivebiggesttechcompanies,theirsmallacquisitionshave.

[A]broughtlittlefinancialpressure

[B]raisedfewmanagementchallenges

[C]setanexampleforfuturedeals

[D|generatedconsiderableprofits

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Text4

We'refairlygoodatjudgingpeoplebasedonfirstimpressions,thinslicesof

experiencerangingfromaglimpseofaphototofive-minuteinteraction,and

deliberationcanbenotonlyextraneousbutintrusive.Inonestudyoftheabilityshe

called€'thinslicing,“thelatepsychologistNaliniAmbadyaskedparticipantstowatch

silent1O-secondvideoclipsofprofessorsandtoratetheinstructor'soverall

effectiveness.Theirratingscorrelatedstronglywithstudents9end-of-semesterratings.

Anothersetofparticipantshadtocountbackwardfrom1,000byninesasthey

watchedtheclips,occupyingtheirconsciousworkingmemory.Theirratingswerejust

asaccurate,demonstratingtheintuitivenatureofthesocialprocessing.

Critically,anothergroupwasaskedtospendaminutewritingdownreasonsfor

theirjudgment,beforegivingtherating.Accuracydroppeddramatically.Ambady

suspectedthatdeliberationfocusedthemonvividbutmisleadingcues,suchascertain

gesturesorutterances,ratherthanlettingthecomplexinterplayofsubtlesignalsform

aholisticimpression.Shefoundsimilarinterferencewhenparticipantswatched15-

secondclipsofpairsofpeopleandjudgedwhethertheywerestrangers,friends,or

datingpartners.

Otherresearchshowswe9rebetteratdetectingdeceptionfromthinsliceswhen

werelyonintuitioninsteadofreflection.6€Ifsasifyou9redrivingastickshift,"says

JudithHall,apsychologistatNortheasternUniversity,uandifyoustartthinkingabout

ittoomuch,youcan'trememberwhatyou9redoing.Butifyougoonautomatic

pilot,you'refine.Muchofoursociallifeislikethat.”

Thinkingtoomuchcanalsoharmourabilitytoformpreferences.Collegestudents5

ratingsofstrawberryjamsandcollegecoursesalignedbetterwithexperts7opinions

whenthestudentsweren'taskedtoanalyzetheirrationale.Andpeoplemadecar-

buyingdecisionsthatwerebothobjectivelybetterandmorepersonallysatisfying

whenaskedtofocusontheirfeelingsratherthanondetails,butonlyifthedecision

wascomplex一whentheyhadalotofinformationtoprocess.

Intuition'sspecialpowersareunleashedonlyincertaincircumstances.Inone

study,participantscompletedabatteryofeighttasks,includingfourthattapped

reflectivethinking(discerningrules,comprehendingvocabulary)andfourthattapped

intuitionandcreativity(generatingnewproductsorfiguresofspeech).Thentheyrated

thedegreetowhichtheyhadusedintuition("gutfeelings/9"hunches,“"my

heart").Useoftheirguthurttheirperformanceonthefirstfourtasks,asexpected,and

helpedthemontherest.Sometimestheheartissmarterthanthehead.

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36.NaliniAmbady9sstudydealswith.

[A]thepowerofpeople'smemory

[B]thereliabilityoffirstimpressions

[C]Instructor-studentinteraction

[D|people'sabilitytoinfluenceothers

37.InAmbady'sstudy,ratingaccuracydroppedwhenparticipants,

[A]focusedonspecificdetails

[B]gavetheratinginlimitedtime

[C]watchedshortervideoclips

[D]discussedwithoneanother

38.JudithHallmentionsdrivingtoshowthat.

[A]reflectioncanbedistracting

[B]memorymaybeselective

[C]socialskillsmustbecultivated

[D]deceptionisdifficulttodetect

39.Whenyouaremakingcomplexdecisions,itisadvisableto.

[A]collectenoughdata

[B]listyourpreferences

[C]seekexpertadvice

[D]followyourfeelings

40.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?

[A]Generatingnewproductstakestime.

[B|Intuitionmayaffectreflectivetasks.

[C]Vocabularycomprehensionneedscreativity.

[D]Objectivethinkingmayboostintuitiveness.

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PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitable

subheadingfromthelistA-Gfbreachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwo

extrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

[A]Staycalm.

[B|Stayhumble.

[C]Decidewhethertowait.

[D|Berealisticabouttherisks.

[E]Don5tmakejudgements.

[F]Identifyasharedgoal.

[G]Askpermissiontodisagree.

Howtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou

Yourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon'twork.Yourseniorcolleague

outlinesaprojecttimelineyoubelieveisunrealistic.Whatdoyousaywhenyou

disagreewithsomeonewhohasmorepowerthanyoudo?Howdoyoudecidewhether

it'sworthspeakingup?Andifyoudo,whatexactlyshouldyousay?Here*showto

disagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou.

41._____________________

Youmaydecideit'sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybeyouhaven't

finishedthinkingtheproblemthrough,oryouwanttogetaclearersenseofwhatthe

groupthinks.Ifyouthinkotherpeoplearegoingtodisagree,too,youmightwantto

gatheryourarmyfirst.Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyour

thinking-allthethingsthatwouldmakethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.It's

alsoagoodideatodelaytheconversationifyouareinameetingorotherpublicspace.

Discussingtheissueinprivatewillmakethepowerfulpersonfeellessthreatened.

42._____________________

Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncares

about-itmaybethecredibilityoftheirteamorgettingaprojectdoneontime.You're

morelikelytobeheardifyoucanconnectyourdisagreementtoahigherpurpose.When

youdospeakup,don'tassumethelinkwillbeclear.You'llwanttostateitovertly,

contextualizingyourstatementssothatyou'reseennotasadisagreeablesubordinatebut

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asacolleaguewho'stryingtoadvanceacommonobjective.Thediscussionwillthen

becomemorelikeachessgamethanaboxingmatch.

43._____________________

Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,butit'sasmartwaytogivethepowerful

personpsychologicalsafetyandcontrol.Youcansaysomethinglike,“Iknowwe

seemtobemovingtowardafirst-quartercommitmenthere.Ihavereasonstothinkthat

won'twork.Fdliketolayoutmyreasoning.WouldthatbeOK?”Thisgivesthe

personachoice,allowinghimtoverballyoptin.And,assuminghesaysyes,itwill

makeyoufeelmoreconfidentaboutvoicingyourdisagreement.

44.____________________

Youmightfeelyourheartracingoryourfaceturningred,butdowhateveryou

cantoremainneutralinbothyourwordsandactions.Whenyourbodylanguage

communicatesreluctanceoranxiety,itundercutsthemessage.ltsendsamixed

message,andyourcounterpartgetstochoosewhatsignalstoread.Deepbreathscan

help,ascanspeakingmoreslowlyanddeliberately.Whenwefeelpanicky,wetendto

talklouderandfaster.Simplyslowingthepaceandtalkinginaneventonehelpsthe

otherpersoncooldownanddoesthesameforyou.Italsomakesyouseemconfident,

evenifyouaren't.

45._____________________