水分無氮浸出物圖概略養(yǎng)分與飼料組成之間的關(guān)系

飼料

干物質(zhì)無機物（粗灰分或礦物質(zhì)）有機物含氮化合物（粗蛋白質(zhì)）無氮化合物乙醚浸出物（粗脂肪）碳水化合物粗纖維2021/9/2912021/9/292四、養(yǎng)分含量的表示方法某飼料新鮮基礎(chǔ)含CP5%，水分75%，求飼料風(fēng)干基礎(chǔ)（含水10%）下含蛋白質(zhì)多少？2021/9/293四、養(yǎng)分含量的表示方法某飼料新鮮基礎(chǔ)含CP5%，水分75%，求飼料風(fēng)干基礎(chǔ)（含水10%）下含蛋白質(zhì)多少？設(shè)為x，則x∶90%=5%∶25%x=（5%×90%）÷25%=18%2021/9/294DIGESTION消化AnatomyandFunctionoftheGastrointestinalTract胃腸道解剖和功能2021/9/295KeyconceptsaboutthedigestivesystemanddigestionLargecomplexmolecules,likeproteins,polysaccharides,andtriglyceridesmustbebrokendownintotheirsimplestpartbeforetheyareabsorbedintothebloodorlymph.Thisisthejobofthedigestivesystem

大復(fù)雜分子如蛋白質(zhì)、多糖和甘油三酯在吸收入血或淋巴之前必須分解成最簡單成分。這是消化系統(tǒng)的工作。Digestionrequiresenzymesthatbreakspecifictypesofchemicalbonds.Ifanenzymeisnotpresent,digestionofthatmoleculedoesnotoccur

消化需要酶。Therearetwosourcesofdigestiveenzymes:thosemadebytheanimal(digestsolubleCHO,proteinandlipids)andthosemadebymicrobesduringfermentation(digestsolubleCHO,proteinandlipidsandfiber).

消化酶有兩個來源：

一是來自動物本身（消化可溶性碳水化合物、蛋白質(zhì)和脂類）；二是來自于微生物（消化可溶性碳水化合物、蛋白質(zhì)和脂類及纖維）2021/9/296KeyconceptsaboutthedigestivesystemanddigestionForoptimumutilization,digestionorfermentationneedstooccureitherinfrontof,orinsidethepartofdigestivesystemthatabsorbsthefinalproductsproducedbydigestion

為優(yōu)化利用，消化或發(fā)酵需要發(fā)生在消化系統(tǒng)吸收消化產(chǎn)物之前或當(dāng)中。Fermentationimprovesoverallutilizationoffeedsforallanimals發(fā)酵改善所有動物飼料充分利用。Differencesinsizeofsomepartsofthedigestivesystemandlocationoffermentationwithinthedigestivesystemdictatethetypesoffeedsanimalscanutilizeandthepropermeansoffeeding.由于消化系統(tǒng)尺寸大小不同或發(fā)酵位置不同決定動物能利用飼料的類型及適宜的飼喂方法。為什么胃沒有被消化了！2021/9/297GastrointestinalTractComplexphysiologicallyandanatomicallyExtendsfrommouthtoanusFunctionsDigestionAbsorptionProtectbodyfrom:RemoveundigestedmaterialandwastesImmunologicalfunctionMetabolismEndocrinefunctions

(Hormones)Siteoffermentation

(symbiosis)2021/9/298咽盲腸十二指腸肝臟膽囊唾液腺舌牙齒幽門括約肌胃食道唾液腺肛門闌尾會厭胰腺大腸小腸直腸2021/9/299Ruminant—Cattle,Sheep,Goats反芻動物----牛，綿羊，山羊Nonruminants非反芻動物網(wǎng)胃小結(jié)腸盲腸小腸牙齒食道胃大結(jié)腸食道瘤胃皺胃小腸直腸胃小腸小腸食道肝臟盲腸結(jié)腸瓣胃2021/9/2910SimplifiedDigestiveSystems2021/9/29112021/9/2912MouthandSaliva嘴和唾液Functionofthemouth嘴的功能Takeinfood采食PrehensilestructureHorses-lips馬-唇Cattle-tongue牛-牙齒Pigs-lips豬-唇Sheep-lips綿羊-唇Taste–acceptorrejectfood品嘗Chewing嚼ReducesparticlesizewhichimprovesdigestibilityStimulatessalivaflowMixdigestawithsaliva混合2021/9/2913Pig豬Horse馬Sheep綿羊Cattle牛臼齒切割和犬齒牙床2021/9/29142021/9/2915Grindinggraintoreduceparticlesize錘片轉(zhuǎn)子出料口磨的檔板

2021/9/2916MouthandSalivaFunctionofsaliva唾液的功能Lubricatefoodtoallowswallowingandmixingoffoodinstomachofnonruminants潤滑食物便于吞咽和食物在反芻動物胃里混合Initiateenzymaticdigestion(amylase)ofstarch開始淀粉酶解（淀粉酶）Producebuffertocounteractacidinstomach產(chǎn)生緩沖液中和胃酸2021/9/2917MouthandSalivaCompositionofsaliva唾液成分Water水Inorganiccomponents無機成分UsedtosupplymineralstodigestaandbufferstoregulatepHOrganiccomponents有機成分NeededfordigestivefunctionsUreaEnzymesMucoproteins黏蛋白2021/9/2918Esophagus食道Musculartube肌管Extendsfrompharynxtocardiaofstomach咽至賁門Striatedmuscle紋狀肌whichchangestosmoothmuscle平滑肌Esophagusofdogsandruminantshavestriatedmusclethroughout2021/9/2919EsophagusExtendedbyreticulargroove(esophagealgroove)

inyoungruminantsAllowspassageofmilkfromesophagusdirectlyintoomasumduringnursing奶至皺胃Thispreventsmilkfromenteringtherumen,whereitwouldbefermentedresultinginalossofnutrients防止奶流入瘤胃2021/9/2920Stomach胃(GlandularorTrue)Stomach腺胃或真胃Functionsoftruestomach真胃的功能Mixingoffood混合Holdfoodforgradualreleaseintosmallintestine食物進入小腸ProductionofHClandpepsinogen鹽酸和胃蛋白酶原Absorptionofalcohol,aspirin,volatilefattyacids(ruminants),andvariousothercompounds.吸收乙醇、阿司匹林、揮發(fā)性脂肪酸和其它不同化合物。Thereisnoabsorptionofmonosaccharides,aminoacids,orlongchainfattyacidsinthestomach.

胃不吸收單糖、氨基酸或者長脂肪酸鏈。2021/9/2921StomachSecretionsoftruestomach真胃分泌作用HClDenaturesprotein-breaksintermolecularbondsKillsmostbacteriapresentinfoodstuffsActivatespepsinogenRupturesstarchgranules破裂淀粉顆粒Pepsinogen胃蛋白酶原HClconvertspepsinogentopepsintheactiveenzyme胃蛋白酶原胃蛋白酶PepsinbeginsdigestionofproteinsClotsmilk合牛奶牛凝結(jié)成塊

2021/9/2922Regionsoftruestomach真胃的區(qū)域Esophagealregion食道Nonglandular無腺體Areamostpronetoulcers潰瘍Cardiacregion噴門Producesmucus,whichprotectsstomachlining產(chǎn)生黏液保護胃內(nèi)層Fundicregion胃底Producesmucus,enzyme,HClParietalcells-produceHClChiefcells-producepepsinogenPyloricregion幽門賁門腺體區(qū)域胃底腺體區(qū)域憩室外部表面幽門食道腺體區(qū)域胃切面邊緣憩室外部表面幽門腺體區(qū)域2021/9/2923NormalEsophogealAreaofPigStomach豬胃正常的食道StomachUlcerinaHuman人的胃潰瘍2021/9/2924StomachSecretionsoftruestomach真胃分泌作用Rennin

(abomasum)凝乳酶ClotsmilkMucus黏液Protectsliningofstomachfromacidandpepsin2021/9/2925RuminantStomach

反芻動物的胃網(wǎng)胃瓣胃食道瘤胃皺胃小腸瘤胃皺胃網(wǎng)胃氣體液體瓣胃2021/9/29262021/9/2927RuminantStomachRumen瘤胃DevelopmentInnewbornruminantstheabomasumistheonlyfullydevelopedpartofthestomach.新生反芻動物皺胃充分發(fā)育Therumen,reticulumandomasumarepresent,buttheyareverysmallandnonfunction.其它胃小而無功能。2021/9/2928RuminantStomachConsumptionofforagesandconcentratesandinoculationwithrumenbacteriafromotherruminantsbeginsfermentationinrumenwhichcausedtherumentodevelop.粗飼料和精飼料消耗和接種瘤胃細(xì)菌開始在瘤胃中發(fā)酵，引起瘤胃發(fā)育。Onaverage,ittakesabout2–3monthsincalvesandlambsfortherumentodevelop.

犢牛和羔羊大約2-3個月瘤胃發(fā)育期。2021/9/2929RelativeSizeof

StomachCompartments胃分隔相對尺寸Cattle牛,%Sheep綿羊,%Rumen瘤胃

54(1)

62(1)Reticulum網(wǎng)胃

7(4)

11(3)Omasum瓣胃

26(2)

5(4)Abomasum皺胃

13(3)

22(2)2021/9/2930FunctionandGrossAppearance

ofStomachCompartmentsPrimaryFunctionDistinctiveInternalStructureRumen瘤胃Fermentation;absorptionofVFA,NH3,waterPapillae;乳頭lookslikeshagcarpet粗毛毯Reticulum網(wǎng)胃Fermentation發(fā)酵Honeycombappearance蜂巢Omasum、瓣胃Reduceparticlesize,absorbH2O“Leaves”ormanypiles–lookslikeabookonedgeAbomasum皺胃Functionsof“true”stomachNone–shinywithmucus2021/9/2931PapillaeoftheRumen2021/9/2932Reticulum(Honeycomb)網(wǎng)胃2021/9/2933Omasum(ButchersBible)瓣胃2021/9/29342021/9/2935Fermentationin

RumenandReticulum瘤胃和網(wǎng)胃中發(fā)酵Therumencontains:25–50x109bacteria/ml細(xì)菌25–50x104protozoa/ml原生動物Yeastandfungialsopresentbutinmuchlowerconcentrations酵母和真菌淀粉顆粒細(xì)菌原蟲細(xì)菌2021/9/2936FermentationinRumenandReticulum瘤胃和網(wǎng)胃中發(fā)酵Anaerobicmicrobialdigestionoffeedstuffsintovolatilefattyacids,methane,carbondioxide,andheat.飼料厭氧微生物發(fā)酵生成揮發(fā)性脂肪酸、甲烷、二氧化碳和熱量。Microbessynthesizeallaminoacids,allBvitaminsandvitaminK.微生物合成所有氨基酸和所有B族維生素和維生素K。Mostunsaturatedfattyacidsenteringtherumenaresaturatedbythemicrobes.

絕大多數(shù)不飽和脂肪酸生成飽和。2021/9/2937Rumination

(ChewingtheCud)

反芻Processbywhichruminantsrechewthecoarsefibrouspartofthediet.飼糧中粗纖維部分Partsofruminationare:Regurgitation

RemasticationReensalivationReswallowing2021/9/2938Rumination

(ChewingtheCud)

Rechewingreducesparticlesizeandstimulatessalivaflow

反復(fù)嚼咀降低顆粒尺寸和刺激唾液流動。Dietslowinforageresultinreducedruminationwhichcausesreducedsalivaflowandlessbufferenteringtherumen低粗飼料Ruminantsspend6–10hours/day

ruminating

2021/9/2939Bloat膨脹Accumulationoffermentationgasinrumenthatisnotbelched.發(fā)酵氣體積聚，沒有排出去

2021/9/2940Bloat2021/9/2941EructationExpellingofgasproducedfrommicrobialfermentationDuringpeakfermentation12-30litersofgasareproducedeachhour2021/9/2942SmallIntestine小腸Dividedintothreesegments:Duodenum十二指腸Attachedtotruestomach,pancreaticandbileductsenternearthebeginningoftheduodenumJejunum空腸MiddlesegmentIleum回腸Lastsegment,endsinileo-cecalvalvewhichregulatedflowofdigestaintothelargeintestine2021/9/2943SmallIntestinePrimarysitefordigestionofproteins,non-fibrouscarbohydrates,andlipids.蛋白質(zhì)、非纖維型碳水化合物和脂類。Theonlysiteforabsorptionofaminoacids,monosaccharidesandlongchainfattyacids.

吸收氨基酸、單糖和長鏈脂肪酸的唯一位置。Allvitaminsandmineralscanbeabsorbedinthesmallintestine.所有維生素和礦物質(zhì)能被吸收到小腸中。2021/9/2944SmallIntestineLargeamountofsurfaceareainsmallintestineisduetofoldsinthewall,presenceofvilli,andespeciallymicrovilli絨毛Thesurfaceofthevilliarecoveredwith enterocytecellswhichcontainmicrovilli.Absorptionoccurswhencompoundspassthroughthemicrovilli,entertheenterocyte,andaretransferredtoeitherthebloodorlymph淋巴.2021/9/29452021/9/2946VilliMicrovilli(Brushborder)2021/9/2947Pancreas胰腺Enzymesandbufferfromthepancreasenterintothesmall