北京安徽內(nèi)蒙古三地2001年春季高考英語試卷本試卷分第一卷(選擇題)和第二卷(非選擇題)兩部分，第一卷1-14頁，第二卷1-4頁。共150分，考試時間120分鐘。第一卷(三大題，共95分)Ⅰ、單項填空(共25小題，每小題1分；滿分25分)A)從A、B、C、D中找出其劃線部分與所給單詞的劃線部分讀音相同的選項例：haveA.gaveB.saveC.hatD.made1.combA.doubtB.troubleC.clubD.lab2.cousinA.oughB.ploughC.JuneD.rush3.worthyA.healthB.furtherC.clothD.through4.curtainA.fruitB.orderC.firmD.nervous5.heightA.eightB.ceilingC.fihgtD.liftB)從A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳答案。例：Welastnight,butwewenttotheconcertinstead.A.musthavestudiedB.mightstudyC.shouldhavestudiedD.wouldstudy答案是c6.--writetomewhenyougethome.--.A.ImustB.IshouldD.IwillD.Ican7.Wouldyouslowdownabit,please?Ican'tyou.A.keepupwithB.putupwithC.makeuptoD.holdonto8.atthedoorbeforecnteringplease.A.KnockedB.ToknockC.KnockingD.Knock9.Themenwillhavetowaitalldaythedoctorworksfaster.A.ifB.unlessC.whereD.that10.MrSmith,there'samanatfrontdoorwhosayshehasnewsforyouofgreatimportance.A.the;不填B.the;theC.不填；不填D.不填；the11.Johnsaidhe'dbeenworkingintheofficeforanhour,wastrue.A.heB.thisC.whichD.who12.Hundredsofjobsifthefactorycloses.A.loseB.willbelostC.arelostD.willlose13.Ifthisdictionaryisnotyours,canitbe?A.whatelseB.whoelseC.whicnelse'sD.whoelse's14.-DidyouremembertogiveMarythemoneyyouowedher?-Yes,.IgaveittoherIsawher.A.whileB.themomentC.suddenlyD.once15.I'vewonaholidayfortwotoFlorida.Imymum.A.amtakingB.havetakenC.takeD.willhavetaken16.-Whyhaven'tyouboughtanybutter?-ItobutIforgotaboutit.A.likedB.wishedC.meantD.expected17.Anewcinemahere.Theyhopetofinishitnextmonth.A.willbebuiltB.isbuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.isbeingbuilt18.Ireadaboutitinsomebookorother,doesitmatteritwas?A.whereB.whatC.howD.which19.Manypeoplehavehelpedwithcannedfood,however,thefoodbankneedsforthepoor.A.moreB.muchC.manyD.most20.Haveagoodrest,youneedtoyourenergygorthetennismatchthisafternoon.A.leveB.saveC.holdD.get21.lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.A.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Having22.Inthatcase,thereisnothingyoucando___thanwait.A.moreB.otherC.betterD.any23.Iamsurprisedthatyoushouldhavebeenfooledbysucha(an)trick.A.ordinaryB.easyC.smartD.simple24.Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand__them.A.correctB.correctingC.correctsD.tocorrect25.__canyouexpecttogetapayrise.A.WithahardworkB.AlthoughworkhardC.OnlywithhardworkD.NowthatheworkshardⅡ.完型填空(共25小題，每小題1分；滿分25分)閱讀下面短文,掌握其大意,然后從26-50各題所給的四個選項中,選出一個最佳答案。Peopledonotanalyseeveryproblemtheymeet.Sometimestheytrytorememberasolutionfromthelasttimetheyhada26problem.Theyoftenaccepttheopinionorideasofotherpeople.Othertimestheybegintoactwithout27;theytrytofindasolutionbytrialanderror.28,whenallofthesemethods29,thepersonwithaproblemhastostartanalysing.Therearesix30inanalysingaproblem.31thepersonmustrecognisethatthereisaproblem.Forexample,Sam’sbicycleisbroken,andhecannotrideittoclassasheusuallydoes.Sammust32thatthereisaproblemwithhisbicycle.Nextthepersonmust33theproblem.BeforeSamcanrepairhisbicycle,hemustknowwhyitdoesnotwork.Forexample,hemust34thepartsthatarewrong.Nowthepersonmustlookfor35thatwillmaketheproblemclearerandleadto36solutions.Forexample,supposeSam37thathisbikedoesnotworkbecausethereissomethingwrongwiththebrakes.38hecanlookinhisbicyclerepairbookandreadaboutbrakes,39hisfriendsatthebikeshop,orlookathisbrakescarefully.After40theproblem,thepersonshouldhave41suggestionsforapossiblesolution.TakeSamasanexample42,hissuggestionsmightbe:tightenorloosenthebrakes;buynewbrakesandchangetheoldones.Intheend,one43seemstobethesolution44theproblem.Sometimesthe45ideacomesquite46becausethethinkersuddenlyseessomethingina47way.Sam,forexample,suddenlyseesthereisapieceofchewinggum(口香糖)stucktoabrake.He48hitsonthesolutiontohisproblem:hemust49thebrake.Finallythesolutionis50.Samdoesitandfindshisbicycleworksperfectly.Inshorthehassolvedtheproblem.26.AseriousBusualCsimilarDcommon27.ApracticeBthinkingCunderstandingDhelp28.ABesidesBInsteadCOtherwiseDHowever29.A.failB.workC.changeD.develop30.A.waysB.conditionsC.stagesD.orders31.A.FirstB.UsuallyC.IngeneralD.Mostimportantly32.A.explainB.proveC.showD.see33.A.judgeB.findC.describeD.face34.A.checkB.determineC.correctD.recover35.A.answersB.skillsC.explanationD.information36.A.possibleB.exactC.realD.special37.A.hopesB.arguesC.decidesD.suggests38.A.InotherwordsB.OnceinawhileC.FirstofallD.Atthistime39.A.lookforB.talktoC.agreewithD.dependeon40.A.discussingB.settlingdownC.comparingwithD.stuying41.A.extraB.enoughC.severalD.countless42.A.secondlyB.againC.alsoD.alone43.A.suggestionB.conclusionC.decisionD.discovery44.A.withB.intoC.forD.to45.A.nextB.clearC.finalD.new46.A.unexpectedlyB.lateC.clearlyD.often47.A.simpleB.differentC.quickD.sudden48.A.fortunatelyB.easilyC.clearlyD.immediately49.A.cleanB.separateC.loosenD.remove50.A.recordedB.completedC.testedD.accepeted三、閱讀理解(共25小題。A節(jié)每小題2分，B節(jié)每小題1分；滿分45分)A)閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個選項中，選出一個最佳答案。EveryyearthousandsoftouristsvisitPompeii,Italy.TheyseethesightsthatPompeiiisfamousfor-itsstadium(運動場)andtheatres,itsshopsandrestaurants.Thetouristsdonot,however,seePompeii'speople.TheydonotseethembecausePompeiihasnopeople.NoonehaslivedinOnce,Pompeiiwasabusycityof22000people.ItlayatthefootofMountVesuvius,agrass-coveredvolcano(火山).MountVesuviushadnoterupted(噴發(fā))forcenturies,sothepeoplelfPompeiifeltsafe.Buttheywerenot.InAugustofAD79,MountVesuviuserupted.Theentiretopofthemountainexploded,andahugeblackcloudroseintotheair.SoonstonesandhotashbegantofallonPompeii.Whentheeruptionendedtwodayslater,Pompeiiwasburiedunder20feetofstonesandashes.Almostallofitspeopleweredead.Forcneturies,Pompeiilayburiedunderstoneandash.Then,intheyear1861,anItalianscientistnamedGinseppebegantouncoverPompeii.Slowly,carefully,Ginseppeandhismendug.ThecitylookedalmostthesameasithadlookedinAD79.Therewerestreetsandfountains,housesandshops.Therewasastadiumwith20000seats.Perhapsthemostimportantofall,therewereeverydayobjects,whicntellusagreatdealaboutthepeoplewholivedinPompeii.Manyglassesandjarshadsomedarkbluecollueinthebottom,soweknowthatthepeopleofPompeiilikedwine.Theylikdebread,too;metalbreadpanswereinveerybakery.Inonebakerytherewere81round,flatloavesofbread-atypeofbreadthatisstillsoldinItalytoday.Tinyboxesfilledwithadark,shinypowdertellusthatwomenlikedtoweareye-makeup.Ginseppehasdied,buthisworkcomtinues.One-fourthhasnotbeenuncoveredyet.Scientistsarestilldigging,stillmakingdiscoveriesthatdrawthetouriststoPompeii.51.WhydolargenumbersofpeoplecometoPompeiieachyear?A.TOvisitthevolcano.B.TOshopandeatthere.C.Towatchsportsandplays.D.ToseehowPompeiianslived.52.WhyhadsomanyPompeiiansremainedbyvolcanicMountVesuvius?A.Thecitynearbyofferedallkindsoffun.B.TheareaproducedthefinestwineinItaly.C.Fewpeopleexpectedthevolcanotoeruptagain.D.Themountainwasbeautifulandcoveredwithgrass.53.WhydidthecityuncoveredlookalmostthesameasithadlookedinAD79?A.BecauseGinseppeandhismendugitslowlyandcarefully.B.Becausethecitywasburiedaliveandremaineduntouched.C.Becausescientistssuccessfullyrebuiltthecitywitheverydayobjects.D.Becausenobodyhadlivedinthecityeversincethevolcanoerupted.54.WhatdoweknowaboutthePompeiianswholived2000yearsago?A.TheylivedmoreorlessthesameasItaliansnowdo.B.Theylikedwomenwearingallkindsofmakeup.C.Theyenjoyedalazylifewithdrinkingandeating.D.TheywentbacktoPompeiiaftertheeruptioninAD79.BWhenIwasaboy,IbelongedtotheBoyScouts(童子軍)，soIusedtogocampingeverysummer,andoncesomethinghappenedwhichIhaveneverbeenabletoexplain.Wewerecampinginaplaceaboveariver.Afterarriving,weallrusheddowntotheriverandhadaswim.Standingbytheriver,wenoticedthatitwassurrounded(環(huán)繞)bycliffs(懸崖).Ifsomeonewantedtoreachtheriveratthispoint,hehadtopastourcamp.Severaldayslater,thescoutmasterhadtobeawayforaday.Thatafternoon,wehadsupperearly.Weweresittingroundthefire,eatingandtalking,whenamanwalkedpastandwentdowntowardstheriver.Weallfeltthatthismanlookedverystrange,but,becauseeachofuswasafraidoflookingverystupid,noonesaidanything.Weateratherslowly,takingaslongaspossible.Afterfinishing,wecollectedourplatestogethersothatwecouldtakethemtotheriverwherewealwayswashedthem.Butnoonemovedtowardstheriver-westoodlookingateachotherashamed.Thenallshoutingatonce,webegantalkingaboutthemanwhohadwalkedpastus.Weagreedhowstrangehelookedandwewonderedwhathecouldbedoingbytheriver.Weknewthathecouldonlyreturnbypassingthroughourcamp.Anhourpassed.Thenoneoftheboyssuggestedweshouldcreep(悄悄移動)downbytheriversothatwecouldseewhatthemanwasdoing.Moovingveryslowlyandkeepingintheshadow,wecreptdowntowardsthebank.Oneboyclimbedatreesothathecouldseeeverythingclearly.Hecalledtousthattherewasnoonethere,sowerandowntothebank,lookingeverywherecarefully.Wecouldnotunderstandwherethemanhadgone.Whenitgotdark,wewentbacktoourcampfeelingbewildered.Wetoldthescoutmasterwhathadhappenedintheevening.Smiling,hedoubtedthatwehadseentheman,butfinallysuggestedwegoandlookagain.Wedid,buttherewasnoonethere.Manyyearshavepassed,butIstillrememberitasifitwereyesterday.Whatdidwesee?Idonotknow.55.Thewriterinthetextmainlytellsus.A.thestoryofhischildhoodB.astrangecampingexperienceC.aboutastrangerbytheriverD.aboutagoodplaceforcaming56.Whydidtheboyseattheirsupperslowly?A.Theywantedtodealygoingtotheriverbank.B.Theywerewaitingfortheirscoutmaster.C.Theyhadasupperearlierthanusual.D.Theyweretalkingwhileeating.57.Theword"bewildered"inthetextprobablymians.A.ashamedB.nervousC.unabletounderstandD.eagertoknowsomething58.Whenheheardwhathadhappened,thescoutmaster.A.realizedwhothemanwasB.startedtoworryaboutthemanC.wentbacktolookforthemanD.feltithardtobelievetheboys59.Thewriterstillrememberstheeventbecause.A.theboysactedfoolishlyB.thecampingplaceisbiautifulC.therehasbeennoexplanationfortheeventD.heparticularlyenjoyedhiscampingthatsummerCI’mseventeen.IhadworkedasaboxboyatasupermarketinLosAngeles.Peoplecametothecounterandyouputthingsintheirbagsforthem.Andcarriedthingstotheircars.Itwashardwork.Whileworking,youwearaplatewithyournameonit.IoncemetsomeoneIknewyearsago.Irememberedhesnameandsaid,“MrCastle,howareyou?”wetalkedaboutthisandthat.Asheleft,hesaid,"Itwasnicetalkingtoyou,Brett.”Iheltgreat,herememberedme.ThenIlookeddownatmynameplate.Ohno.hedidn’tremembermeatall,hejustresdthenameplate.IwishIhadput“Irving”downonmynameplate.Ifhe’dhavesaid,“Ohyes,Irving,howcouldIforgetyou?”I’dhavebeenreadyforhim.There’snothingpersonalhere.Themanagerandeveryoneelsewhowereastepabovetheboxboysoftenshoutedorders.Oneofthesewas:youcouldn’taccepttips(小費)。Okay,I’moutsideandIputthebagsinthecar.Foralotofpeople,thenaturalreaction(反應(yīng))istotakeaquarterandgiveittome.I’dsay,‘‘I‘msorry,Ican’t,”they‘dgetangry.Whenyougivesomeoneotip,you’resortofbeingpolite.Youtakeaquarterandyouputitintheirhandandyouexpectthemtosay,”O(jiān)h,thanksalot.”Whenyousay‘‘I’msorry,Ican’t.”They'dgetangry.Whenyougivesomeoneatip,you'resortofbeingpolite.Youtakeaquarterandyouputitintheirhandandyocxpectthemtosay,"oh,thanksalot."Whenyousay,"I'msorry,Ican't,"theyfeelalittleputdown.Theysay"Noonewillknow.”Andtheyputitinyourpocket.Yousay,"Ireallycan’t.”Itgetstoapointwhereyoualmosthavetohurtapersonphysically(身體上)topreventhimfromtippingyou.Itwasnotinagreementwiththestore’sbeliefinbeingfriendly.Acceptingtipswasafriendlythingandmadethecustomerfeelgood.Ijustcouldn’tunderstandthestrangenessofsomepeople’sideas.Oneladyactuallyputitinmypocket,gotinthecar,anddroveaway.Iwouldhavehadtothrowthequarteratheroreatenitorsomething.Ihaddecidedthatoneyearwasenough.Somepeopleneededthejobtostayaliveandfed.IguessIhadthemeansandcouldaffordtohateitandgiveitup.60.whatcanbethebesttitleforthistext?A.howhardlifeisforBoxBoysB.gettingalongwithCustomersC.whyIGaveupMyJobD.theArtofTakingTips61.Fromthesecondparagraph,wecaninferthat___.A.thewriterdidn’tliketheimpersonalpartofhisjobB.withanameplate,peoplecaneasilystarttalkingC.MrCastlemistookD.Irvingwasthewriter’srealname62.Theboxboyrefusedtoaccepttipsbecause__A.customersonlygavesmalltipsB.somecustomershadstrangeideasabouttippingC.thestoreforbadetheboxboystotaketipsD.hedidn’twanttofightwiththecustomers63.Theunderlinedphras“putdown”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans__A.misunderstoodB.dEfeatedC.hatefulD.hurtDYouarewhatyoueat.Thissayinghasprovidedscientistswithclues(線索)aboutthedietofhominids-ourearlyrelativesof3millionyearsago.Studyingcarbonatoms(碳原子)lockedupintoothenamel(琺瑯質(zhì)),tworesearchersargueagainstthewidelyheldbeliefthathominidsatelittlemorethanfruitsandleaves.SponheimerandJuliaLee-ThorpoftheUniversityofCapeTown,SouthAfrica,reporttheirfindingsinFriday’sScience.Therearen’tmanycluesforustoknowthelifeofearlyhominids.Theshapeofhominids’teethofferedthefirstclues.Largeandflat-edgedwiththickenamel,theylookedperfectforeatingnutsandfruits,differentfromthesharpteethonewouldwanttotearintomeatwith.Thefirststonetools,whichwouldhelpineatingmeat,didn’tappearuntilabouthalfamillionyearslater.Scientistshavealsofoundmarksonhominids’teethwithpatternsverysimilartothoseontheteethofmodern-dayfruiteaters.SponheimerandLee-Thorptriedanewmethod,lookingatthechemicalcompositionofthetoothenamel.Theystudiedtheenamelforthecarbon-13.Animalsthateatgrasseshavehighercarbon-13levelsthanthoseeatingfruitsandotherplants.Whattheyfoundwasthattheteethtothehominidshadanin-betweenamountofcarbon-13,whichmeantnotonlytheywereeatingfruits,theywereeatingalotofgrasses,oranimalseatinggrasses.Thelowercarbon-13levelscouldalsocomefromeatingcertaintypesofinsects(昆蟲).Buttherearepeoplewhounderstanddifferently.Prof.UngaroftheUniversityofOnesuggestionmightbetruethough-takegoodcareofyourteeth.In3millionyears,ascientistmightbeusingthemtofigureoutwhatyouatefordinner.64.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.ProtectYourTeethB.WhattheHominidAteC.WheretheHominidlivedD.TheFormationofTeethEnamel65.Beforethetwoscientists'findings,mostpeoplethoughtthathominids______.A.livedhalfamillionyearsagoB.atemainlyfruitsandleavesC.usedtoolstodiggrassD.hadsharpteeth.66.Thetwoscientists'findingswerermainlybasedonthestudyabout_____.A.theshapeofhominids'teethB.theteethmarksofearlyfruiteatersC.thegrassesof3millionyearsagoD.themake-upofthetoothenamel67.WhatisitthatProf.Ungarfindsdoubtful?A.Hominidspossiblyategrass-eatinganimals.B.Hominidsprobablyhaddifferentdiets.C.Hominidswerebasicallyfruit-andgrass-eaters.D.Hominidshadlowerlevelofcarbon-13intheteeth.EHOWTOBOOKBookingopensforBeckettShortson8September.BYTELEPHPNEForcreditcard(信用卡)bookings.Callsareanswered.

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CHEQUESChequesandpostalordersshouldbepayable

to:RoyalShakespeareTheatre.68.Inwhichofthefollowingwaysofbookingdoesoneprobablyhavetopayextramoney?A.inpersonB.bytelephoneC.byfaxD.bypost69.Onehastowaitfor2daysorlongerforareplyifhe/shepays______.A.inpersonB.bytelephoneC.byfaxD.bypost70.Whatisausefulnumbertocallat11amstudy?A.01789295623B.0541541051C.01789261174D.01862387665B)根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容，從對話后的選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。MrsJackson:Hello?Richard:Mum,it'sRichard.71M:Oh,Richard.72R:Yes,yes,fine,Iwaswondering...doyouthinkyoucouldlendmesomemoneytilltheendofthemonth?M:Oh,Richard.73Youreallymustlearntoplanyourmoneyproperly.R:Look,Mum,ifyoucanjusthelpmeoutthistime,74M:75Listen,I'lldoitthistime.Thisisreallythelasttime.R:Oh,thanks,Mum.M:Bye...andnexttime,youcouldphonejustforchat!A:Don'ttellmeyou'rebuyinganotherexpensiveconputer.B:Howareyou?C:IpromiseI'llbemorecarefulinfuture.D:Er...IWillhelpyousavemoney.E:Iseverythingallrightwithyou?F:Well,we'llseeaboutthat.G:I'msogladtogetyourcall.第二卷(共55分)四、單詞拼寫(共10小題，每小題1分；滿分10分)根據(jù)下列句子所給單詞的首字母，在句子右邊的橫線上，寫出空缺處各單詞的正確形式。(每空只寫一詞)76.ThegamewasagreatsuccessintheUnitedStatesanditsoons__toAustraliaandthentootherEnglish-speakingcountries.76______.77.Thecollegesanduniversitieswereonlyformen,andwomenwerenotp_toattend.77______.78.Trainservicesarenowbacktonafterlastweek'sstrikeinNEWYork.78______.79.There'snoneedtogetangry,Imsuggestedthatyoushoulddothatagain.79______.80.Putonyourc,it'sverycoldoutside.80______.81.CanIhaveaglassoft__juice,please?81______.82.Thefishsmells;Idon’tthinkit’squitef___.82.__________83.Tomispreparingforanexam.Don’td____him.83.__________84.Alices____,ifever,readsabook.84.__________85.Wewerec_____toknowwhereshe’dgone85.__________V.短文改錯(共10小題，每小題1.5分；滿分15分)此題要求改正所給短文中的錯誤。對標(biāo)有題號的每一行作出判斷：如無錯誤，在該行右邊橫線上畫一個勾(√)；如有錯誤(每行只有一個錯誤)，則按下列情況改正：該行多一個詞：把多余的詞用斜線(／)劃掉，在該行右邊橫線上寫出該詞，并也用斜線劃掉。該行缺一個詞；在缺詞處加一個漏字符號(∧)，在該行右邊橫線上寫出該加的詞。該行錯一個詞：在錯的詞下劃一橫線，在該行右邊橫線上寫出改正后的詞。注意：原行沒有錯的不要改。Iusedtolovescienceclass-allofthem-86____biology,chemistry,geography,physics,IthinkI87____likedthoseclassesbecauseIfeltthatithelpedme88____understandwhattheworldworks.Forexample,when89____Iwasachild,therainwasamystery(奧秘).Inone90____Class,Ilearneditrained.Ithinkscienceclasses91____clearupmysteries.Butthenthereisalwaysmore92____mysterieslookinto.Whatwasmyleastfavouriteclass?93____Thatwasmath.Afterlearnthebasicsofthesubjects,94____nothingelseseemedverypracticallytome.Inever95____sawhowIcoulduseitinmydailylife.Ⅵ、書面表達(dá)(滿分30分)假定你是李華，你所在的學(xué)校擬在下個月舉辦美國電影節(jié)(AmericanFilmFestival)。請你根據(jù)以下要點給你的美國朋友Peter寫一封短信，邀請他給學(xué)生做一次講座。信的主要內(nèi)容包括：1.講座目的：使學(xué)生對美國電影有所了解；2.講座內(nèi)容：簡要介紹美國電影(制片)業(yè)的歷史；3.講座時間：1小時30分鐘左右。注意：1.可以適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié)，使結(jié)構(gòu)完整；2.詞數(shù)100左右。

-------------各類專業(yè)好文檔，值得你下載，教育，管理，論文，制度，方案手冊，應(yīng)有盡有---------------------------各類專業(yè)好文檔，值得你下載，教育，管理，論文，制度，方案手冊，應(yīng)有盡有--------------淺埋暗挖隧道工藝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1.豎井1.1適用范圍：本章適用于淺埋暗挖隧道開挖的豎井由格柵鋼架、鋼筋網(wǎng)片、噴射混凝土聯(lián)合組成初期支護(hù)的施工及驗收。1.2編制參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及規(guī)范《地下鐵道工程施工及驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》GB50299-1999《鐵路隧道施工規(guī)范》TB10204-2002J163-20021.3術(shù)語（1）圈梁：豎井棚架支護(hù)底座的鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)。（2）豎井棚架：采用工字鋼等型鋼焊接成型的吊裝骨架，用于提升、倒運豎井及隧道內(nèi)垃圾和各種材料的吊運裝置。（3）格柵鋼架：用鋼筋或型鋼焊接加工而形成的架式支架。（4）噴射混凝土：利用壓縮空氣或其它動力，將按一定配比拌制的混凝土混合物沿管路輸送至噴頭處，以較高速度垂直射于受噴面，依賴噴射過程中水泥與骨料的連續(xù)撞擊，壓密而形成的一種混凝土。（5）干噴：將水泥和骨料干拌后送到噴嘴，在噴嘴的前端讓其與水合流的一種混凝土的施工方法。（6）濕噴：將水泥和骨料加水?dāng)嚢杈鶆蚝笾苯訃娚涞绞車娒嫔系囊环N混凝土施工方法。（7）初期支護(hù)：當(dāng)設(shè)計要求隧洞的永久支護(hù)分期完成時，隧洞開挖后及時施工的支護(hù)。（8）鋼支撐：采用工字鋼等型鋼焊接成型的支護(hù)鋼架，用于支撐初襯結(jié)構(gòu)的一種支護(hù)方式。1.4一般規(guī)定1.4.1豎井的斷面形式可采用矩形或圓形，當(dāng)?shù)刭|(zhì)情況較差時宜采用圓形。1.4.2豎井井口應(yīng)做鎖口圈梁，鎖口圈梁應(yīng)在井身掘進(jìn)前完成。1.4.3豎井應(yīng)設(shè)防雨棚，井口周圍應(yīng)設(shè)防汛墻和欄桿。1.4.4豎井應(yīng)安裝上下爬梯，爬梯應(yīng)牢固可靠，利于行走，不影響豎井施工和運輸。1.4.5施工中豎井口、井底、絞車房和工作吊盤間均應(yīng)有聯(lián)系信號，必要時可設(shè)直通電話。1.5工藝流程（I）鎖口圈梁1.5.1圈梁施工前應(yīng)進(jìn)行復(fù)核量測，確定豎井準(zhǔn)確位置。1.5.2開挖圈梁時嚴(yán)禁擾動圈梁底部土方，清出圈梁底后可直接澆注墊層混凝土.1.5.3墊層混凝土應(yīng)沿線路方向灌注，布灰應(yīng)均勻，其允許偏差為：＋5高程mm，表面平整度3mm。－101.5.4擋水墻高度應(yīng)高于現(xiàn)況地面該地區(qū)最高降水量。1.5.5圈梁鋼筋施工應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：1鋼筋進(jìn)場后檢查出廠材質(zhì)證明，并按規(guī)格、使用部位編號分別加墊木堆放。苫蓋，防止雨淋生銹。2鋼筋綁扎前檢查鋼筋是否銹蝕，除銹后方可綁扎。3施工墊層澆注完畢并上強(qiáng)度后方可進(jìn)行圈梁鋼筋施工。4鋼筋綁扎應(yīng)用同標(biāo)號砂漿墊塊或塑料卡支墊，支墊間距為1m左右，并按行列式或交錯式擺放，墊塊或塑料卡與鋼筋應(yīng)固定牢固。5鋼筋綁扎搭接35d，鋼筋搭接時，中間和兩端共綁扎3處，并必須單獨綁扎后，再和交叉鋼筋綁扎，鋼筋綁扎搭接接頭必須錯開。6單支箍筋和雙支箍筋拐角處與主筋交叉點全部綁扎，雙支箍筋平直部分與主筋交叉點可交叉綁扎。7箍筋位置保證正確并垂直主筋，雙支箍筋彎鉤疊合處，沿受力方向錯開設(shè)置，單支箍筋可按交錯式排列。8鋼筋綁扎牢固穩(wěn)定，不得變形松脫和開焊。9圈梁埋件必須固定，保證牢固、位置正確，埋鐵位置根據(jù)現(xiàn)場情況設(shè)置。10驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：鋼筋:主筋分布間距：±10雙層筋間距：±10保護(hù)層厚度：±5雙支箍筋單面滿焊10d1.5.6圈梁模板施工應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：1鋼筋綁扎完畢驗收后方可支搭模板。2模板進(jìn)場后立即對模板除銹，并碼放好，做好苫蓋，模板使用前再對模板刷隔離劑。3模板鋪設(shè)應(yīng)牢固、平整、接縫嚴(yán)密不漏漿，相鄰兩塊模板接縫平齊，高低差不大于2mm。支架系統(tǒng)連接應(yīng)牢固穩(wěn)定。4混凝土強(qiáng)度達(dá)到設(shè)計強(qiáng)度50%方可拆除模板，拆除的模板及時清除灰渣及時維修，妥善保管。5驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模板：表面平整度：3模內(nèi)尺寸：+3軸線位移：51.5.7圈梁混凝土施工應(yīng)符合下列規(guī)定：1模板驗收完畢后方可澆注混凝土。2混凝土澆注一般采用灰溜子澆注，配合人工手推車澆注。3混凝土振搗采用插入式梅花形振搗，振搗間距不大于50cm，振搗棒插入混凝土內(nèi)每次不短于3分鐘，直至混凝土表面不起泡為準(zhǔn)，保證混凝土的振搗密實。4混凝土塌落度14～16cm。5混凝土澆注時嚴(yán)禁向混凝土中加水。6混凝土終凝后采用澆水養(yǎng)護(hù)，養(yǎng)護(hù)時間不少于14天。7混凝土抗壓和抗?jié)B試件應(yīng)在灌注地點制作。7.驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（mm）軸線位移20高程+20垂直度15厚度%%p101.5.8圈梁鋼筋、模板、混凝土施工還應(yīng)符合7.1、7.2、7.3有關(guān)規(guī)定。（II）豎井棚架1.6.1豎井一般采用龍門架和電葫蘆做為運輸系統(tǒng)，并設(shè)防雨棚。1.6.2施工中所采用的龍門架和電葫蘆必須經(jīng)過計算，是否能夠達(dá)到豎井提升要求。1.6.3龍門架各立柱應(yīng)設(shè)鋼筋混凝土獨立墩，并準(zhǔn)確定位豎井圈梁上柱腳預(yù)埋鐵位置1.6.4安裝龍門架應(yīng)首先立托梁，然后架設(shè)行梁，再立龍門架的吊梁，最后架設(shè)橫撐和斜撐。1.6.5龍門架立柱與預(yù)埋鐵之間應(yīng)加設(shè)焊接三角鋼板，焊縫長度不低于2cm。1.6.6電葫蘆安裝前，應(yīng)仔細(xì)檢查有無損壞或丟失的零部件，并給起升和運行減速器加油，將加油孔密封，嚴(yán)防滲漏。1.6.7根據(jù)導(dǎo)軌情況，用調(diào)整墊圈調(diào)整電葫蘆軌道，保證輪緣與軌道翼緣間有4mm間隙。1.6.8在軌道兩端設(shè)置彈性緩沖器，以保證電葫蘆行至兩端不脫軌或防止破壞機(jī)體。1.6.9在軌道或其連接的構(gòu)架上設(shè)置地線，接地線為截面不小于25mm的金屬導(dǎo)線。1.6.10龍門架和電葫蘆使用中應(yīng)經(jīng)常檢查、維修和保養(yǎng)。1.6.11提升設(shè)備不得超負(fù)荷作業(yè)，運輸速度應(yīng)符合設(shè)備技術(shù)要求；1.6.12提升設(shè)備應(yīng)有深度指示器和防過卷、過速等保護(hù)裝置以及限速器和松繩信號等。1.6.13提升用的鋼絲繩和各種懸掛用的連接裝置，應(yīng)具有規(guī)定的安全系數(shù)，使用前應(yīng)進(jìn)行拉力試驗，合格后方可安裝。（III）豎井開挖1.7.1豎井開挖采用逐榀開挖,每榀對角開挖,開挖順序為①--③--②--④，嚴(yán)禁全斷面開挖。1.7.2豎井格柵榀距嚴(yán)格按照設(shè)計要求進(jìn)行，絕不允許超挖。1.7.3豎井土方開挖嚴(yán)禁向下和向外超挖，盡可能避免對豎井側(cè)壁土質(zhì)的擾動。（IV）格柵安裝1.8.1格柵宜選用鋼筋、型鋼、鋼軌等制成。格柵鋼筋的主筋直徑不宜小于18mm。1.8.2格柵應(yīng)在開挖掛網(wǎng)或噴混凝土后及時架設(shè)。1.8.3安裝前應(yīng)清除底腳下的廢渣及雜物。格柵安裝允許偏差：橫向和高程為±5cm,垂直度為±2°。1.8.4格柵安裝可在開挖面以人工進(jìn)行，各節(jié)鋼架間宜以連接板、螺栓和加強(qiáng)筋連接。1.8.5各格柵間宜采用豎向連接筋連接，豎井四角必須各設(shè)連接筋1根。1.8.6鋼筋網(wǎng)片鋪設(shè)應(yīng)平整，并與格柵連接牢固，鋼筋網(wǎng)片搭接長度不小于一個網(wǎng)孔。1.8.7鋼筋格柵采用雙層鋼筋網(wǎng)時，應(yīng)在格柵里外側(cè)各鋪設(shè)一層，并連接牢固。1.8.8鋼筋焊接10d，單面滿焊，格柵連接板處設(shè)置4根加強(qiáng)筋。1.8.9鋼筋焊接時，引弧在形成焊縫部位進(jìn)行，不得燒傷主筋。1.8.10鋼筋焊接過程中及時清渣，焊縫表面光滑，焊縫余高平緩過渡，弧坑必須填滿。1.8.11鋼筋焊接的焊縫厚度不小于主筋直徑的0.3倍，焊縫寬度不小于主筋直徑的0.7倍。1.8.12格柵應(yīng)與所噴混凝土形成一體，保護(hù)層厚度不得小于40mm。格柵與圍巖間的間隙必須用噴混凝土天實。（V）鋼支撐1.9.1豎井支護(hù)一般采用盤撐和對撐等鋼支撐支護(hù)方式。1.9.2豎井鋼支撐應(yīng)在豎井挖至一定深度時，按照設(shè)計要求及時安裝，一般自地面6米以上，不大于3米設(shè)一道，6米以下不大于2米設(shè)一道；最下一道鋼支撐做至豎井底板上30cm。鋼支撐應(yīng)牢固可靠，對豎井壁能夠施加預(yù)應(yīng)力，起到支護(hù)作用。1.9.3豎井鋼支撐一般采用不低于30＃工字鋼；八字支撐采用不低于25#工字鋼。1.9.4鋼支撐需要設(shè)置支架時，其支架一般采用Φ48鋼管，每兩根為一組，間距不大于3米，結(jié)構(gòu)外露稍大于所采用的工字鋼寬度，入土不小于1.0米，結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)與鋼格柵焊接牢固,鋼支撐和支架應(yīng)在同一平面內(nèi)。1.9.5工字鋼切割面無裂紋、夾渣、分層和大于1mm的缺棱。1.9.6焊縫表面不得有裂紋、焊瘤、燒穿、弧坑等缺陷。焊逢外形均勻，焊道與焊道之間過渡平滑、焊渣與飛濺物清除干凈。1.9.7豎井結(jié)構(gòu)施工時，鋼支撐上不得堆放材料或其它重物。發(fā)現(xiàn)變形、楔子松動或支撐系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障時，必須及時處理。1.9.8鋼支撐應(yīng)隨豎井回填自下而上逐層拆除，邊拆邊回填，必要時應(yīng)采取加固措施。1.9.9驗收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鋼支撐安裝位置允許偏差：高程±50mm水平間距±100mm（VI）噴射混凝土1.10.1噴射混凝土應(yīng)在格柵安裝后及時進(jìn)行，亦采用濕噴工藝。1.10.2噴射混凝土前應(yīng)清理場地，清掃受噴面；對機(jī)具設(shè)備進(jìn)行試運轉(zhuǎn)。就緒后方可進(jìn)行混凝土噴射作業(yè)。1.10.3混凝土配合比應(yīng)通過試驗確定，滿足混凝土強(qiáng)度和噴射工藝要求。1.10.4噴射混凝土