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ReadingTest

65MINUTES,52QUESTIONS

TurntoSection1ofyouranswerssheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

DIRECTIONS

&BDIQBTTBHFPSQBJSPGQBTTBHFTCFMPXJTGPMMPXFECZBOVNCFSPGRVFTUJPOT.AGUFSSFBEJOHFBDIQBTTBHFPSQBJS,DIPPTFUIFCFTUBOTXFSUPFBDIRVFTUJPOCBTFEPOXIBUJTTUBUFEPSJNQMJFEJOUIFQBTTBHFPSQBTTBHFTBOEJOBOZBDDPNQBOZJOHHSBQIJDT(TVDIBTBUBCMFPSHSBQI).

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Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

5IJTQBTTBHFJTBEBQUFEGSPN(BJM5TVLJZBNB,NightofManyDreams.a1998CZ(BJM5TVLJZBNB.&NNBIBTTBJMFEGSPN)POHKPOHUPUIF6OJUFE4UBUFTJO1950UPBUUFOEDPMMFHF.

NotquitethreeweeksafterleavingHongKong,EmmachangedintoacottoncheungsamandfinallysetfootonPier19inSanFrancisco.Thelate-afternoonsunfeltmuchcoolerthansheexpected.Bythetimeshesaidatearfulgood-byetotheotherpassengers,thenfoundherluggagewaitingonthedock,Emmafeltscaredandalone.SisterMadeleinefromthecollegehadpromisedinherlastlettertohavesomeonewaitingforher,butnooneappeared.Theairsmelledsaltyandmetallic.Thesunlighthadgivenwaytoshade.Emmawaitedasthepassengersdisembarkedandthecrowddissipated.Whatwouldbecomeofher?Aloneonthepier,shelistenedforthevoicesofMah-meeandAuntieGotellingherwhattodo,buttheyseemedlostacrosstheocean.EmmatookadeepbreathandthoughtofhersisterJoan’sadvice:WhatwouldLaurenBacalldo?ShedecidedtotakeataxitoLoneMountainCollege.

Asympatheticcabdriver,himselfanimmigrantfromRussia,waskindandhelpful.“You’reasmartone,takingtaxi.Thesedocksisnogoodatnight,”hesaid,histhick,bushymustachemovingupanddownashetalked.“Don’tworry,Sergeiisgettingyoutoyourschoolniceandsafe.”

Emmawatchedashebodedherluggageintothe

trunk,thenopenedthereardoorandwaitedforhertostepin.Hewasshortandheavyset,yetlightandquickonhisfeet.Hishairwaslongerthananyotherman’sshe’deverseenbefore,havinginuneven

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy

30strandsbelowthebackcollarofhisplaidshirt.Shewrappedhersweatercloseragainstthecoldwind,happytobeinthesafeconfinesofthecab.

Sergeiturnedaroundandlookedoverhisshoulder.“We’lltakescenicroute.Iwanttobefirst

35onetoshowyouthisgreatcity!”

Emmafeltsuddenlywarm.“No,Ihaveto...”“Don’tworry.Noextracostforyou.Sitback!

Enjoy!”Hewinkedandstartedthecarwithagreatroaroftheengine.

40 Emma’sfearquicklydisappearedasSergeidrovealongtheEmbarcaderotowardthebrightlightsofaplacehecalledFisherman’sWharf.Emmafixedhergazeoutthewindowatthelargebuildingsandthebigcarsparkedalongthewide,openstreets—soclean

45anduncluttered.

“Thisiswhereyoucaneatbestcrabsinalltheworld!”Sergeiboasted.

Whenthecabturneddownanarrowstreettowardtheharbor,Emmahadafullviewofthesmall

50fishingboatsdockedinthecrowdedmarina,andshesmiledatthehopefulnamespaintedontheirbows—TheLuckyStar,Mary’sDream,TheFullCatch,APotofGold.Shesatforwardandrolleddownherwindow,inhalingthedistinctaromasof

55freshfishandcrabs.Inthenarrowstreet,Emmacouldalmostreachoutthewindowtotouchthecrabs

2018年12月北美

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thatscrabbledovereachotherinboxes,waitingtobeboiledinalargeblackpot.

Fromthecrowdedwharf,Sergeiturnedontoa

60streethecalledColumbus.“Liketheexplorer,”hesaid,slowingdownashepeekedatherinhisrearviewmirror.“AndthisisNorthBeach,wherealltheItaliansliveandeat.”

Emmalookedawayfromthemirror.“From

65Italy?”

Henodded.“Atonetime.”

“AndwheredoalltheRussiansliveandeat?”“Whereverwecan,”Sergeiansweredwithlaugh.Hedroveseveralblocks,thenturnedright.“This

70isWashingtonStreet.Justremember,thefirstAmericanpresident.”ThenhemadeanotherrightturnontoGrantAvenue.“WearenowinheartofChinatown!”Histhickeyebrowsflashedupwardasheagaincaughthereyesinthemirror.

75 Emma’spulseraced.Chinatownappearedmuchsmallerthanshehadexpected.Restaurantsandstorefrontspaintedred,green,andgoldwerecrowdedtogetherintoseveralblocks.Sheturnedfromwindowtowindow,soakinginallshecould,

80seekingechoesofthelifeshe’dleftbehind.PreoccupiedfacesshemighthaveseeninWanchai,ordowninCausewayBay,rusheddownthebustlingGrantAvenue.Namesofstreetsflashedby—Jackson,Pacific,andbacktoBroadway.Asifheknewwhat

85shewasthinking,SergeicircledanddrovethroughChinatownagain.Emmasmiled,findingcomfortintheChinesecharacterswrittenonsignsandwindows:TheForbiddenCityNightclub,GoldenHarvest,KuoWahRestaurant,TheGreatWallof

90China...AsdifferentasthiswasfromHongKong,SanFrancisco’sChinatownheldthemostfamiliarsightsshe’dseeninweeks.

EmmaleanedforwardandwhisperedtoSergei,“Youareverykind.”

95 Hequicklyturnedbackwithasmile,hiswarmbreathtouchinghercheek.“Iknowhowitfeels.”

1

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Whichchoicebestsummarizesthepassage?

Onecharacterbeginsaquestforfriendship,whileanothercharacterbeginsaquestforknowledge.

Acharacterisisolatedaftertravelingfarfromherhome,butshemeetssomeonewhomakesherfeelmoreatease.

Acharacterrelivesthesightsandsoundsofadistantworld,butthensheabsorbsthesightsandsoundsofanewworld.

Onecharactermournsherlostfriendships,whileanothercharactersharesherlossandattemptstoconsoleher.

2

InsayingthatthevoicesofMah-meeandAuntieGoseem“l(fā)ost”(line15),thenarratormostlikelymeansthattheyseem

strangeandunfamiliar.

desperateandunsure.

distantandirretrievable.

unappreciatedandmisjudged.

3

WhenSergeifirstmeetsEmma,heassumesthatshefeels

intimidatedbythecollegestaff.

waryofacceptinghelp.

dauntedbyhersurroundings.

anxiousaboutanunexpectedexpense.

4

Whichchoicebestrepresentsthetwodistinctmeaningsof“safe”asusedinlines24and32?

Cozy;sheltered

Convenient;reliable

Cautious;uncontroversial

Unharmed;protected

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8

Basedonthepassage,Sergeicanmostlikelybecharacterizedas

generousandreassuring.

proudandboisterous.

curiousandinnocent.

poisedandserene.

6

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines20-21(“You’re...night”)

Lines28-30(“His...shirt”)

Lines37-39(“Don’t...engine”)

Lines46-47(“This...boasted”)

7

Sergei’sreferencesto“theexplorer”(line60)and“thefirstAmericanpresident”(lines70-71)servemainlyto

revealhispassionforlearninghistoricaltrivia.

showhisdesiretohelpEmmamakeconnections.

introduceaserioussidetohisotherwisejovialnature.

portrayhisneedtoimpressEmmawithhisknowledge.

WhichchoicebestdescribesEmma’soverallperspectiveonChinatown?

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy..y..yy.y

SheisastonishedthatithassomanysimilaritieswithHongKong’sneighborhoods.

Sheisoverwhelmedbytheenergeticpaceofthepeople.

Sheisworriedaboutinitiatingconversationswiththelocalresidents.

Sheisgratefultohavefoundaplacethatremindsherofherhometown.

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Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines71-74(“Then...mirror”)

Lines75-78(“Emma’s...blocks”)

Lines81-84(“Preoccupied...Broadway”)

Lines86-88(“Emma...windows”)

10

Accordingtothepassage,SergeitreatsEmmathewayhedoesbecause

heunderstandswhatsheisgoingthrough.

heenjoysshowingofthesightsofthecity.

Emmaremindshimofsomeoneheknows.

Emmaemigratedfromhishomecountry.

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Questions11-21arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

5IJTQBTTBHFBOEGJHVSF1BSFBEBQUFEGSPN3BDIFM&ISFOCFSH,i(M0TVOEFS4DSVUJOZwa2016CZ4PDJFUZGPS4DJFODF&UIF1VCMJD.

“Weareinaworldthat’spaintedblackandwhite,”saysagriculturaleconomistMatinQaim.“InEuropeinparticular,peoplearedeeplyconvincedthatgeneticallymodified(GM)cropsarebadfortheworld.IfyousayanythinginfavorofGMcrops,youaretalkinginfavorofevil.”

Thatdesignationofevilisoneofthetwoprevailingnarrativesconcerninggeneticallyengineeredfoods.Opponentsofgeneticallymodifiedorganisms(GMOs)tellthestorythat“Franken”organismsareanewtechnologythatposesknownandunknowabledangerstohumanhealth,theenvironment,andsocietyatlarge.Ontheotherside,proponentsarguethatGMOsareaharmlessandnecessarytoolforsavingaworldthreatenedbyoverpopulationandachangingclimate.TheloudestvoicesontheproponentsidearetypicallycastasshillsforBigAgriculture(someofthemare),whiletheloudestontheanti-GMOsidearetypicallycastasfear-mongeringluddites(someofthemare).

Thebroadbrushisproblematicforseveralreasons,Qaimandothersargue.ThetermGMOitselfisacatchallthatencompassesawiderangeofproductsdevelopedthroughavarietyofmeans,eachwithitsownrisksandbenefits.ThereareGMOsthathaveledtolargereductionsintheuseofpesticides,forexample,andthereareGMOsthathavemadeherbicideuseskyrocket.ThebroadbrushalsofailswhenlabelingthedevelopersofGMtechnology:CommercialgiantsoftheagrochemicalpesticideindustryhavedevelopedGMOs,butsohaveacademicscientistsfundedbynonprofitsorthepublicsector.

“AtechnologylikeGMcropsisneithergoodnorbad,”Qaimsays.“TalkingabouttheimpactofGMOsiswaytoobroad.”

Thediversityofengineeringprocessesandtheproductsthatresultwillprobablycontinuetogrow.Forexample,therelativelynewCRISPRtechnology,whichallowsforsuperprecisegeneediting,maysoonbecomeaGMOtoolofchoice.Butgenerally

speaking,thetechnologiesbehindGMOsaredecadesold.Anddespitefearsofunknownrisks,GMOshavebeenstudiedextensively.

45 Thepicturedrawnfromdecadesofresearchisoutofsyncwithmanycommonpublicperceptions.Whileunforeseeablehealthissuesareoftenattheforefrontofpublicconcern,foodscontaining

GMOshavebeenongroceryshelvesformorethan

5020years.PilesofevidencesuggestthateatingGMOsisnoriskierthaneatingconventionalfoods.Effectsontheenvironmentaremoremixed.Someoftheproblemsthathavearisen,suchastheuptickintheuseofcertainherbicides,aremoreaboutfarming

55practicesthanaboutdangersinherenttoGMtechnology;thesameproblemsarisewithconventional,non-GMcrops.

Theenvironmentalconsequencesofengineeredgenesescapingintothewildarelessclear.Butwhile

60falloutcanbehardtopredict,theoddsofsuchescapesactuallyhappeningcanoftenbeevaluated.WiththeFoodandDrugAdministrationsrecentapprovalofGMsalmon,forexample,scientistsagreethatthereisaslimpossibilitythatescapeescould

65harmnativefishpopulations;thatriskcouldbecurtailed,however,withstrictoversightaboutwhereandhowsuchfisharefarmed.

There’salsoalotofunrealizedpromise.GMOsareoftentoutedasawaytoboostthenutrient

70contentoffoodstofightmalnutrition.YetGMOsthatareonthemarkethavelargelybenefitedthoseproducingthem—companiesandfarmers—ratherthanconsumers.Therearemanyhealth-boostingGMOsindevelopment,includingbananaswith

75increasediron,plantsthatmakeomega-3fishoils,andrice,sorghumandcassavaenrichedwithvitaminA.Newcrops,suchasthoseengineeredtotoleratedroughtorexcesssaltinthesoil,couldplayacrucialrole.

100

Percentofplantedacresofthecrop

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60

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Figure1

AdoptionofGMCropsintheUnitedStates

Year

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Figure2

AverageImpactofChangefromNon-GMCropstoGMCrops,1996-2014

68.2

21.6

3.3

-36.9

-39.2

BtcottonHTcottonBtcornHTcorn

Bt=toxictospecificinsectsHT=herbicidetolerant

cropyieldpesticidequantitypesticidecost

totalproductioncostfarmproft

0=non-GMcropbaseline

FJHVSF2JTBEBQUFEGSPN8JMIFMNKMüNQFSBOEMBSJO2BJN,iAMFUB-AOBMZTJTPGUIFJNQBDUTPG(FOFUJDBMMZMPEJGJFE

$SPQT.wa2014CZ8JMIFNKMüNQFSBOEMBUJO2BJN.

11

Thefirstparagraphservesprimarilyto

disputealone-standingscientificconsensus.

introduceaproblemthatisspecifictoEurope.

drawattentiontothecontroversialnatureofGMOs.

expresssupportforaworldwidebanonGMOagriculture.

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15

Asusedinline11,theword“poses”mostnearlymeans

arranges.

presents.

questions.

imitates.

13

Incontext,theitalicizationoftheword“the”inline35servestoconveywhichmeaning?

ThatthereisonekindofGMOthatgovernmentsneedtobeespeciallyconcernedabout

ThatGMOsarethesoletechnologythatcanaddresstheworld’shungerproblems

ThatthenotionthatGMOscouldhaveonlyasingleeffectissimplistic

ThatGMOsarethemostsignificantissuethatscienceisgrapplingwithtoday

Whichchoicebestdescribestheauthor’sperspectiveontheconsumptionofgeneticallymodifiedfoods?

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy..

ThereislittlereasontobelievethatconsumingGMOsisharmfultohumans.

GMfoodsrequirefurtherstudybeforescientistscandetermineconclusivelythattheyarehealthful.

ItissafetouseGMcropstofeedlivestock,butitisnotsafeforhumanstoconsumethemdirectly.

YearsofresearchhavedemonstratedthatGMOsshouldnotbepartofthehumandiet.

16

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines45-46(“Thepicture...perceptions”)

Lines50-51(“Piles...foods”)

Lines51-52(“Effects...mixed”)

Lines59-61(“But...evaluated”)

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17

TheauthorcitesCRISPRasanexampleof

recenttechnologicalinnovationsrelatedtoGMOs.

aGMOtechniquewhoseimpacthasbeenextensivelystudied.

anespeciallyriskymethodofmodifyinggenes.

lesscontroversialapproachestoincreasingcropyields.

WhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheideathatGMOshavetendedtoservetheinterestsoftheotherthangeneralpublic?

Lines52-56(“Some...technology”)

Lines62-65(“With...populations”)

Lines70-73(“Yet...consumers”)

Lines77-79(“New...role”)

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20

TheauthormakeswhichofthefollowingclaimsaboutGMsalmon?

ThefishingindustrycannotbetrustedtopreventGMsalmonfromescaping.

NewresearchhasledtothedevelopmentofenvironmentallysafeGMsalmon.

ThecurrentinadequateregulationssurroundingGMsalmonfailtoprotectnativefish.

ThepotentialdangersassociatedwithGMsalmoncanbeanticipatedandmanaged.

Whichstatementabouttheplantingofcornthatistoxictospecificinsectsissupportedbyfigure1?

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy..

Ithasincreasedwithoutinterruptionsince1996.

Itdippedslightlyaroundtheyear2000buthasriseneversince.

Itremainedfairlysteadyforaboutadecade,thenroseabruptlyaround2006.

Ithasconsistentlyexceededtheplantingofherbicide-tolerantcorn.

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Accordingtofigure1,approximatelywhatpercentofplantedacresofcottonintheUnitedStatesin2004wereherbicidetolerant?

A) 20%

B) 40%

C) 60%

D)80%

Figure2bestsupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheaverageeconomicimpactonfarmersofthechangefromnon-GMtoGMcrops?

Duetotheirhigherproductioncosts,GMcropshaveledtoanoveralldecreaseinfinancialreturnsforfarmers.

TheincreaseinprofitsseenbyfarmerswhohaveswitchedtoGMcropswaslargelytheresultofincreaseddemandforthosecropsworldwide.

EventhoughGMcropshavegenerallyresultedinhigheryields,theyhavehadlittleifanyeffectonfarmers’profits.

GMcropshaveincreasedtotalproductioncostsslightly,buttheyhaveincreasedoverallprofitssubstantially.

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Questions22-31arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

5IJTQBTTBHFJTBEBQUFEGSPNiFBTDJOBUJOH3IZUIN:LJHIU

1VMTFT*MMVNJOBUF3BSFBMBDL)PMF.wa2014CZ5IF6OJWFSTJUZPGMBSZMBOE$PMMFHFPG$PNQVUFS,MBUIFNBUJDBM,BOE

/BUVSBM4DJFODFT.

Nearlyallblackholesfallintooneoftwoclasses:big,andcolossal.Astronomersknowthatblackholesrangingfromabout10timesto100timesthemassofoursunaretheremnantsofdyingstars,andthatsupermassiveblackholes,morethanamilliontimesthemassofthesun,inhabitthecentersofmostgalaxies.

Butscatteredacrosstheuniverselikeoasesinadesertareafewapparentblackholesofamoremysterioustype.Rangingfromahundredtimestoafewhundredthousandtimesthesun’smass,theseintermediate-massblackholesaresohardtomeasurethateventheirexistenceissometimesdisputed.Littleisknownabouthowtheyform.Andsomeastronomersquestionwhethertheybehavelikeotherblackholes.

Nowateamofastronomershassucceededinaccuratelymeasuring—andthusconfirmingtheexistenceof—ablackholeabout400timesthemassofoursuninagalaxy12millionlightyearsfromEarth.Thefinding,byUniversityofMarylandastronomygraduatestudentDheerajPashamandtwocolleagues,waspublishedonlineinthejournalNature.

Co-authorRichardMushotzky,aUMDastronomyprofessor,saystheblackholeinquestionisajust-right-sizedversionofthisclassofastralobjects.

“Objectsinthisrangearetheleastexpectedofallblackholes,”saysMushotzky.“Astronomershavebeenasking,dotheseobjectsexistordotheynotexist?Whataretheirproperties?Untilnowwehavenothadthedatatoanswerthesequestions.”

Whiletheintermediate-massblackholethattheteamstudiedisnotthefirstonemeasured,itisthefirstonesopreciselymeasured,Mushotzkysays,“establishingitasacompellingexampleofthisclassofblackholes”

Ablackholeisaregioninspacecontainingamasssodensethatnotevenlightcanescapeitsgravity.Blackholesareinvisible,butastronomerscanfindthembytrackingtheirgravitationalpullon

otherobjects.Matterbeingpulledintoablackholegathersarounditlikestormdebriscirclinga

45tornado’scenter.Asthiscosmicstuffrubstogetheritproducesfrictionandlight,makingblackholesamongtheuniversesbrightestobjects.

Sincethe1970sastronomershaveobservedafewhundredobjectsthattheythoughtwere

50intermediate-massblackholes.Buttheycouldn’tmeasuretheirmass,sotheycouldn’tbecertain.“Forreasonsthatareveryhardtounderstand,theseobjectshaveresistedstandardmeasurementtechniques,”saysMushotzky.

55 PashamfocusedononeobjectinMessier82,

agalaxyintheconstellationUrsaMajor.Messier82isourclosest“starburstgalaxy,”whereyoungstarsareforming.Beginningin1999aNASAsatellitetelescope,theChandraX-rayObservatory,detected

60X-raysinMessier82fromabrightobjectprosaicallydubbedM82X-l.Astronomers,includingMushotzkyandco-authorTodStrohmayerofNASA’sGoddardSpaceFlightCenter,suspected

foraboutadecadethattheobjectwasan

65intermediate-massblackhole,butestimatesofitsmasswerenotdefinitiveenoughtoconfirmthat.

Between2004and2010NASA’sRossiX-RayTimingExplorer(RXTE)satellitetelescopeobservedM82X-labout800times,recordingindividualX-ray

70particlesemittedbytheobject.PashammappedtheintensityandwavelengthofX-raysineachsequence,thenstitchedthesequencestogetherandanalyzedtheresult.

Amongthematerialcirclingthesuspected

75blackhole,hespottedtworepeatingflaresoflight.Theflaresshowedarhythmicpatternoflightpulses,oneoccurring5.1timespersecondandtheother

3.3timespersecond—oraratioof3:2.

Thetwolightoscillationswereliketwodust

80motesstuckinthegroovesofavinylrecordspinningonaturntable,saysMushotzky.Iftheoscillationsweremusicalbeats,theywouldproduceaspecificsyncopatedrhythmlikeaLatin-inflectedbossanova.

Inmusic,thisisa3:2beat.Astronomerscanusea

853:2oscillationoflighttomeasureablackhole’smass.Thetechniquehasbeenusedonsmallerblackholes,butithasneverbeforebeenappliedto

intermediate-massblackholes.

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy..y..yy.y

Pashamusedtheoscillationstoestimatethat

90M82X-1is428timesthemassofthesun,giveortake105solarmasses.Hedoesnotproposeanexplanationforhowthisclassofblackholesformed.“Weneededtoconfirmtheirexistence

observationallyfirst,”hesays.“Nowthetheoristscan

95gettowork.”

22

Themainpurposeofthepassageisto

accountforthedifferencesbetweenthetwomajorclassesofblackholes.

discussthedifficultiesscientistsencounterwhenmeasuringthemassofblackholes.

describehowevidencesupportstheexistenceofparticularofblackhole.

explainwhythebrightnessofablackholeheightensthechallengeofmeasuringitsmass.

23

Inline9,theauthorusestheword“apparent”toindicatethata

characteristicofcertainblackholesisvisible.

conclusionaboutcertaintypesofblackholesisobvious.

descriptionofacertaingroupofblackholesismisleading.

characterizationofcertainobjectsasblackholesisplausible.

24

Thepassageindicatesthatresearchintointermediate-masblackholeshasbeenimpededbythefactthat

suchblackholesseemtohaveacomparativelyshortlifespan.

currentmodelsoftheuniverse’sevolutioncannotexplainsuchblackholes.

ithasbeendifficultforscientiststopreciselymeasuresuchblackholes.

thegravitationalpullthatsuchblackholesexertonotherobjectsisnegligible.

25

WhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencethatMushotzkywouldcharacterizeearlierdiscussionsofintermediate-massblackholesaslargelyspeculative?

Lines25-28(“Co-author...objects”)

Lines29-30(“Objects...Mushotzky”)

Lines32-33(“Until...questions”)

Lines34-38(“While...holes”)

26

Themainpurposeofthesixthparagraph(lines39-47)isto

provideexamplesofblackholesanddiscussthepropertiesofeach.

describethenatureofblackholesandexplainhowtheycanbedetected.

presentcompetingtheoriesabouttheoriginsandcharacteristicsofblackholes.

illustratethedifferencesbetweensupermassiveandintermediate-massblackholes.

27

30

yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy..y..yy.y

Asusedinline42,“tracking”mostnearlymeans

trailing.

traversing.

monitoring.

paralleling.

28

Incontextofthepassageasawhole,thequotationfromMushotzkyinlines52-54servesmainlyto

defendtheworkoftheresearchersagainstthepotentialcriticismsofotherscientists.

explainwhytheresearcherswereabletointerestrelativelyfewotherscientistsintheirwork.

suggestaparticularscientificprocessthattheresearcherseventuallyadaptedandrefinedfortheirwork.

emphasizeasignificantscientificchallengethattheworkoftheresearchersultimatelysurmounted.

29

ItcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethatthedatacollectedbytheChandraX-rayObservatorywereinsufficienttoruleoutwhichpossibility?

M82X-1isamemberofoneofthetwoestablishedclassesofblackholes.

TheX-raysassociatedwithM82X-1comefromanotherobjectentirely.

ChangesinthebrightnessofM82X-1reflectimperfectionsinthetelescopeitself.

M82X-1wasformedlaterthanwasanyknownsupermassiveblackhole.

ItcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethatPashammadewhichassumptionaboutthepatternoflightflaresdetectednearM82X-1?

ItarisesfromvariationsinthewavelengthoftheX-raysemittedbyM82X-1butnotfromvariationsintheintensityofthoseX-rays.

ItcouldbeusedtoanalyzeM82X-Iinthesamewayassimilarpatternshadbeenusedtoanalyzeotherblackholes.

Itdisplaysa3:2ratiobecausethemassofM82X-1isgreaterthanthemassofblackholesinthesmallerofthetwomajorclassesofblackholes.

ItcouldserveasareliablewayofestimatingthedistancefromEarthtoM82X-1.

31

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines58-61(“Beginning...M82X-1”)

Lines70-73(“Pasham...result”)

Lines76-78(“Theflares...3:2”)

Lines86-88(“Thetechnique...holes”)

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Questions32-42arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

1BTTBHF1JTGSPNBTQFFDIEFMJWFSFEJO1926CZ$BMWJO

$PPMJEHF,“AddressbeforetheAmericanAssociationofAdvertisingAgencies,Washington,DC.”1BTTBHF2JTBEBQUFEGSPN4UVBSU$IBTFBOEF.+.4DIMJOL,YourMoney’sWorth:A

StudyintheWasteoftheConsumer’sDollar.a1927CZ4UVBSU

$IBTFBOEF.+.4DIMJOL.

passage1

Itistobeseenthatadvertisingisnotaneconomicwaste.Itministerstothetruedevelopmentoftrade.Itisnodoubtpossibletowastemoneythroughwrongmethodsofadvertising,asitcanbewastedthroughwrongmethodsinanydepartmentofindustry.Butrightfullyapplied,itisthemethodbywhichthedesireiscreatedforbetterthings.Whenthatonceexists,newambitionisdevelopedforthecreationanduseofwealth.Theuncivilizedmakelittleprogressbecausetheyhavefewdesires.Theinhabitantsofourcountryarestimulatedtonewwantsinalldirections.Inordertosatisfytheirconstantlyincreasingdesirestheynecessarilyexpandtheirproductivepower.Theycreatemorewealthbecauseitisonlybythatmethodthattheycansatisfytheirwants.Itisthisconstantlyenlargingcirclethatrepresentstheincreasingprogressofcivilization.

Agreatpowerhasbeenplacedinthehandsofthosewhodirecttheadvertisingpoliciesofourcountry,andpowerisalwayscoupledwithresponsibilities.Nooccupationischargedwithgreaterobligationsthanthatwhichpartakesofthenatureofeducation.Thoseengagedinthateffortarechangingthetrendofhumanthought.Theyaremoldingthehumanmind.Thosewhowrite

uponthattabletwriteforalleternity.Therecanbenopermanentbasisforadvertisingexceptarepresentationoftheexacttruth.Wheneverdeception,falsehood,andfraudcreepintheunderminethewholestructure.Theydamagethewholeart.Theeffortsofthe