,.新編簡明英語語言學教程Chapterone Introduction一、定義1.語言學LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.感謝閱讀2.普通語言學GeneralLinguistics精品文檔放心下載ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.精品文檔放心下載3.語言languageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.精品文檔放心下載語言是人類用來交際的任意性的有聲符號體系。4.識別特征DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.謝謝閱讀語言識別特征是指人類語言區(qū)別與其他任何動物的交際體系的限定性特征。感謝閱讀Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多產(chǎn)性Duality雙重性,.Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化傳遞感謝閱讀⑴arbitrarinessThereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.謝謝閱讀P.S thearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophistication感謝閱讀anditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimited感謝閱讀sourceofexpressions⑵ProductivityAnimalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareableto感謝閱讀send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of謝謝閱讀structures,ortwolevels.感謝閱讀⑷DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.⑸Culturaltransmission謝謝閱讀Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehavetobetaughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem.thisshowedthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.notbyinstinct.animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.感謝閱讀,.5.語言能力CompetenceCompetenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.謝謝閱讀6.語言運用performancePerformanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.精品文檔放心下載語言運用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語言交際中的體現(xiàn)。7.歷時語言學Diachroniclinguistics感謝閱讀Thestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.精品文檔放心下載8.共時語言學Synchronicallinguistics謝謝閱讀Thestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.感謝閱讀9.語言langueTheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.謝謝閱讀10.言語paroleTherealizationoflangueinactualuse.精品文檔放心下載11.規(guī)定性PrescriptiveItaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.感謝閱讀12.描述性Descriptive,.Alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.謝謝閱讀二、知識點1.languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,it’sasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.精品文檔放心下載語言不是一種孤立的現(xiàn)象，而是人類在一定的社會環(huán)境下進行的一種社會活動。精品文檔放心下載2.幾種觀點和現(xiàn)象的提出者：⑴瑞士語言學家F.deSaussureF.deSaussure:Langue和parole的區(qū)別感謝閱讀⑵U.S.AlinguistN.Chomsky美國語言學家N.Chomsky感謝閱讀in1950針對Saussure’slangue&parole提出Competence和performance感謝閱讀⑶曾經(jīng)對語言概念下過定義的語言學家Sapir---languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicationideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.精品文檔放心下載Hall----language is the institution whereby humans感謝閱讀communicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansof感謝閱讀habituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.感謝閱讀Chomsky---fromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetof精品文檔放心下載,.sentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.精品文檔放心下載⑷U.S.ALinguistCharlesHockett美國語言學家CharlesHockett提出了語言的識別特征designfeatures精品文檔放心下載3.theword’language’precededbythezero-article,itimpliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage.Language一詞前不加冠詞說明語言學家不只研究一種特定的語言。4.inordertodiscoverthenatureoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguistshastodofirstiftostudylanguagefacts.精品文檔放心下載5.languageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacts,soit'shardlypossibleforthelinguisticstodealwithitallatonce.判斷題感謝閱讀6.Fristdrewtheattentionofthelinguistswerethesoundsusedinlanguages.最先引起語言學家注意的是語言的發(fā)音。三、問答題感謝閱讀1.whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?whatdoeseachstudy?謝謝閱讀Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmedium感謝閱讀oflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.謝謝閱讀Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryof感謝閱讀,.distinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.謝謝閱讀Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.精品文檔放心下載Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthe謝謝閱讀sentencestructureofalanguage.精品文檔放心下載Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.感謝閱讀Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.感謝閱讀Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.謝謝閱讀Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.感謝閱讀2.whydowesaylanguageisarbitrary?精品文檔放心下載Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesoundsrefer.謝謝閱讀Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureof謝謝閱讀,.language,it’sonlyourtacitagreementofutteranceandconceptatworkandnotanyinnaterelationshipboundupintheutterance.謝謝閱讀Atypicalexampletoillustratethe‘a(chǎn)rbitrariness’oflanguageis‘a(chǎn)rosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet’.謝謝閱讀whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?謝謝閱讀Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.現(xiàn)代語言學是描述性的，其研究以確實可靠的、主要以口語形式的資料為基礎。謝謝閱讀traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon’high’writtenlanguage.精品文檔放心下載傳統(tǒng)語法是規(guī)定性的，研究‘高級’書面語。4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?whyModernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.感謝閱讀現(xiàn)代語言學主要是共時性的，重點研究現(xiàn)代語言。除非對語言的各種狀態(tài)都進行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時性角度對語言進行描述。5.whichenjoyspriorityinmodernlinguistics,speechorwritings?精品文檔放心下載,.Speechenjoysforthefollowingreasons:精品文檔放心下載⑴Speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution.謝謝閱讀⑵Alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthaninwriting.精品文檔放心下載⑶speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage.精品文檔放心下載6.howisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’s?感謝閱讀BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudyTwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.謝謝閱讀6.thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole?謝謝閱讀⑴langueisabstract,relativelystable⑵paroleisconcrete,variesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.謝謝閱讀,.1/Whatislinguistics?什么是語言學？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.謝謝閱讀2/Thescopeoflinguistics精品文檔放心下載語言學的研究范疇Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(普通語言學)謝謝閱讀Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.（語音學）精品文檔放心下載Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.（音系學）感謝閱讀Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.（形態(tài)學）感謝閱讀Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax（句法學）謝謝閱讀Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.（語義學）感謝閱讀Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.感謝閱讀,.（語用學）Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsocio-linguistics.（社會語言學）感謝閱讀Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.（心理語言學）精品文檔放心下載Thestudyofapplications(astherecoveryofspeechability)isgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics.（應用語言學）Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.謝謝閱讀Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,（人類語言學）neurologicallinguistics,（神經(jīng)語言學）mathematicallinguistics,（數(shù)字語言學）andcomputationallinguistics.（計算機語言學）謝謝閱讀3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics語言學研究中的幾對基本概念感謝閱讀Prescriptiveanddescriptive規(guī)定與描寫精品文檔放心下載,.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.感謝閱讀Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”ornot.精品文檔放心下載Synchronicanddiachronic共時和歷時感謝閱讀Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.感謝閱讀Speechandwriting口頭語與書面語精品文檔放心下載Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:謝謝閱讀Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthan謝謝閱讀,.thewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.感謝閱讀Langueandparole語言和言語TheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleearly20thcentury.精品文檔放心下載Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuremadethedistinctioninordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforseriousstudy.Hebelieveswhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.精品文檔放心下載Competenceandperformance語言能力和語言運用謝謝閱讀ProposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.精品文檔放心下載Hedefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Hebelievesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifythelanguage謝謝閱讀,.rules.,.ChapterTwoPhonology一、定義1.寬式音標Broadtranscription謝謝閱讀Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.精品文檔放心下載2.窄式音標Narrowtranscription謝謝閱讀Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.感謝閱讀3.清音VoicelessWhenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.謝謝閱讀4.濁音VoicingSoundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.精品文檔放心下載5.元音VowelThesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.謝謝閱讀6.輔音ConsonantsThesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.感謝閱讀,.7.音位PhonemeThebasicunitinphonology,it’sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.感謝閱讀8.音位變體AllophonesDifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.謝謝閱讀9.音素phoneAphoneticunitorsegment.itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,it’saspeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.精品文檔放心下載10.最小對立對MinimalpairWhentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.感謝閱讀11.超切分特征SuprasegmentalThephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.謝謝閱讀12.互補分布complementarydistribution P35謝謝閱讀Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.精品文檔放心下載13.語言的語音媒介Phonicmediumoflanguage謝謝閱讀,.Thelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.精品文檔放心下載在人類交際中有著一定意義、對語言學研究來說舉足輕重。有限的聲音是語音媒介。感謝閱讀14.爆破音stopsWhenaobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastoporaplosive.精品文檔放心下載theyare[b][p][t][d][k][g]謝謝閱讀二、知識點1.statisticsresultingfromcarefulinvestigationsshowthattherehavebeenover5,000languagesintheworld,abouttwothirdsofwhichhavenothadwrittenform.感謝閱讀ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.精品文檔放心下載3.Phonetic組成Articulatoryphonetics發(fā)音語音學longestestablished,mostlydeveloped謝謝閱讀⑵Auditoryphonetics聽覺語音學⑶Acousticphonetics聲學語音學感謝閱讀,.4.articulatoryApparatus/OrgansofSpeech精品文檔放心下載Pharyngealcavity–咽腔Oral...– 口腔greatestsourceofmodificationofairstream精品文檔放心下載foundhereNasal…–鼻腔5.Thetongueisthemostflexible,responsibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother,theextremebackofthetonguecanberaisedtowardstheuvulaandaspeechsoundcanbethusproducedasisusedinArabicandFrench.感謝閱讀6.Obstructionbetweenthebackofthetongueandthevelararearesultsinthepronunciationof[k]and[g],thenarrowingofspacebetweenthehardpalateandthefrontofthetongueleadstothesound[j];theobstructioncreatedbetweenthetipofthetongueandthealveolarridgeresultsinthesounds[t]and[d].精品文檔放心下載7.nasalconsonants:[m]/[n]/[η]感謝閱讀APhoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.10.Sequentialrules例子感謝閱讀Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthree謝謝閱讀,.rules:⑴thefirstphonememustbe/s/謝謝閱讀⑵thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/⑶thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w謝謝閱讀11.Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation:Fallingtone;Risingtone;Fall-risetone;Rise-falltone謝謝閱讀三、問答題1.whatarethethreebranchesofphonetics?howdotheycontributetothestudyofspeechsound?感謝閱讀Articulatory—describesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.Auditory-–studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,reachestheimportantconclusionthatphoneticidentityisonlyatheoreticalideal.感謝閱讀Acoustic-–studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,thewaysoundtravelfromthespeakertothehearer.發(fā)音語音學描述了我們的發(fā)音器官如何發(fā)出語音，以及這些語音為何有所不同。謝謝閱讀聽覺語音學研究語音的物理性質(zhì)，得出了重要結(jié)論，即語音同一只是理論上的理想。謝謝閱讀聲學語音學研究語音的物理性質(zhì)，研究語音從說話者到聽話者之間的精品文檔放心下載,.傳播方式。2.howaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?精品文檔放心下載ByplaceofarticulationandBymannerofarticulation感謝閱讀3.howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?whodoyouthinkwillbemoreinterestedinthedifferentbetweensay[i]and[i],[p]and[ph],aphoneticianoraphilologist?why?感謝閱讀語音學和音位學的研究中心有何不同?語音學家和音位學家哪一個更關(guān)心清晰音的區(qū)別?為什么?感謝閱讀Phonetics—description ofallspeechsoundsandtheirfind精品文檔放心下載differences.Phonology—descriptionofsoundsystemsofparticular感謝閱讀languagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.Aphoneticianwouldbemoreinterestedinsuchdifferencescossuchdifferenceswillnotcosdifferencesinmeaning.精品文檔放心下載4.what’saphone?howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?Phone—aspeechsound,aphoneticunit.感謝閱讀Phoneme---acollectionofabstractsoundfeatures,aphonologicalunit.謝謝閱讀Allophones---actualrealizationofaphonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.精品文檔放心下載,.5.whatisaminimalpairandaminimalset?whyisitimportanttoidentifytheminimalsetinalanguage?為什么區(qū)分最小對立組在一種語言中非常重要?精品文檔放心下載Minimalpair—twosoundcombinationsidenticalineverywayexceptinonesoundelementthatoccursinthesameposition.除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置的一個語音成分不同外,其他部分都一樣的兩個語音組合.精品文檔放心下載Minimalset—agroupofsoundcombinationswiththeabovefeature.謝謝閱讀一組具有上述特征的語音組合.Byidentifyingtheminimalpairortheminimalsetofalanguage,aphilologistcanidentifyitsphonemes.感謝閱讀通過分析一種語言的最小對立對或最小對立組,音位學家能辨別出它的音位.謝謝閱讀6.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowonetranscriptiondiffer?感謝閱讀Broadtranscription—onelettersymbolforonesound.Narrowtranscription—diacriticsareaddedtotheone-letter感謝閱讀symbolstoshowthefinerdifferencesbetweensounds.謝謝閱讀7.explainthesequentialrule,theassimilationruleandthedeletionrule.感謝閱讀有序規(guī)則Sequentialrules,.Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.精品文檔放心下載同化規(guī)則AssimilationrulesTheassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby’謝謝閱讀copying’afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthe謝謝閱讀twophonessimilar.省略規(guī)則DeletionruleIt’saphonologicalrulewhichtellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitsorthographicallyrepresented.謝謝閱讀ChapterThreeMorphology一、定義,.1.詞素MorphemeThebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyandthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.感謝閱讀2.自由詞素FreeMorphemeFreemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.精品文檔放心下載3.黏著詞素BoundmorphemesBoundmorphemesarethesemorphemesthatcanotbeusedbythemselves,mustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsthatcanbeusedindependently.精品文檔放心下載4.詞根RootRootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.感謝閱讀5.詞綴AffixThecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.精品文檔放心下載6.曲折詞綴inflectionalaffixes感謝閱讀Themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.精品文檔放心下載7.派生詞綴Derivationalaffixes感謝閱讀Themanifestationofrelationbetweenstemsandaffixes精品文檔放心下載,.throughtheadditionofderivationalaffixes.感謝閱讀8.詞干StemAstemistheexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.精品文檔放心下載9.形態(tài)學規(guī)則Morphologicalrules精品文檔放心下載Theyarerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.精品文檔放心下載10.前綴PrefixPrefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,exceptionsaretheprefixes‘be-‘a(chǎn)nd‘en(m)-‘11.后綴Suffix謝謝閱讀Suffixesareaddedtotheendofstems,theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.3.Inusingthemorphologicalrules,wemustguardagainstOver-generalization.感謝閱讀二、知識點Inflectionalmorphology1.MorphologyDerivationalmorphologyFreemorphemes,.Morphemes

RootBoundmorphemes

InflectionalaffixesAffixesPrefixDerivationalaffixes2.somewordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.Suffix感謝閱讀4.Compoundfeatures:⑴orthographically,acompoundcanbewrittenasoneword,twoseparatewordswithorwithoutahypheninbetween.感謝閱讀⑵Syntactically,thepartofspeechofacompoundisdeterminedbythelastelement.謝謝閱讀⑶semantically,themeaningofacompoundisidiomatic,notcalculablefromthemeaningsofallitscomponent精品文檔放心下載,.ChapterFour Syntax一、定義1.句子sentenceAstructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.感謝閱讀2.語言運用Linguisticcompetence精品文檔放心下載Thesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeaker.精品文檔放心下載3.謂語PredicateThepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledpredicate.感謝閱讀4.定式子句FiniteClauseAclausethattakesasubjectandafiniteverb,andatthesametimestandsstructurallyalone.感謝閱讀5.從屬子句EmbeddedClause(EC)精品文檔放心下載Inacompletesentence,theincorporatedorsubordinate精品文檔放心下載,.clauseisnormallycalledanEC.謝謝閱讀6.主要子句MatrixClauseInacomplexedsentence,theclauseintowhichitisembeddediscalledamatrixclause.謝謝閱讀7.層次結(jié)構(gòu)Hierarchicalstructure謝謝閱讀Thesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoriesofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNPandVP.精品文檔放心下載8.語法關(guān)系Grammaticalrelations謝謝閱讀Thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsbetweeneverynounphraseandsentence.謝謝閱讀9.句法類型SyntacticcategoryAwordorphrasethatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunctionsuchasthesubjectorobject.謝謝閱讀10.表層結(jié)構(gòu)S-structureAlevelofsyntacticrepresentationaftertheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.謝謝閱讀11.深層結(jié)構(gòu)D-structureAlevelofsyntacticrepresentationbeforetheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.感謝閱讀12.普遍語法GeneralgrammarAsystemoflinguisticknowledgewhichconsistsofsome精品文檔放心下載,.generalprinciplesandparametersaboutnaturelanguage.精品文檔放心下載13.移動α規(guī)則MoveαAgeneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.感謝閱讀14.句法移位Syntacticmovement感謝閱讀Syntacticmovementoccurswhenaconstituentmovesoutofitsoriginalplacetoanewposition.謝謝閱讀15.轉(zhuǎn)換原則Transformationrules感謝閱讀Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.感謝閱讀16.X標桿理論X-bartheoryAgeneralandhighlyabstractschemathatcollapsesallphrasesstructurerulesintoasingleformat:X”→（Spec）X(Compl).感謝閱讀一種泛指的、高度抽象的圖示，它把所有的詞組結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)則概括為一種程式精品文檔放心下載X”→（Spec）X(Compl)a:Spec

X”X’

b:X”X’

SpecX’XcomplX

complement,.NP’thestudentwholikeslinguistics’consistsofDet,Nand謝謝閱讀SwithDetbeingtheSpecifier,Nthehead,Sthecomplement.精品文檔放心下載NP(…)有冠詞、名詞和子句組成，冠詞是指示語，名詞是核心詞，子精品文檔放心下載句是補足語。二、知識點1.syntax這個單詞源于Greek,本義是arrangement.謝謝閱讀2.我們把syntax的學習看作asystemofrulesthatgoverntheformationofgrammaticalsentence.精品文檔放心下載3.Amajorgoaloflinguisticsistoshowwithaconsistentandexplicitgrammaticaltheoryhowsyntacticrulesaccountforthisgrammaticalknowledge.謝謝閱讀4.判斷題：thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,andyetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.感謝閱讀5.判斷題:Afiniteverb,informallycalledthemainverbofasentence,expressesexistence,actionoroccurrencewhichislimitedbyperson,number,tenseandmood.感謝閱讀一個限定動詞被非正式稱為句中主要動詞，表達了人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)、語氣限定的存在、行動或事件。感謝閱讀6.句子的分類 simplesentence,.Typesofsentences coordinateorcompoundsentenceComplexsentence謝謝閱讀簡單句---Itconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.感謝閱讀并列句合成句-Itcontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordcalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas“but”,”and”.ect.復合句—Itcontainstwoormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.謝謝閱讀復合句的特點：⑴Anembeddedclausefunctionsasagrammaticalunitinitsmatrixclause謝謝閱讀⑵MostembeddedclausesrequireanintroductorywordcalledaSubordinator,suchas”that”精品文檔放心下載⑶Anembeddedclausemaynotfunctionasagrammaticallywell-formedsentenceifitstandsindependentlyasasimplesentenceunlessitsformchanges.感謝閱讀子句是一個語法單位，大部分子句要帶一個被稱為從屬連詞的引導詞，如果子句作為秒年第秒年句單獨存在，它可能不是一個合乎規(guī)范的句子，除非改變他的形式。感謝閱讀7.whenasentenceisutteredorwrittendown,thewordsofthesentenceareproducedoneafteranotherinasequence.謝謝閱讀8.Thehierarchicalnatureofsentencestructure句子結(jié)構(gòu)層次特感謝閱讀,.點sentencesareorganizedwithwordsofthesamesyntacticcategory,suchasnounphraseNPorverbphraseVP,groupedtogether.精品文檔放心下載9.ThepointsatwhichthetreebrachesatvariouslevelsarecalledBranchingnodes分叉點感謝閱讀10.Inadditiontotheuseofstructuraltreediagrams,linguistsmayshowthehierarchicalstructureofsentencesbyusingbracketsandsubscriptlabels.謝謝閱讀11.句法類型Major…主要詞類open,canaddnewwordsLexicalcategory名、動、形、副詞N,V,Adj,AdvSyntacticMinor…次要詞類close,wordsarefixedCategories限定、助動、介、代、連、嘆Det,Aux,Prep,Pron,Conj,Int謝謝閱讀PhrasalcategoryApartfromsentencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword(calledalexicalcategory)oraphrase(calledphrasalcategory)thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction,suchasthesubjectinasentence.感謝閱讀,.12.短語類型NounPhrase NPPhrasal VerbPhrase VPCategories PrepositionPhrase PP精品文檔放心下載AdjectivePhrase AP13.Thegrammaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachmounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb,inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsrefervirtuallyto’who’does’what’to’whom’.謝謝閱讀14.weusuallyrefertothegrammaticalrelationsassubjectofanddirectobjectof.精品文檔放心下載15.Combinationalrulesmustbesmallinnumbersoasnottocreateextraburdensonthehumanmemory.alsotheserulesmustbepowerfulenoughtoyieldallthepossiblesentences,andruleouttheimpossibleones謝謝閱讀組合規(guī)則一定不能太多，以免給人的記憶帶來過多的負擔，用這些規(guī)則必須能組合出所有可能的句子，而排除不可能的句子。感謝閱讀16.rulesangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentences,andsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotheirrecursiveproperties.Itcapturestheabilityoflanguagetogeneratemoreconstituentstoasentenceandenablesspeakerstorepeatsyntacticconstituentswithinthesamesentence.精品文檔放心下載,.循環(huán)性體現(xiàn)了語言中的句子能有更多的成分，使說話者能在同一句子中重復一些句法成分。感謝閱讀17.移位類型Syntactic NP-movement=t’sinvolvingthemovementofa謝謝閱讀nounphrase.Movement 名詞短語的移位WH-movement=Itchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative.感謝閱讀陳述變疑問句AUX-…=themovementofanauxiliaryverbtothesentenceinitialposition.精品文檔放心下載助動詞移位到句首的移位18.普遍語法的廣義原則GeneralPrinciplesofUniversalGrammar:CaseCondition和AdjacencyCondition謝謝閱讀格條件---anounphrasemusthaveCaseandCaseisassignedbyVorPtotheobjectposition,orbyAUXtothesubjectposition.感謝閱讀名詞詞組必須有格，賓語的格是由動詞或介詞決定，而主語的格由助動詞決定。謝謝閱讀相鄰條件—acaseassignorandaCaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother,itexplainswhynootherphrasal謝謝閱讀,.categorycanintervenebetweenaverbanditsdirectobject.格分派者和格接受者要相鄰。這解釋了為什么任何別的詞組類不能插到動詞和它的直接賓語之間。感謝閱讀19.UniversalGrammarisbelievedtocontainaparameterwith謝謝閱讀thevalves增and減setontheAdjacencycondition.with謝謝閱讀English-typelanguages,theAdjacencyParameterissettothe謝謝閱讀增value,whileforFrench-typelanguage,theparameterisset謝謝閱讀to減value.三、問答題1.Usetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawalabeledconstituentstructuretreediagramforeachofthefollowingsentences.精品文檔放心下載⑴thetoweronthehillcollapsedinthewind⑵MarypromisedJohntoseethedoctor.精品文檔放心下載Chapt