《英美文學(xué)選讀》筆記背完必過PartOne:EnglishLiteratureAnIntroductiontoOldandMedievalEnglishLiteratureIUnderstandingandapplication:（理解應(yīng)用）England'sinhabitantsareCelts.AnditisconqueredbyRomans,AngloSaxonsandNormans.TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheGermaniclanguageandculturetoEngland,whileNormansbroughttheMediterraneancivilization,includingGreekculture,RomelawandtheChristianreligion.ItistheculturalinfluenceofthesetwoconqueststhatprovidedthesourcefortheriseandgrowthofEnglishliterature.TheoldEnglishliteratureextendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland.TheoldEnglishpoetrythathassurvivedcanbedividedintotwogroups:ThereligiousgroupandthesecularoneBeowulf:atypicalexampleofOldEnglishpoetryisregardedasthenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.Itisanexampleoftheminglingofnaturemythsandheroiclegends.AftertheNorman/sconquest,threelanguagesco-existedinEngland.FrenchistheofficiallanguagethatisusedbykingandtheNormanlords.Latinistheprincipaltongueofchurchaffairsandinuniversities.OldEnglishwasspokenonlybythecommonEnglishpeople.Inthesecondhalfof14thcentury,EnglishliteraturestartedtoflourishwiththeappearanceofwriterslikeGeoffreyChaucer,WilliamLangland,JohnGower,andothersIIRecite:（識記再現(xiàn)）Romance:①Itusesnarrativeverseorprosetosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeedsisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod.②Ithasdevelopedthecharacteristicmedievalmotifsofthequest,thetest,themeetingwiththeevilgiantandtheencounterwiththebeautifulbeloved.③Theheroisusuallytheknight,whosetsoutonajourneytoaccomplishsomemissions.Thereareoftenmysteriesandfantasiesinromance.?Romanticloveisanimportantpartoftheplotinromance.Characterizationisstandardized,Whilethestructureislooseandepisodic,thelanguageissimpleandstraightforward.⑤Theimportanceoftheromanceitselfcanbeseenasameansofshowingmedievalaristocraticmenandwomeninrelationtotheiridealizedviewoftheworld.Heroiccouplet:Heroiccoupletisarhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter.ItisChaucerwhouseditforthefirsttimeinEnglishinhisworkTheLegendofGoodWoman.ThethemeofBeowulf:Thepoempresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewageheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.Thepoemisanexampleoftheminglingofthenaturemythsandheroiclegends.TheWifeofBathinTheCanterburyTales:TheWifeofBathisdepictedasthenewbourgeoiswifeassertingherindependence.Chaucerdevelopshischaracterizationtoahigherartisticlevelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions.Chaucer'sachievement:①Hepresentedacomprehensiverealisticpictureofhisageandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersinhisworks,especiallyinTheCanterburyTales.②Heanticipatedanewear,theRenaissance,tocomeundertheinfluenceoftheItalianwriters.③Hedevelopedhischaracterizationtoahigherlevelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions.@HegreatlycontributedtothematuringofEnglishpoetry.Today,Chaucer7sreputationhasbeensecurelyestablishedasoneofthebestEnglishpoetsforhiswisdom,humorandhumanity.“TheFatherofEnglishpoetry”:Originally,OldEnglishpoemsaremainlyalliterativeverseswithfewvariations.?ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetrytoreplaceit.@InTheRomauntoftheRose（玫瑰傳奇），hefirstintroducedtotheEnglishtheoctosyllabiccouplet（八音節(jié)對偶句）.③InTheLegendofGoodWomen,heusedforthefirsttimeinEnglishheroiccouplet.④Andinhismasterpiece,TheCanterburyTales,heemployedheroiccoupletwithtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.⑤HisartmadehimoneofthegreatestpoetsinEnglish;JohnDrydencalledhim“thefatherofEnglishpoetry".【例題】Theworkthatpresented,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,acomprehensiverealisticpictureofthemedievalEnglishsocietyandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeismostlikely(0704)WilliamLangland7sPiersPlowmanGeoffreyChaucer'sTheCanterburyTalesJohnGower1sConfessionAmantisSirGawainandtheGreenKnight【答案】B【解析】(P4.para.2)本題考查的是中世紀(jì)時期幾位詩人作品的創(chuàng)作主題和創(chuàng)作范圍。A答案是《農(nóng)夫皮爾斯》及其作者威廉?蘭格倫他在其作品中描述了他那個時期的宗教與社會問題。C《愛人的告白》，D《高文爵士和他的綠衣騎士》都是約翰?高厄的作品，屬于時最精美的騎士文學(xué)作品;然而只有喬叟，在英國文學(xué)史上第一次向我們展示了表現(xiàn)當(dāng)時英國社會的一幅綜合性、現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的畫卷，在他的代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》中塑造了一系列來自社會各階層的生動形象的人物。本章小結(jié)本章重點(diǎn):Chaucerandhisachievement本章提示：本部分內(nèi)容以選擇題考查，所以，復(fù)習(xí)時以識記為主。Chapter1:TheRenaissancePeriodGeneralIntroduction考核要求：.識記：(1)文藝復(fù)興時期的界定(2)歷史文化背景.領(lǐng)會：(1)文藝復(fù)興運(yùn)動的意義與影響(2)文藝復(fù)興時期的文學(xué)特點(diǎn)(3)人文主義的主張及對文學(xué)的影響.應(yīng)用：文藝復(fù)興，人文主義及玄學(xué)詩等名詞的解釋考點(diǎn)串講：TheRenaissance:TheRenaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Generally,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14th&17thcenturies.ItfirststartedinItaly,withthefloweringofpainting,sculpture&literature.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.TheRenaissance,whichmeans"rebirth"or"revival/1isactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchas:①There-discoveryofancientRoman&Greekculture②Thenewdiscoveriesingeography&astrology,thereligiousreformation&theeconomicexpansion.③TheRenaissance,therefore,inessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkers&scholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,&torecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.【例題】TheRenaissanceisactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricaleventsEXCEPT.(0804)therediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekculturethevastexpansionofBritishcoloniesinNorthAmericathenewdiscoveriesingeographyandastrologythereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion【答案】B【解析】(P7.paral)文藝復(fù)興是歐洲中世紀(jì)和現(xiàn)代社會的分水嶺，它的發(fā)生有著深刻的社會歷史根源，當(dāng)時的社會發(fā)展刺激了文藝復(fù)興的發(fā)生，如地理天文大發(fā)現(xiàn)，席卷歐洲的宗教改革以及對古希臘，古羅馬文化的發(fā)掘等。Humanism:HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.ItsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheancientauthorsandisfrequentlytakenasthebeginningoftheRenaissanceonitsconscious,intellectualside,fortheGreekandRomancivilizationwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Throughthenewlearning,humanistsnotonlysawtheartsofsplendorandenlightenment,butthehumanvaluesrepresentedintheworks.Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfections,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.TheRenaissanceinEngland:①Thefirst—thebeginning(1485-1558)-imitationandassimilationPoetry:Wyatt&SurreyTheformerintroducedthePetrarchansonnetintoEngland,whilethelatterbroughtinblankverse.②Thesecond"(thepeak)theElizabethAge(1558-1603)—TheElizabethandramaPoetry:Spenser&MarloweSpenserianstanza:SpenserianstanzawasinventedbyEdmundSpenser.Itisastanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameter&thelastlineiniambichexameter,rhymingababbcbcc.Drama:Marlowe&ShakespeareTheRenaissancehero:ARenaissanceheroreferstoonecreatedbyChristopherMarloweinhisdrama.Suchaheroisalwaysindividualisticandfullofambition,facingbravelythechallengefrombothgodsandmen.HeembodiesMarlowe'shumanisticidesofhumandignityandcapacity.Differentfromthetragicheroinmedievalplays,whoseeksthewaytoheaventhroughsalvationandgod'swill,heisagainstconventionalmoralityandcontrivestoobtainheavenonearththroughhisownefforts.Withtheendlessaspirationforpower,knowledge,andglory,theherointerpretsthetrueRenaissancespiritBothTamburlaineandFaustusaretypicalinpossessingsuchaspirit.TheElizabethandrama:ItistherealmainstreamofEnglishRenaissance.ItcouldbedatedbacktotheMiddleAges.EnglishmaterialwasputintotheregularformoftheLatincomediesofPlautusandTerence.TragedieswereinthestyleofSenecaThemostfamousdramatistsintheRenaissanceEnglandare:Marlowe,Shakespeare&BenJackson③Thethird-furtherdevelopment(1603--1660)Poetry:JohnDonne&JohnMiltonMetaphysicalpoetry:Theterm"metaphysicalpoetry"iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Witharebelliousspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.ThedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.Theimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallife.Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoefsbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.Drama:BenJacksonEssay:FrancisBaconHeisthefirstimport