考研外語專家預測過關(guān)卷11

一、UseofEnglish

1>Noonecandenythatpesticideshaveimprovedtheability

offarmerstobringtheircropstomarket.(1)pesticides,

farmersnolongerhavetoworrythattheywillloseanentire

crop(2)anarmyofcutWormsorfruitflies.(3),

Americanscanrelyonalargeandvariedfoodsupply.

However,weAmericansneedtobecomemore(4)aboutthe

effectsthosepesticidesonourfood.More(5),weneed

tothinkaboutwhatnew(6)isnecessarytoprotect

ourselvesfroma(7)toorichinPesticideresidue.Ifwe

don'tdemandgreater(8)onpesticideuse,wemaybe

surprised,dismayed,and(9)horrifiedbytheconsequence

ofitsuse.

Onthemostobviouslevel,farmworkerswhocontinuetousethe

pesticides(10)theirpresentratewill(11)serious

diseases.It'sno(12)thatfarmers(13)to

herbicideshaveasixtimesgreaterriskofgettingcancer.

(14),childrenwholiveinhomeswherepesticidesareused

haveanincreasedchanceofgettingchildhoodleukemia(白血

?。?

Butthefarmersarenottheonlyones(15)risk.Consumers

mayalsosufferserioussideeffectsfromdaily(16)of

foodstainted(污染)bypesticides.Althoughscientistshave

yettoprovethelink(17),theyareconcernedthat

pesticideusemaybeonereasonforthestartlingincreasein

variousformsofcancerlikebreastandcolon(結(jié)腸)cancers.

Weneednewlegislationthat(18)stricterstandards

governingpesticideresiduesinfood.Muchofthecurrent

legislationisbasedonignorance.Simply(19)_____,weallow

highlevelsofcarcinogensinourfoodbecausewedon'tknow

forsurethattheydocausecancerinhumans.Yet,whyshould

wetaketherisk?Ifthere'sachancethatapesticidecauses

cancer,thenitshouldbe(20)fromuse.

A.Inspiteof

B.Thanksto

C.Given

D.Provided

2、⑵

A.out

B.on

C.for

D.to

3、(3)

A.Insum

B.Inshort

C.Intotal

D.Asaresult

4、⑷

A.informed

B.acknowledged

C.acquainted

D.instructed

5、(5)

A.specifically

B.specially

C.especially

D.sophisticatedly

6、(6)

A.institution

B.constitution

C.legislation

D.commission

7、(7)

3

A.menu

B.nutrition

C.nourishment

D.diet

8、(8)

A.constraints

B.restrictions

C.commitment

D.purification

9、(9)

A.ultimately

B.utterly

C.extremely

D.thoroughly

10、(10)

A.at

B.with

C.in

D.for

11、(H)

A.strickenwith

B.entitledto

4

C.leftto

D.carriedawayby

12、(12)

A.correspondence

B.incident

C.chance

D.coincidence

13、(13)

A.exposed

B.devoted

C.revealed

D.concealed

14、(14)

A.OntheContrary

B.Inaddition

C.Asaresult

D.Inaword

15、(15)

A.with

B.on

C.in

D.at

目5

16、(16)

A.assumption

B.consumption

C.presumption

D.acquisition

17、(17)

A.tentatively

B.inclusively

C.conclusively

D.exclusively

18、(18)

A.adapts

B.adopts

C.adjusts

D.affords

19、(19)

A.set

B.laid

C.placed

D.pat

20、(20)

A.banned

目6

B.inhibited

C.barred

D.detained

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Itisknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyages,butthe

effectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson:

Interestingly,inastudyofelderlymenandwomen,thosewho

hadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage."Thatmay

seemlikebadnews,“saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffey,a

professorofpsychiatryandneurologyatHenryFordHealth

SysteminDetroit.However,heexplained,thefindingsuggests

thateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebrain-tissue

lossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown.The

studyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupport

aconceptcalledthe"reserve“hypothesis,accordingtothe

researchers.Inrecentyears,investigatorshavedevelopedthe

ideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitive

reservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessence,theyhave

morebraintissuetospare.

Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenages66to

90,researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthe

subjectshad,therewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayer

ofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionand

memory,allparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal.

“Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage,Coffeysaid.

“Peoplelose2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood.z，

Thereis,however,a"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamong

peoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldecline,Coffeynoted.

Overallhealth,hesaid,accountsforsomedifferencesinbrain

size.Alcoholordraguse,aswellasmedicalconditionssuch

asdiabetesandhighbloodpressure,contributetobrain-tissue

lossthroughoutadulthood.Intheabsenceofsuchmedical

conditions,Coffeysaid,educationlevelhelpsexplainthe

rangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fit

elderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss.Coffey

andcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthe

cerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreaterthe

amountoffluid,thegreaterthecorticalshrinkage.

Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobrain

injury,theresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtothe

severityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfrom

firstgradeon,subjectshadanaverageof1.77millilitersmore

cerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Forexample,Coffey's

teamreported,amongsubjectsofthesamesexandsimilarage

andskullsize,thosewith16yearsofeducationhad8to10

percentmorecerebrospinalfluidcomparedwiththosewhohad

fouryearsofschooling.Ofcourse,achievingaparticular

educationlevelisnotthedefinitivemeasureofsomeone's

mentalcapacity.And,saidCoffey,educationcanbe"aproxy

formanythings“More-educatedpeople,henoted,areoftenless

likelytohavehabits,suchassmoking,thatharmoverallhealth.

But,Coffeysaidthatpeopleshouldstrivethroughoutlifeto

keeptheirbrainsalertbyexposingthemselvestonew

experiences.Travelingisonewaytostimulatethebrain,and

alessadventuresomewayistodocrosswordpuzzles.

Wecanknowfromthefirstparagraphthat.

A.Brainsofthemore-educatedpeoplemaybecomemore

contractedwhentheygetaged

B.Educationmaydoharmtopeople,sbrains

C.Moreeducatedpeoplemaysufferfrombraintissueloss

D.Thelesseducatedcanresorttomorecognitivereserves

whenaged

2、

Accordingtothesecondparagraph,itcanbefoundby

researchersthat.

A.Onlyeducatedpeoplesufferfrombrainshrinkage

B.Themorethebrainshrinks,themoreabnormalpeople's

cognitionandmemorybecome

C.Peoplemightlossnomentalityevenwithbrainshrinkage

D.Nobrain-tissuelosswillbeinducedbyindulgencein

alcohol

3、

WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthetextasoneof

thefactorsthatmayinfluencebrainshrinkage?

A.indulgenceindrinking

B.education

C.emotionalfluctuations

D.hypertension

4、

Thetextinformsusthat.

A.Mentalcapacityissurelymeasuredbyeducationlevel

B.More-educatedpeopleneverdevelophabitsharmfulto

health

C.Peopleshouldkeepingstimulatingthebraintobearmore

brain-tissueloss

D.Weshouldtakelessadventuresomewaytostimulatethe

brain

5、

WhichofthefollowingmayNOTbethewaytokeepbrainsalert?

A.Changtoanewworkingenvironment

B.gooutforsightseeing

C.keepdoingeverydaywork

D.doingcrosswords

6、Virtuallyeverycompanywithacomputerisvulnerableto

computerabuse,crimeandaccident.Securityofthecomputer

andoftheinformationandassetscontainedwithinitare

thereforeofparamountimportancetomanagement.Skilled

computercriminalscanbreakintoacomputersystemfarmore

easilythananarmedrobbercangainaccesstoabankvault,

andusuallywithfarlessriskofapprehensionandpunishment.

Aslightchangeinacomplexprogramcanbringaboutthe

misappropriationofthousandsofpounds.Accidentalerasureof

crucialdatacanparalyzecompany'soperations.Anyone

familiarwiththenecessaryprocedurecangainaccessto

informationstoredinthecomputer,nomatterhowconfidential,

andutilizeitforhisownpurposes.

Althoughtheactualextentofcomputercrimeisdifficultto

measure,mostexpertsagreethatitisoneofthefastest

growingareasofillegalactivity.Theprincipalreasonfor

boththegrowthandthelackofaccuratemeasurementisthe

difficultyindetectingawell-executedtheft.Lossesper

incidentthustendtobehigherthaninothertypesoftheft.

OncetheComputercriminalhascompromisedthesystem,itis

justaseasytostealagreatsumasitistostealalittle,

andtocontinuestealinglongaftertheinitialtheft.Indeed,

thecomputercriminalmayfinditmoredifficulttostophis

illicitactivitythantostartit.

Computercriminalsare,forthemostpart,well-educatedand

highlyintelligent.Thefactthatcomputercriminalsdonotfit

criminalstereotypeshelpsthemtoobtainthepositionsthey

requiretocarryoutcrimes.Beingintelligent,theyhave

fertileimaginations,andthevarietyofwaysinwhichtheyuse

equipmenttotheiradvantagesisconstantlybeingextended.In

additiontodirecttheftoffunds,thetheftofdatafor

corporateespionageorextortionisbecomingwidespread,and

canobviouslyhaveasubstantialeffectonacompany'sfinances.

Anotherlucrativescheme,oftendifficulttodetect,involves

accumulatingfractionsofpencefromindividualpayroll

accounts,withelectronictransferoftheaccumulatedamount

tothecriminal'spayroll.Employersarehardlyconcernedwith

pence,muchlessfractionsofpence.Inaddition,undoubtedly,

thecompany,spayrollisunaffected.Butthecumulativevalue

offractionsofpenceperemployeeinacompanywitha

substantialpayrollcanadduptoausefulgain.

Guardingagainstcomputerabuse一whetherdeliberateor

accidental一involvesattentiontotheprotectionofhardware

fromphysicaldamageaswellasprotectionofsoftwareanddata.

Computermustbeisolatedfromothercompanyfacilities,and

unauthorizedpersonshouldneverbeadmittedtothecomputer

area.Eventthoughsomerisksarereducedthroughthismeasure,

mostdamagetosoftware,accidentalandintentional,iscaused

bythosewhosejobsrequireatleastsomeaccesstothecomputer.

Thewriteroftheprogramisoftentheoneresponsibleforits

misuse.Programsdevisedexclusivelyforaparticularcompany

arethereforefarmorevaluabletoabuseandaccidentthan

standardsoftwarepackagesproducedbyexternalsuppliers.

Skilledcomputercriminalscanbreakintoacomputer

system.

A.quiteeasily

B.withoutanyrisk

C.moreeasilythananarmedrobbercangainaccesstoabank

vaultandwithfarlessrisk

D.withoutbeingpunished

7、

Accordingtothesecondparagraph,whichstatementisTRUE?

A.Expertsagreethatcomputercrimeisoneofthefastest

growingareasofillegalactivity.

B.Thekeyreasonforboththegrowthandthelackofaccurate

measurementisthedifficultyindiscoveringawell-executed

theft.

C.Lossesinperincidentofcomputercrimeishigherthan

othertypesoftheft.

D.Itisveryeasytostartcomputercrime.

8、

Computertheftincludes.

A.directtheftoffunds

B.thetheftofdataforcorporateespionageorextortion

C.accumulatingfractionsofpencefromindividualpayroll

accounts

D.alloftheabove

9、

Computercriminalschooseaccumulatingfractionsofpence

fromindividualpayrollaccountsbecause

不______Q

q14

A.itisveryeasy

B.employersarenotconcernedwithpence

C.theycangainmore

D.theaccumulatedvaluecanbeausefulgain,anditisnot

easytobefound

10、

Whatdosethelastparagraphimply?

A.Damagetosoftwareiscausedbythosewhosejobsrequire

atleastsomeaccesstothecomputer

B.Thewriteroftheprogramistheoneresponsibleforits

misuse

C.Measurestakento15rotectsoftwareanddataisuseless

D.Programswrittenforanindividualcompanyarefarmore

valuabletoabuseandaccidentthanstandardsoftwarepackages

producedbyexternalsuppliers

11、ForyearsI.0.C.CzarJuanAntonioSamaranchhasexhibited

apronouncedambivalenceaboutdruguse,andcertainlyhis

stancehasallowedanumberofgoldenboysandgirlstokeep

theirimagesshinywhiledoping.Carefulathletescaneasily

beatthesystemthatisinplacetocatchdrugabusers.

Unscrupuloussportsfederationscantailortestingschedules

andtipofftheirconstituents.Steroidcreamscanbeflushed

不____Q

qis

fromthesystemin24to48hours.Andforsomeofthemost

commonlyusedenhancers,suchaserythropoietin(EPO),there

arestillnoinstitutionalizedteats.ItissaidthatEPO,which

increasesstaminabyboostinganathlete'sredbloodcellcount,

canimproveanathlete'sperformanceina20-minmumby30sec.,

butitisotherwiseanightmareofadrug.OverdoseonEPO,and

thebloodbecomestoothickforthehearttopump.EPOis

believedtobetheculpritinnofewerthan25mysteriousdeaths

amongworld-classcyclistssince1987.

ButathleteswilltakeEPOinSydneybecausetheycan,andsome

ofthemwilltaketoomuchofit.In1995Olympic一caliberU.S.

athleteswereaskedinapoll,“Wouldyoutakeadrugthatmade

youachampion,knowingthatitwouldkillyouinfiveyears?”

morethanhalfsaidyes.Soevenifweforgetaboutfairplay

andcredibilityandOlympicideals,weareleftwiththis:the

athletesmustbeprotectedfromthemselvesarmthepressureto

win.How?

TheI.0.C.needstodotwothingsimmediately:developaspine,

andfederalize.Theonlywaytocatchacheatiswith

unannounced,out-of-competitiontesting.Historicallythe

I.0.C.hasdelegateddecisionmakingtoindividualsports

federations,butthatpolicyisnotworkingwhenitcomesto

drags.Athirdofthe28federationshaveyettoagreeto

out-of-competitiontestsinadvanceoftheSydneyGames.The

I.0.C.shouldcallanemergencysessionandmakeanewrule

applyingtoallsports,thensendoutitsnewlyempowered

testers.

AsforthatimperfecttestforEPO-useitanyway.Asgoldmedal

marathonerFrankShorter,nowchairmanoftheU.S.Anti-Doping

Agency,says,knowingatestisloomingthatwillknockcheaters

offstride.ShortersaysthatifthereisnoEPOtestatSydney,

theneveryenduranceorstrengthperformanceissuspect.He's

right.Andwhensportbecomessuspect一whennoonebelievesin

it—it'snolongerworthwatching.

What'sSamaranch'sattitudetowardsdruguseinOlympicGames?

A.Indignant

B.Tolerate

C.Paradoxical

D.Neutral

12、

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?

A.Whenathletestakesteroidcreams,theywouldbedefinitely

tested.

B.Thetestingsystemisnotexactenoughbecausetheathletes

areinformedtestingschedulesbeforehand.

C.MorethanhalfoftheOlympic一caliberU.S.athleteshave

takenthedreadfuldrugstowinthegame

D.Erythropoietinisakindofdrugthatcanenhancean

athlete'sperformancein20minutes.

13、

WhichofthefollowingactionsisnotwhattheI.0.C.willtake

todealwiththedrugs?

A.Dothetestingwithoutgivinganyinformation.

B.Federalizethesportsfederationstogether

C.Dothetestingthatcandetectallkindofdrugs.

D.Dothetestingoutofthecompetition.

14、

Whatistheexpression"knockcheatersoffstride"mean?

A.Todestroycheater，splan

B.Tokickcheatersoutofgame

C.Tomakecheatersexhausted

D.Tohelpcheatersworkingontheirplan

15、

WhatisfollowingisthecausethatwillmaketheOlympicGames

suspectandnolongerworthwatching?

A.Theparticipationofcheaters

B.TheuntestedEPO-use

C.Lackofnewworldrecords

D.Unannouncedandout-of-competitivetest

16、NowthatthedamageinflictedbytheAsianfinancial

crisislookslikeitwascausedbyaneconomicneutronbomb.

Thecrisishashurtgreatnumbersofpeople,buthasleftthe

mainstructuresoftheworldeconomystanding.Theworstofthe

directimpactmaybeover.Manyofthehardest-hitcountries

areontheroadtorecovery,financial"contagion“hasbeen

containedandworldeconomicgrowthseemssettopickupsoon.

Themostimportantdevelopment,however,isanon-event:the

collapseofglobalcapitalismhasnotoccurred.Instead,the

post-crisisworldislikelytobeevenmoremarket-oriented

thantheonethatprecededit,withaproliferationofnewrules

andpracticesthatwillhelpmarketstooperatemoresmoothly.

Thecountriesrecoveringbest,suchasThailandandSouthKorea,

aredoingsobymovingfurtherinafree-marketdirection.None

oftheaffectednationshastriedtoisolateitselffromthe

globaleconomy,andthewidelyfearedworldwidewaveof

protectionismhasnotyetmaterialized.

Norhastherebeenthegreatrethinkingofeconomic

globalizationthatsomefearedandothersadvocated.The

criticsofglobalcapitalismpouncedonthecrisisasproofof

globalization，sfatalflaws.Theiranalysesoftenconcluded

that"theremustbesomethingbetter."Onthecontrary,

economistshavetakenfree-marketprinciplesasthestarting

pointfornewideas,notcalledthemintoquestion.

Therehasbeenmuchcriticismoftheso-calledWashington

consensus一thetraditionalfree-marketorthodoxythat

uniformlyprescribesfiscaldiscipline,deregulation,and

financialliberalization.Partlyasaresultofthecrisis,a

newconsensussimplyaddsextraprescriptions一suchasbetter

financialsupervision,labormarket,etc.—tothelist.Itis

anelaborationoftheoriginalconsensus,notanewdeparture.

Numerousstudiesalsoshowthatengagementintheglobal

economyleadstohighergrowthandhelpstoreducepovertyin

developingcountries.Today'seconomicargumentsarenotover

fundamentalfree-marketpolicies,butwhatmustbedoneto

supplementthem.Likewise,theeffortstodeviseanew

''internationalfinancialarchitecture"inthewakeofthe

crisis,duetocontinueduringthespringmeetingsoftheWorld

BankandtheInternationalMonetaryFundinWashington,will

notinvolverebuildingthesystemfromscratch.Theaimisto

makeincrementalimprovementsinfinancialrulesandpractices

thatwilloilthewheelsofthemarketsystem,nottotradeit

inforanon-existentnewmodel.

Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?

A.AfterthesevereAsianFinancialCrisis,theworldeconomy

begantorecover.

B.AsianFinancialCrisisisasdevastatingasaneutronbomb

andcausesgreatdamage.

C.Therearestilldirectandindirectimpactssothatthe

economycannotrecover.

D.ThedirectimpactofAsianFinancialCrisishasgone.

17、

Itcanbelearnedfromtheparagraph2thatafterthe

crisis.

A.Everythinggoesasitdoesbeforethecrisis.

B.ThailandandSouthKoreahaveadoptednewmeasuresto

controlthemarket.

C.Alltheaffectednationsaremoreinvolvedinglobal

economy.

D.Theworldwidewaveofprotectionismmaycometrueoneday

18、

WhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheprescriptionof

traditionalfree-marketorthodoxy?

A.Labormarket

B.Fiscaldiscipline

C.Financialliberation

D.Deregulation

19、

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?

A.Afterthecrisis,peoplebegantorethinktheeconomic

globalization.

B.Washingtonhasreachedanewconsensuswhichistotally

differentfromtheformerone.

C.Criticsbelievethateconomicglobalizationhasitsmortal

defect,whichhasbeenprovedinAsianFinancialCrisis.

D.Anewinternationalfinancialsystemwillbebuiltto

replacetheoldmarket,system.

20、

Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardscurrentfinancialrules

andfree-marketpolicies?

A.Radical

B.Indifference

C.Neutral

D.Critical

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadanarticlewhichisfollowedbyalist

ofexamplesorheadings.Choosethemostsuitableonefromthe

listA-Fforeachnumberedposition(41-45).Theremaybe

certainextrawhichyoudonotneedtouse.(10points)

A.Townhall,ahappybrideandgroom

B.Templeandatheisticgroom

C.Weddinghall

D.Angels,childrenescortingthebride

E.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride

F.Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger

Ornamentingthetwofingersisonlythefirststepofthe"long

march”.Angelwasneverasoverloadedastoday,runningfrom

heretothere,busyorderinginvitationcardsandwedding

clothes,bookingchurchandrestaurant,checkingavailability

ofthephotographer,thepastorandtheofficialinthetown

hall,lookingforanewhome.Shewashappyandexcited.However

thislongweddingpreparationprocessloadeddownwithtrivial

details,gavemeabigheadache.InFrance,moreandmoreFrench

cohabitinsteadofmarrying.However,whentheydecidetomarry,

theystilltaketheirweddingceremonyseriouslyandusually

followtheneverchangingthreetraditionalchapters.

Thethirdchapteristheweddingbreakfastfollowedbyadance.

(Thefirstandthesecondchapterarethecivilweddingandthe

churchwedding).Afterthechurchwedding,thenewly-weds

normallyinvitetheirparentsandfriendstotakepartina

sumptuousmealanddanceintheevening.Afterchampagneflutes

areraisedal1around,thedancingstarts.Thenewly-wedstake

thelead,dancinglightlyandfinishtheeveningbytiredly

trippingintotheirbridalchamberandthusterminatethelast

chapteroftheFrenchmarriage.

(42).

Igrewupinthelastseventiesandearlyeighties,the"simple

wedding"advocatedbytheChinesegovernmenthadbeeningrained

inanymind.OnedayfinallyIcouldnothelprevealingmywish

forasimplewedding:"Darling,yourweddingplansarefartoo

longandover-elaborate.Let'ssimplifythemandreducethree

chapterstoonlyone.It'senoughtogetmarriedinthetown

hall!”"No!Marriageisthemostimportanteventinmylife.

Iwanttomakeitgrandandunforgettable.，zAngelrefusedto

concede.HoweverIreallywantedtoescapethechurchwedding.

“Honey,Iwasn'tbaptizedandbeinganatheist,Iamnotallowed

togotochurch.Achurchweddingisaburdenforanatheist

likeme,andthechurchweddingforanatheistisalsoagainst

churchrules!z，Ipresentedmyviewsvehemently,believingIhad

thebestexcuseintheworld."Mydear,marriageisasacred

affair;wemustgotothechurch.Youareonlyawareofone

aspectofathing,butignorantofanother.IamaProtestant;

therearenostrictcanonsandmumbo-jumbosinProtestantism.

IfoneofthetwoisProtestant,theyarestillallowedtomarry

inaProtestantchurch."Iwasrenderedspeechless.

(43).

Thesacredmomentarrived.Theforeigngroomandthelocalbride,

surroundedbyherfamilymembers,arrivedatthemarriagehall.

“Doyoutakethiswomanasyourwife"?"Yes!"Amyriadof

thoughtswelledupinmymind:Tdquitmyhighly-covetedjob

inChinaandgonethroughinnumerabletrialsandtribulations

tocometoEuropetojoinmyChineselover,butIwasjilted.

Nowrdfoundanoasisoflove,butfarfrommyhomeland.The

girlwithmetoday,thoughfromadifferentculturalbackground,

withadifferentwayofthinkingandbehaving,issimple,pure

andkind-heartedlikeanangel.I'dsufferedfromthewandering

lifeinEurope.Butaftersufferingcomeshappiness.Inafew

minutesshewillproclaimtheendofmywanderingandhomeless

life."Fullofdeepfeeling,Igazedatthiswesternbe