情態(tài)動(dòng)詞整理mustusedtosaythatsthisnecessaryorveryimportant(sometimesinvolvingaruleoralaw)(表示必要或很重要)必須?Allvisitorsmustreporttoreception.所有來賓必須到接待處報(bào)到。?Carsmustnotparkinfrontoftheentrance(=itisnotallowed).車輛不得停在入口處。?Imustaskyounottodothatagain.我得勸你別再那樣做了。?Youmustn'tsaythingslikethat.你千萬別說那樣的話。?Imustgotothebankandgetsomemoney.我得上銀行取點(diǎn)兒錢。?Imustadmit(=IfeelthatIshouldadmit)Iwassurpriseditcostsolittle.我得承認(rèn)，這么便宜，真讓我驚訝。?MustyoualwaysquestioneverythingIsay?(=itisannoying)我說什么你都非要提出質(zhì)疑嗎？?'Dowehavetofinishthistoday?'Yes,youmust：“我們今天一定得完成這工作嗎？"“對，必須完成?！盚ELPNotethatthenegativeforthelastexampleis'No,youdon'thaveto；注意最后這個(gè)示例的否定式是No,youdon'thaveto.⑵usedtosaythatsthislikelyorlogical(表示很可能或符合邏輯)一定?Youmustbehungryafterallthatwalking.走了這么遠(yuǎn)的路，你一定餓了吧。?Hemusthaveknown(=surelyheknew)whatshewanted.他一定早已知道她想要什么了。?Imsorry,she'snothere.Shemusthavelfalready(=thatmustbetheexplanation).抱歉，她不在這兒。準(zhǔn)是走了。usedtorecommendthatsbdoessthbecauseyouthinkitisagoodidea(提出建議)應(yīng)該，得?Yousimplymustreadthisbook.這本書你可一定要看一看。?Wemustgettogethersoonforlunch.我們得馬上集合去吃午飯。IDIOMS習(xí)語[ifyoumust(dosth)]usedtosaythatsbmaydosthbutyoudonotreallywantthemto(表示雖不贊同但可允許)如果你一定要(那么做)?'CanIsmoke?''Ifyoumust.'“我可以抽煙嗎？”“如果你一定要抽的話?！?It'sfrommyboyfriend,ifyoumustknow.倘使你一定要知道的話，這是我男朋友給的。GRAMMARPOINT語法說明must?have(got)to?mustnot?don^thavetoMustandhave(got)toareusedinthepresenttosaythatsomethingisnecessaryorshouldbedone.Havetoisespeciallyinspeech.must和have(got)to用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示某事有必要或應(yīng)該做。haveto較常用于北美英語，尤其是口語中：?Youmustbehomeby11o!clock.你必須在11點(diǎn)之前回家。?Imustwashthecartomorrow.我明天必須沖洗汽車。?Ihavetocollectthechildrenfromschoolat3o'clock.我得在3點(diǎn)鐘到學(xué)校接孩子。?Nurseshavetowearauniform.護(hù)士必須穿制服。2.InBrEthereisadifferencebetweenthem.Mustisusedtotalkaboutwhatthespeakerorlistenerwants,andhave(got)toaboutrules,lawsandotherpeople'swishes.在英國英語中，兩詞之間有差異。must是基于說話者或聽話者的主觀意愿，have(got)to關(guān)乎規(guī)定、法律和他人的愿望：?Imustfinishthisessaytoday.Imgoingouttomorrow.我今天一定要完成這篇論文，因?yàn)槲颐魈煲鋈ァ?Ihavetofinishthisessaytoday.Wehavetohandthemintomorrow.我今天得完成這篇論文，因?yàn)槲覀兠魈毂仨毥弧herearenopastorfutureformsofmust.Totalkaboutthepastyouusehadtoandhashadto.must無過去或?qū)硇问?。表示過去用hadto和hashadto：?Ihadtowaithalfanhourforabus.我得等半小時(shí)的公共汽車。Willhavetoisusedtotalkaboutthefuture,orhavetoifanarrangementhasalreadybeenmade.說將來的事用willhaveto，如果已作好安排亦可用haveto：?Wellhavetoborrowthemoneyweneed.我們需要的這筆錢只好去借了。?Ihavetogotothedentisttomorrow.我明天得去看牙醫(yī)。Questionswithhavetoareformedusingdo.帶有haveto的疑問句由do構(gòu)成：?Dothechildrenhavetowearauniform?孩子們必須穿制服嗎？Innegativesentencesbothmustnotanddo^thavetoareused,butwithdifferentmeanings.Mustnotisusedtotellsomebodynottodosomething.在否定句中，用mustnot和don'thaveto，但二者含義不同。mustnot用于告訴某人不要做某事：?Passengersmustnotsmokeuntilthesignshavebeenswitchedoff.指示燈未熄滅之前乘客不許抽煙。Theshortformmustn'tisusedespeciallyinBrE.簡約式mustn't尤用于英國英語：?Youmustntleavethegateopen.你一定不要讓大門敞開著。Donthavetoisusedwhenitisnotnecessarytodosomething.表示沒有必要做某事用don'thaveto：?Youdon'thavetopayfortheticketsinadvance.你不必預(yù)付票款。?Shedoesn'thavetoworkatweekends.她周末不用上班。Bothmustandhavetoareusedtosaythatyouarecertainaboutsomething.HavetoistheusualverbusedinNAmEandthisisbecomingmorefrequentinBrEinthismeaning.肯定某事用must和haveto均可。haveto通常用于北美英語中，在英國英語中也越來越常用于此義：?Hehas(got)tobetheworstactoronTV!他無疑是最糟糕的電視演員！?ThismustbethemostboringpartyFveeverbeento.(BrE)這無疑是我參加過的最無聊的聚會(huì)。Ifyouaretalkingaboutthepast,usemusthave.說過去的事用musthave：?Yourtripmusthavebeenfun!你這次旅行一定很開心吧！should(1)usedtoshowwhatisright,appropriate,etc.,especiallywhencriticizingsb'sactions(常用于糾正別人)應(yīng)該，應(yīng)當(dāng)?Youshouldn'tdrinkanddrive.你不該酒后駕車。?Heshouldhavebeenmorecareful.他應(yīng)當(dāng)更小心點(diǎn)兒才是。?Apresentforme?Youshouldn'thave!(=usedtothanksbpolitely)給我的禮物？您太客氣了?、苪sedforgivingoraskingforadvice(提出或征詢建議)該，可以?Youshouldstopworryingaboutit.你該不要再為此事?lián)鷳n了。?ShouldIcallhimandapologize?我是不是應(yīng)該打電話向他道歉？?Ishouldwaitalittlelonger,ifIwereyou.假如我是你的話，我會(huì)再等一會(huì)兒。(ironic)?Shedoesntthinkshe'llgetajob：‘Sheshouldworry,withallherqualifications(=shedoesnotneedtoworry).’“她擔(dān)心找不到工作。"“她那么好的條件，還擔(dān)心什么呀。”usedtosaythatyouexpectsthistrueorwillhappen(表示預(yù)期)應(yīng)該會(huì)，可能?Weshouldarrivebeforedark.我們天黑以前應(yīng)該能趕到。?IshouldhavefinishedthebookbyFriday.到星期五我應(yīng)該能讀完那本書。?Theroadsshouldbelesscrowdedtoday.今天路上該不那么擁擠了吧。usedtosaythatsththatwasexpectedhasnothappened(表示與預(yù)期相反)本應(yīng)，本當(dāng)?Itshouldbesnowingnow,accordingtotheweatherforecast.按天氣預(yù)報(bào)，現(xiàn)在該下雪才是。?Thebusshouldhavearrivedtenminutesago.公共汽車十分鐘以前就該到了。(BrEformal)usedafterIorweinsteadofwouldfordescribingwhatyouwoulddoifsthelsehappenedfirst(與I或we連用代替would，表示虛擬結(jié)果)就將?IfIwereaskedtoworkonSundays,Ishouldresign.要是叫我星期天加班，我就辭職不干了。(formal)usedtorefertoapossibleeventorsituation(表示可能)假如，萬一?Ifyoushouldchangeyourmind,doletmeknow.假如你改變主意的話，一定要告訴我。?Incaseyoushouldneedanyhelp,her^smynumber.萬一你需要幫助的話，這是我的電話號(hào)碼。?Shouldanyonecall(=ifanyonecalls),pleasetellthemImbusy.如果有人打電話來，請告訴他我正忙著。usedasthepastformofshallwhenreportingwhatsbhassaid(在間接引語中用作shall的過去時(shí))?Heaskedmewhattimeheshouldcome.(=Hiswordswere:‘WhattimeshallIcome?!)他問我他應(yīng)該什么時(shí)候來。(BrEformal)?Isaid(that)Ishouldbegladtohelp.我說我樂意幫忙。(BrE)usedafterthatwhensthissuggestedorarranged(用于that引導(dǎo)的、表示建議或安排的從句中)?SherecommendedthatIshouldtakesometimeoff.她建議我應(yīng)該休息一段時(shí)間。?Inorderthattrainingshouldbeeffectiveitmustbeplannedsystematically.為使培訓(xùn)有成效，必須有系統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃。HELPInbothNAmEandBrEthisideacanbeexpressedwithout'should':?SherecommendedthatItakesometimeoff.?Inorderthattrainingbeeffective...在北美英語和英國英語中，表達(dá)這一意思均可省掉should。usedafterthataftermanyadjectivesthatdescribefeelings(用于許多表示感情的形容詞后的that從句中)?Imanxiousthatweshouldallowplentyoftime.我殷切希望我們能留出充裕的時(shí)間。?I'nditastonishingthatheshouldbesorudetoyou.他竟然對你這樣無禮，真叫我吃驚。(BrEformal)usedwithIandweinpoliterequests(與I和we連用，表示客氣地請求)?Ishouldliketocallmylawyer.我希望給我的律師打個(gè)電話。?Weshouldbegratefulforyourhelp.對您的幫助我會(huì)非常感激。usedwithIandwetogiveopinionsthatyouarenotcertainabout(與I和we連用，表示沒有把握)?Ishouldimagineitwilltakeaboutthreehours.我想得用差不多三個(gè)小時(shí)吧。?'Isthisenoughfoodforeveryone?'‘Ishouldthinkso.’“這些食物夠所有人吃嗎？"“我覺得夠了吧?！?'Willitmatter?''Ishouldn'tthinkso.'“這有關(guān)系嗎？"“不會(huì)吧?！眜sedforexpressingstrongagreement(表示十分贊同)?'Iknowit'sexpensivebutitwilllastforyears!'Ishouldhopesotoo!'“我知道價(jià)錢貴，但能用好多年?！薄拔乙彩沁@么想的！”?'Nobodywillopposeit：'Ishouldthinknot!'“誰也不會(huì)反對的。"“我想也是！"why,how,who,what~sb/sthdousedtore^sesthortoshowthatyouareannoyedatarequest;usedtoexpresssurpriseaboutaneventorasituation(表示拒絕、惱怒或驚奇)?WhyshouldIhelphim?He'sneverdoneanythingforme.我干嗎要幫他呢？他從來沒為我做過什么。?HowshouldIknowwhereyou'veleftyourbag?我怎么知道你把包丟在哪兒了？?IgotonthebusandwhoshouldbesittinginfrontofmebutTony!我上了公共汽車，沒想到坐在我前面的竟然是托尼！usedtotellsbthatsthwouldamuseorsurprisethemiftheysaworexperiencedit(表示假如對方看見或經(jīng)歷某事物，一定會(huì)感興趣或吃驚)真該，真應(yīng)當(dāng)?Youshouldhaveseenherfacewhenshefoundout!你真該看看她發(fā)現(xiàn)事情真相時(shí)臉上的表情！GRAMMARPOINT語法說明should?ought?hadbetter1.Shouldandoughttoarebothusedtosaythatsomethingisthebestthingortherightthingtodo,butshouldismuchmorecommon.should和oughtto均用以表示應(yīng)該做某事，不過should常用得多：?Youshouldtakethebabytothedoctor's.你應(yīng)該把這嬰兒帶去看看醫(yī)生。?Ioughttogiveupsmoking.我應(yīng)該戒煙。Inquestions,shouldisusuallyusedinsteadofoughtto.在疑問句中，通常用should而不是oughtto：?Shouldwecallthedoctor?我們叫醫(yī)生來好嗎？Hadbettercanalsobeusedtosaywhatisthebestthingtodoinasituationthatishappeningnow.hadbetter亦可用以表示在目前狀況下最好做某事：?Wedbetterhurryorwellmissthetrain.我們最好快點(diǎn)，否則就趕不上火車了。Youformthepastbyusingshouldhaveoroughttohave.過去時(shí)用shouldhave或oughttohave構(gòu)成：?Sheshouldhaveaskedforsomehelp.她本應(yīng)該請求幫助的。?YououghttohavebeenmorecarefUl.你本應(yīng)該更小心一點(diǎn)的。Theformsshouldnotorshouldn>t(andoughtnottooroughtri>tto,whicharerareinNAmEandformalinBrE)areusedtosaythatsomethingisabadideaorthewrongthingtodo.shouldnot或shouldn't(以及在北美英語中很少見，在英國英語中為正式用法的oughtnotto或oughtn'tto)表示不應(yīng)該：?Youshouldn'tdrivesofast.你不應(yīng)該把車開得這么快。Theformsshouldnothaveorshouldn,thaveand,muchlessfrequently,oughtnottohaveoroughtnttohaveareusedtotalkaboutthepast.shouldnothave或shouldn'thave以及很少用的oughtnottohave或oughtn'ttohave均用于指過去：?rmsorry,Ishouldn'thavelostmytemper.對不起，我不該發(fā)脾氣。GRAMMARPOINT語法說明should?would1.InmodernEnglish,thetraditionaldifferencebetweenshouldandwouldinreportedsentences,conditions,requests,etc.hasdisappearedandshouldisnotusedverymuchatall.InspokenEnglishtheshortform'disusuallyused.在現(xiàn)代英語中，should或would在間接引述中、在表示條件、請求等句子中的傳統(tǒng)區(qū)別已不復(fù)存在；should基本上不怎么用，在英語口語中常用簡約式'd表示：?IsaidId(=Iwould)belate.我說我要遲到了。?He'd(=hewould)havelikedtohavebeenanactor.他本來想當(dāng)演員。?Id(=Iwould)reallyprefertea.我倒是更喜歡喝茶。Themainuseofshouldnowistotellsomebodywhattheyoughttodo,togiveadvice,ortoaddemphasis.現(xiàn)在should主要用于告訴某人應(yīng)該做什么、給予忠告或加強(qiáng)語氣：?Weshouldreallygoandvisitthemsoon.我們的確應(yīng)該馬上去看看他們。?Youshouldhaveseenit!你應(yīng)該看見的！canusedtosaythatitispossibleforsb/sthtodosth,orforsthtohappen(表示有能力做或能夠發(fā)生)能，會(huì)?Icanrunfast.我能跑得快。?Canyoucallbacktomorrow?明天你能回電話嗎？?Hecouldn'tanswerthequestion.他沒有能回答那個(gè)問題。?Thestadiumcanbeemptiedinfourminutes.這個(gè)體育場能在四分鐘以內(nèi)讓觀眾全部散場。?Ican'tpromiseanything,butIlldowhatIcan.我不能許諾什么，但會(huì)盡力而為。?Pleaseletusknowifyoucannotattendthemeeting.你若不能參加會(huì)議，請通知我們。usedtosaythatsbknowshowtodosth(表示知道如何做)懂得，會(huì)?ShecanspeakSpanish.她會(huì)講西班牙語。?Canhecook?他會(huì)做飯嗎？?IcoulddriveacarbeforeIleftschool.我在中學(xué)畢業(yè)前就會(huì)開車了。usedwiththeverbsfeel',"hear\'see!,'smell',"taste9(與動(dòng)詞feel、hear、see、smell、taste連用)?Shecouldfeelalumpinherbreast.她摸到自己的乳房上有一個(gè)腫塊。?Icanhearmusic.我聽見有音樂聲。（4） usedtoshowthatsbisallowedtodosth（表示允許）可以?Youcantakethecar,ifyouwant.如果想用那輛車，你就盡管用吧。?Wecan'twearjeansatwork.我們工作時(shí)不準(zhǔn)穿牛仔褲。（5） （informal）usedtoaskpermissiontodosth（請求允許）可以?CanIreadyournewspaper?我可以看一下你的報(bào)紙嗎？?CanItakeyouhome?我送你回家好嗎？⑹（informal）usedtoasksbtohelpyou（請求幫助）能?Canyouhelpmewiththisbox?你能幫我搬這個(gè)箱子嗎？?Canyoufeedthecat,please?請你喂一下貓好嗎？（7）usedinthenegativeforsayingthatyouaresuresthisnottrue（用于否定句，表示某事肯定不真實(shí)）?Thatcan'tbeMary—she'sinNewYork.那不可能是瑪麗一她在紐約呢。?Hecan'thavesleptthroughallthatnoise.他不可能在那種鬧哄哄的環(huán)境里睡好覺。⑻usedtoexpressdoubtorsurprise（表示疑惑或驚訝）究竟能，難道會(huì)，到底是?Whatcantheybedoing?他們究竟在干些什么呢？?Canhebeserious?他難道會(huì)當(dāng)真么？?Wherecanshehaveputit?她到底把它放哪兒了呢？（9） usedtosaywhatsb/sthisoftenlike（表示常有的行為和情形）有時(shí)會(huì)，時(shí)而可能?Hecanbeverytactlesssometimes.他有時(shí)太莽撞。?Itcanbequitecoldhereinwinter.這里的冬天有時(shí)還真夠冷的。（10） usedtomakesuggestions（提出建議）可以?Wecaneatinarestaurant,ifyoulike.如果你愿意，我們可以去餐館吃飯。?Icantakethecarifnecessary.如果必要的話，我可以乘汽車去。（11） （informal）usedtosaythatsbmustdosth,usuallywhenyouareangry（表示對方必須做，尤指說話人在生氣時(shí)）必須，得?Youcanshutuporgetout!你給我閉嘴，要不然就滾出去！WHICHWORD？詞語辨析can?mayCanandcannot（orca^t）arethemostcommonwordsusedforaskingfor,givingorreusingpermission.can和cannot（或can't）是表示請求、給予或拒絕許可的最通用詞：?CanIborrowyourcalculator?我可以借用你的計(jì)算器嗎？?Youcancomewithusifyouwantto.如果你愿意可以跟我們一起來。?Youcan'tparkyourcarthere.你不能在那兒停車。May（negativemaynot）isusedasapoliteandfairlyformalwaytoaskfororgivepermission.may（否定式maynot）用以表示禮貌的正式請求或給予許可：?MayIborrowyournewspaper?把你的報(bào)紙借我看行嗎？?Youmaycomeifyouwish.如果你愿意可以來。Itisoftenusedinofficialsignsandrules.該詞常用于正式標(biāo)志和規(guī)定：?Visitorsmayusetheswimmingpoolbetween7a.m.and7p.m.訪客從早上7:00至^下午7:00可在游泳池游泳。?Studentsmaynotusethecollegecarpark.學(xué)生不得在學(xué)院停車場停車。Theformmayn'tisalmostneverusedinmodernEnglish.現(xiàn)代英語幾乎不用mayn't。GRAMMARPOINT語法說明can?could?beableto?manageCanisusedtosaythatsomebodyknowshowtodosomething.can表示懂得做：?Canyouplaythepiano?你會(huì)彈鋼琴嗎？Itisalsousedwithverbsofseeing,noticing,etc.該詞亦與see、notice等動(dòng)詞連用：?Icanhearsomeonecalling.我聽見有人在呼叫。andwithpassiveinfnitives.并與動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)不定式連用：?TheDVDcanberentedfromyourlocalstore.這DVD可在你們當(dāng)?shù)氐纳痰曜饨?。Canorbeabletoareusedtosaythatsomethingispossibleorthatsomebodyhastheopportunitytodosomething.can或beableto表示某事情有可能或某人有機(jī)會(huì)做某事：?Canyou/areyouabletocomeonSaturday?你星期六能來嗎？Youusebeabletotoformthefutureandperfecttensesandtheinfinitive.用beableto構(gòu)成將來時(shí)、完成時(shí)和動(dòng)詞不定式：?You'llbeabletogetataxioutsidethestation.在車站外可搭乘出租車。?Ihaven'tbeenabletogetmuchworkdonetoday.我今天未能干多少工作。?She'dlovetobeabletoplaythepiano.她很希望能彈鋼琴。Couldisusedtotalkaboutwhatsomeonewasgenerallyabletodointhepast.could表示過去通常能做：?Ourdaughtercouldwalkwhenshewasninemonthsold.我們的女兒九個(gè)月大就會(huì)走路了。Youusewas/wereabletoormanage(butnotcould)whenyouaresayingthatsomethingwaspossibleonaparticularoccasioninthepast.關(guān)于在過去特定情況下可能的事用was/wereableto或manage，但不用could：?Iwasableto/managedtofindsomeusefulbooksinthelibrary.我總算在圖書館找到了一些有用的書。?Icouldfindsomeusefulbooksinthelibrary.Innegativesentences,couldnotcanalsobeused.否定句也可用couldnot：?Wewerentableto/didn'tmanageto/couldn!tgetthereintime.我們未能及時(shí)趕到那兒。Couldisalsousedwiththismeaningwithverbsofseeing,noticing,understanding,etc.亦可用could加see、notice^understand等動(dòng)詞表示此義：?Icouldseetherewassomethingwrong.我發(fā)覺出事了。Couldhaveisusedwhenyouaresayingthatitwaspossibleforsomebodytodosomethinginthepastbuttheydidnottry.表示過去有可能做某事但未做，用couldhave：?Icouldhavewonthegamebutdecidedtoletherwin.我本可以贏得那場比賽，但還是決定讓她贏了。may(1)usedtosaythatsthispossible(有可能但不肯定)也許，可能?Thatmayormaynotbetrue.這可能是真的，也可能不是。?Hemayhave(=perhapshehas)missedhistrain.他可能沒趕上火車。?Theymaywellwin.他們完全可能贏。?Thereisarangeofprogramsonthemarketwhichmaybedescribedasdesignaids.市場上有各種程序，可以稱為設(shè)計(jì)輔助工具。usedwhenadmittingthatsthistruebeforeintroducinganotherpoint,argument,etc.(轉(zhuǎn)折前所述情況屬實(shí))也許，可能?Hemaybeagoodfatherbuthe'saterriblehusband.他或許是--位好父親，但卻是個(gè)很糟糕的丈夫。(formal)usedtoaskfororgivepermission(征求同意或表示允許)可以?MayIcomein?我可以進(jìn)來嗎？?Youmaycomeinifyouwish.你想進(jìn)來就進(jìn)來吧。(formal)usedasapolitewayofmakingacomment,askingaquestion,etc.(禮貌地評價(jià)或提問等)可以?Youlooklovely,ifImaysayso.我覺得你看上去很可愛。?MayIaskwhyyoutookthatdecision?我可否問一下你為什么要作出那樣的決定？?IfImayjustaddonething...我想再補(bǔ)充一點(diǎn)...(formal)usedtoexpresswishesandhopes(表示愿望)但愿?Maysherestinpeace.愿她安息。?Businesshasbeenthrivinginthepastyear.Longmayitcontinuetodoso.在過去的一年里生意蒸蒸日上。但愿這種情況能持續(xù)下去。(formal)usedtosaywhatthepurposeofsthis(表明目的)可以，能夠?Thereisaneedformoreresourcessothatallchildrenmayhaveadecenteducation.需要更多的財(cái)力支持，讓所有的孩子都受到良好的教育。shall(becomingold-fashioned)usedwithIandwefortalkingaboutorpredictingthefuture(同I和we連用，表示將來)將要，將會(huì)?ThistimenextweekIshallbeinScotland.下周這個(gè)時(shí)候我就在蘇格蘭了。?Weshan'tbegonelong.我們不會(huì)去很長時(shí)間的。?IsaidthatIshouldbepleasedtohelp.我說過我樂意幫忙。usedinquestionswithIandweformakingoffersorsuggestionsoraskingadvice(在疑問句中同I和we連用，表示提出或征求意見)?ShallIsendyouthebook?我把書給你寄去，好不好？?Whatshallwedothisweekend?這個(gè)周末我們要做什么呢？?Let'slookatitagain,shallwe?我們再看一遍，好不好？(old-fashionedformal)usedtoshowthatyouaredetermined,ortogiveanorderorinstruction(表示決心、命令或指示)必須，一定，應(yīng)該?Heisdeterminedthatyoushallsucceed.他決心使你成功。?Candidatesshallremainintheirseatsuntilallthepapershavebeencollected.考生必須留在座位上，等所有試卷收好以后方可離去。GRAMMARPOINT語法說明shall?will1.InmodernEnglishthetraditionaldifferencebetweenshallandwillhasalmostdisappeared,andshallisnotusedverymuchatall,especiallyinNAmE.ShallisnowonlyusedwithIandwe,andoftensoundsformalandold-fashioned.Peoplearemorelikelytosay在現(xiàn)代英語中，shall和will的傳統(tǒng)區(qū)別幾乎不復(fù)存在。shall基本上不怎么用，尤其在北美英語中。shall目前只與I和we連用，且聽起來常顯得正式并過時(shí)。人們更可能說：?Til(=Iwill)belate.我要遲到了。and和?'You'll(=youwill)apologizeimmediately：?‘NoIwont：“你趕快賠個(gè)不是。”“不，我不！”2.InBrEshallisstillusedwithIandweinquestionsorwhenyouwanttomakeasuggestionoranoffer.在英國英語中，shall仍然與I和we連用，用于疑問句、提出建議或提供幫助：?WhatshallIweartotheparty?我穿什么衣服去參加聚會(huì)呢？?Shallweordersomecoffee?我們要些咖啡好嗎？?Illdrive,shallI?我來開車好嗎？wouldusedasthepastformofwillwhenreportingwhatsbhassaidorthought(will的過去式，用于轉(zhuǎn)述)將，將會(huì)?Hesaidhewouldbehereateighto'clock(=Hiswordswere:'Iwillbethereateighto'clock：).他說他將在八點(diǎn)鐘到達(dá)這里。?SheaskedifIwouldhelp.她問我是否會(huì)幫忙。?Theytoldmethattheyprobablywouldn'tcome.他們對我說他們多半不會(huì)來。usedfortalkingabouttheresultofaneventthatyouimagine(帶出想象的結(jié)果)?She'dlookbetterwithshorterhair.她留短發(fā)會(huì)顯得好看些。?Ifyouwenttoseehim,hewouldbedelighted.倘若你去看望他，他會(huì)高興的。?Hurryup!Itwouldbeashametomissthebeginningoftheplay.快點(diǎn)兒！要是錯(cuò)過這出戲的開場就太可惜了。?She'dbeafooltoacceptit(=ifsheaccepted).她倘若接受，那她就是個(gè)傻瓜。usedfordescribingapossibleactionoreventthatdidnotinfacthappen,becausesthelsedidnothappenfirst(表示可能發(fā)生的事情沒有發(fā)生，是因?yàn)橹傲硪患聸]有發(fā)生)就會(huì)?IfIhadseentheadvertisementintimeIwouldhaveappliedforthejob.我要是及時(shí)看到了這則廣告，我就應(yīng)聘那份工作了。?Theywouldneverhavemetifshehadn'tgonetoEmmdsparty.她如果不去參加?，?shù)木蹠?huì)，他們就永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)相會(huì)。