專題五

閱讀理解1.閱讀理解題主要考查考生綜合運用所學語言知識的能力,包括閱讀能力、理解能力、歸納概括能力、邏輯推理能力以及對閱讀材料的評估能力。試題中所選的閱讀文章題材廣泛,涉及政治、經濟、社會文化、風俗習慣、歷史、地理、科技等各個方面。體裁多樣,包括記敘文、說明文、議論文、應用文等各種文體。2.中考對閱讀理解的考查重點:(1)根據(jù)上下文和構詞法推斷、理解生詞的含義;(2)掌握段落中句與句之間的邏輯關系;(3)歸納文章的主題,理解故事的情節(jié),預測故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展和可能的結局;(4)根據(jù)不同的閱讀目的,運用簡單的閱讀策略獲取主要信息,按要求完成題目。3.考查的主要方式:判斷正誤型閱讀理解、選擇型閱讀理解和任務型閱讀理解。4.在做此題時,要注意以下幾個方面:(1)做好閱讀預測依據(jù)文章標題(副標題)、插圖以及相關的背景知識和社會生活經驗,對文章的大致內容進行預測。然后閱讀文章的第一段,并對自己的預測進行驗證、糾正,同時抓住主題句、關鍵詞,從而更好地從整體上去理解和把握文章的中心。(2)依據(jù)主題句定短文的中心主題句通常置于段落的開頭,有時在段落末尾和中間,其他的句子通常用來說明和闡述主題句。若把一個個主題句加以整理,就能悟出其中心思想,同時還可以回避、排除個別生詞、難句(等困難信號)所帶來的干擾。但也有一些文章的中心思想常貫穿在全文中,因而要綜觀全文,對全文有一個透徹的理解。(3)掌握具體事實和重要細節(jié)閱讀文章時,要培養(yǎng)辨認和記憶具體事實、重要細節(jié)的習慣。(4)運用構詞法、語境線索等來推測關鍵詞義在閱讀文章的過程中,常常會遇到一些生詞,如果不懂得這些詞義就會妨礙理解。但大部分生詞是可以根據(jù)上下文,結合構詞法,或借助文章中的語境線索來幫助猜測詞義。這有助于考生加快閱讀速度,提高閱讀理解能力。(5)改進閱讀方式學會掃讀(scanning),快速瀏覽全文,通過把握主題句領會文章大意,辨析文體,掌握篇章結構,進而抓住文章的中心。學會跳讀(skipping),在瀏覽全文的基礎上進行跳讀,以回答個別事實細節(jié)性的問題。有些細節(jié)性的問題不能直接在短文中找到答案,必須進行必要的綜合、歸納、轉換才能獲得。這些細節(jié)問題通常涉及數(shù)據(jù)、時間、人稱、代詞的指代、動作行為的關聯(lián)、動作行為者與承受者、地點和空間、表達方式、因果、條件、內涵與外延等。題型1題型2題型3判斷正誤型閱讀理解典例1Afarmer’sdog,Dolly,hadpuppies(小狗),andthefarmerneededtosellthem.Hepaintedasignandputitinhisyard.Ashewasputtingupthesign,alittleboywalkeduptohim.“Sir,”hesaid,“Iwanttobuyoneofyourdogs.”“Well,”saidthefarmer,“thesedogsareveryexpensive.”“CanIjustlook?”askedtheboy.“Sure,”saidthefarmerandwhistled(吹口哨).“Here,Dolly!”hecalled.Dollyranoutfromthedoghouseandfourlittledogsfollowedher.Theboybecameexcited.Then,thelittleboynoticedanotherdog.Thisonewassmaller.Itmovedslowlyandtriedtocatchupwiththeothers.題型1題型2題型3“Iwantthatone,”theboysaid,pointingtothelittledog.Thefarmersaid,“Son,youdon’twantthatdog.Hewillneverbeabletorunandplaywithyouliketheseotherdogs.”Thelittleboyreacheddownandrolledup(卷起)onelegofhistrousers.Heshowedacast(石膏)onhislegandaspeciallymadeshoe.Hesaid,“Yousee,sir,Idon’truntoowellmyself,andhewillneedsomeonewhounderstands.”Theworldisfullofpeoplewhoneedsomeonewhounderstands.題型1題型2題型31.Dollywasamotherdogwhichhadfourbabydogs.2.Oneofthedogsmovedslowlyprobablybecauseitslegswereweak.3.Thefarmeradvisedtheboynottochoosethesmallerdog.4.Nothingwaswrongwiththeboy’sleg.5.Welearnfromthestorythatoneshouldshowloveandunderstandingfortheweak.答案:1.F

2.T

3.T

4.F

5.T題型1題型2題型3解析:1.推理判斷題。由短文第六段第一句中的“...

four

little

dogs

followed

her.”及第三、四、五句可知多莉除了前面提到的四只小狗之外還有一只體形更小的小狗。故此處說多莉有四只小狗是不正確的,

它有五只小狗才對。2.推理判斷題。由短文第六段第五句“It

moved

slowly

and

tried

to

catch

up

with

the

others.”及第八段中的“He

will

never

be

able

to

run

and

play

with

you

...”可以推斷這只小狗行動緩慢可能是因為它的腿虛弱無力。故此處說法正確。3.細節(jié)理解題。由短文第八段中農夫所講的話“Son,

you

don’t

want

that

dog.

He

will

never

be

able

to

run

and

play

with

you

like

these

other

dogs.”可知,

農夫確實建議男孩不要選擇那只體形小的狗。故此處正確。題型1題型2題型34.細節(jié)理解題。由短文第九段第一句和第二句可知,

這個男孩的腿上打著石膏并且穿著特制的鞋,

并且后面男孩說“...

I

don’t

run

too

well

myself

...”,

可以確定他的腿是有問題的。故此處錯誤。5.主旨大意題。結合短文最后五段,

特別是最后一句話“The

world

is

full

of

people

who

need

someone

who

understands.

(這個世界上有很多需要別人理解的人。)”,

可以提煉出這篇短文的主旨是號召大家要關愛和理解弱勢群體。故此處主旨歸納是正確的。題型1題型2題型3方法突破

在解答判斷正誤型閱讀理解時要注意以下幾點:

1.閱讀文章時要掌握文章主旨和作者意圖,

重點捕捉與題目有關的信息,

不要過分推敲某個句子或某個語言點,

否則會走入誤區(qū),

干擾判斷視線。2.判斷句子的正誤時切忌看過一道判斷題目后,

馬上就從文章中搜尋答案,

這樣反反復復不僅費時,

而且由于缺乏對文章大意的全面了解,

在判斷時往往會有很大的盲目性和片面性。3.在對每一道題進行判斷時,

一定要從文章的具體段落和句子中找到依據(jù),

做到有理有據(jù);

對于不能直接在原文中找到依據(jù)的題目,

應根據(jù)自己掌握的綜合知識以及文章中的某些暗示或相關線索,

通過認真地比較分析,

準確理解作者的意圖。題型1題型2題型34.只有與文章意思完全相符的句子,

才能判定為正確;

那些基本意思相符,

卻仍有某些細節(jié)與原文不相符的應判定為錯誤。5.有些正誤判斷題涉及常識性的知識或其他學科的知識,

如:

文化背景知識、歷史人物、地理知識等,

因此考生應多了解習俗和文化背景,

掌握跨學科知識,

以便提高判斷的準確率。題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型3選擇型閱讀理解典例2ManyfamilieswithchildrenspendtheirsummerholidaysinVineyard.OneofthepopularplacesforfamiliesistheFlyingHorsesCarousel(旋轉木馬).Theybuiltthecolorfulhorsesin1876.AndoneofthebestplacesforchildrentoswimatistheJosephbeach.ThewaterthereiswarmerandcalmerthanthatatsomeoftheotherVineyardbeaches.Peoplecanwalkthroughmorethanninekilometersoffields.Theycanlearnabouttheplantsandanimalsontheisland.Peoplecanalsositonthebeachtowatchthesunset.Asthesungoesdowninthesky,itpaintsyellow,red,andothercolorsontheclouds.題型1題型2題型3ManysummervisitorsalsotraveltoNantucket.It’sanotherislandnearMassachusetts.Visitorslikethisislandbecauseofitsbeaches,itsopenlandanditstrees.NantucketissmallerthanVineyard.ThenameoftheonlytownonNantucketIslandisalsoNantucket.Manyvisitorssaythemostinterestingpartofthetownistheareaofhomes.Theislandisfamousforitssmallgrayhouseswithroses(玫瑰)growingonthem.MostvisitorswhogotobothNantucketandVineyardenjoyalmosteverythingabouttheislands.Thecrowdsduringthewarmseasonleadto(導致)heavytrafficandlonglinesforservices.Yet,mostvisitorsreallyenjoytheirholidaysinVineyardandNantucket.題型1題型2題型31.WhydochildrenliketoswimattheJosephbeach?A.Becausethewaterthereiswarmerandcalmer.B.Becausetheirparentsliketoswimthere.C.Becausetheycanplaygamesthere.D.Becauserosesaregrowingonit.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sunset”mean?A.捕魚 B.彩虹C.日出 D.日落

3.ThemostinterestingpartofthetownofNantucketis

.

A.theFlyingHorsesCarouselB.theareaofhomesC.thebeautifulrosesD.thebeautifulbeaches題型1題型2題型34.AretheretoomanyvisitorsinNantucketandVineyardinsummer?A.No,therearen’t. B.Yes,thereare.C.Wedon’tknow. D.Wehopeso.5.What’sthemainideaofthisarticle?A.Howtospendsummerholidays.B.Vineyardisagoodplacetovisit.C.Nantucketisfamousforitssmallgrayhouses.D.Theintroductionofthetwoislands—VineyardandNantucket.答案:1.A

2.D

3.B

4.B

5.D題型1題型2題型3解析:1.細節(jié)理解題。由第一段第四、五句“And

one

of

the

best

places

for

children

to

swim

at

is

the

Joseph

beach.

The

water

there

is

warmer

and

calmer

than

that

at

some

of

the

other

Vineyard

beaches.”

可知答案:。2.詞義猜測題。由下一句中的“As

the

sun

goes

down

...

(當太陽落下去的時候……)”

可知該詞義為“日落”。3.細節(jié)理解題。由第二段倒數(shù)第二句“Many

visitors

say

the

most

interesting

part

of

the

town

is

the

area

of

homes.”

可知答案:。4.推理判斷題。從最后一段倒數(shù)第二句可知,

在溫暖的季節(jié),

擁擠的人群造成交通堵塞并形成等待的長隊,

由此可推斷在夏季游客很多。5.主旨大意題。通讀全文可知,

本文主要介紹了Vineyard和Nantucket這兩個適合夏天旅游的島嶼。題型1題型2題型3方法突破1.詞義猜測題:

①根據(jù)上下文內容猜測詞義。如:

...

most

of

us

agreed;

however,

Bill

dissented

...

由上文可知,大部分人同意,

從however

一詞可推知dissent的意思為“不同意”。②根據(jù)背景知識猜測詞義。③根據(jù)文章中所舉的例子猜測詞義。如:

...

The

Germans

are

very

hard-working.

They

like

tidiness,

especially

the

women,

who

always

keep

their

homes

clean

...

A.整潔

B.安靜C.時尚

D.隨意做這個題目時,

要根據(jù)后文的內容來進行推測。由后文especially

the

women,

who

always

keep

their

homes

clean

(尤其是婦女,

總是把家保持得很干凈)可推知,

德國人喜歡的是干凈、整潔。所以A項符合題意。題型1題型2題型3④根據(jù)語法知識猜測詞義。⑤根據(jù)構詞法猜測詞義。題型1題型2題型32.細節(jié)理解題:

①把握順序原則。②把握定位詞原則。如例文中的“...

the

most

interesting

part

of

the

town

...”

是第3小題的解題關鍵詞。③把握排除法原則。3.推理判斷題:

①抓住關鍵信息進行正向或逆向推理。如例文中的“The

crowds

during

the

warm

season

lead

to(導致)heavy

traffic

and

long

lines

for

services.”

是解答第4小題的依據(jù),

導致交通堵塞和人們排起長隊的原因,

是游客眾多。②整合全文信息進行推斷。③利用語境的褒貶性進行信息推斷。題型1題型2題型34.主旨大意題:

①重點閱讀語篇首尾和各段首尾,

尋找主題句。②注意出現(xiàn)頻率較高的詞語,

文章中的關鍵詞常常多次出現(xiàn),

它常蘊含著文章的中心思想。如例文中多次出現(xiàn)Vineyard和Nantucket這兩個詞,

且全文為之展開描述。因此在第5小題中,

D項就是例文的中心。③概括性較強的選項優(yōu)先,

片面選項勿選。題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型33.Whathadthewriter’sparentsalwayswarnedhimabout?A.Thewindwasverystrong.B.Thebeachwastoofaraway.C.Thecliffswerenotasafeplace.D.Bobwasdifficulttogetonwith.答案:C解析:細節(jié)理解題。由第二段括號中的句子可知,

父母警告過他,

懸崖是個危險的地方。題型1題型2題型34.Put

the

sentences

in

the

right

order

according

to

the

passage.

a.Some

rocks

came

down.

b.The

writer

followed

Bob.

c.The

writer

wanted

to

cry.

d.A

man

and

a

woman

saved

them.

e.The

writer

and

Bob

heard

some

sounds.

A.a-b-c-d-e

B.b-a-c-e-dC.a-c-b-e-d

D.b-e-a-c-d答案:B解析:推理判斷題。由第三段內容可知,

事情發(fā)生的順序與B項一致。題型1題型2題型35.How

did

the

writer

feel

about

what

he

had

done?

A.Surprised.

B.Excited.

C.Glad.

D.Sorry.

答案:D解析:推理判斷題。由最后一段可以推斷,

作者對他所做的事情感到抱歉。題型1題型2題型3任務型閱讀理解典例3閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)短文內容完成句子。(2018天津)Albert

Einstein(1879—1955)Early

LifeAlbertEinsteinwasbornon14thMarch,1879inGermany.Hewasanextraordinary(非凡的)personsincehewasborn.Einsteinwasn’tabletospeakaworduntilthree.Hewascurious(好奇的)andimaginative.Helovedwatchingthingscarefullyandaskedalotofquestionsaboutthem.Hisquestionswereoftenhardtoanswerforteachers.題型1題型2題型3SchoolingEinsteinstartedschoolin1885.Thoughhedidwellinmathsandscience,hefailedinmanysubjectslikehistory,geographyandlanguages.Hewasnottheteachers’favourite.Hedidn’tenjoygoingtoschool.EinsteinfinishedhighschoolinSwitzerlandandenteredauniversityinZurich.Hegraduated(大學畢業(yè))asateacherofmathsandphysicsin1900.Scientific

WorkAftergraduation,EinsteinworkedatthePatentOffice.Hespentmuchtimestudyingphysics.By1909,Einsteinhadbecomeatopscientist.Thoughhebecamesuccessfulinthefieldofscience,hestillputgreateffortinscientificresearch.Finally,hewontheNobelPrizeforphysicsin1921.題型1題型2題型3Later

LifeEinsteinkeptathisresearchuntilhediedin1955.Scientistsstudiedhisbrain(腦)afterhisdeathtoseeiftherewasanythingspecialaboutit.However,therewasnoconclusion(結論).Today,manyfamousscientistsstillthinkEinsteinisthesmartestmanintheworld.題型1題型2題型31.Einsteinlovedwatchingthingscarefullyand

aboutthem.

2.ThoughEinstein

,hefailedinmanysubjects.

3.Finally,EinsteinwontheNobelPrize

in1921.

4.ScientistsstudiedEinstein’sbrainafterhediedsothat

.

5.ManyfamousscientistsstillthinkEinsteinis

.

題型1題型2題型3答案:1.askedalotofquestions

2.didwellinmathsandscience

3.forphysics

4.theycouldseeiftherewasanythingspecialaboutit

5.thesmartestmanintheworld解析:1.由第一段倒數(shù)第二句可知答案。2.由第二段第二句可知答案。3.由第三段最后一句可知答案。4.由第四段第二句可知答案。5.由文章最后一句話可知答案。題型1題型2題型3方法突破

做此類閱讀題時,

要注意:

(1)在充分閱讀并理解全文的基礎上,

注意題目中的重點單詞或句型出現(xiàn)在短文中的位置,

弄清句子是否為短文中該句的同義句或近義句。(2)所設空是否為某個重要短語或句型,

同時要注意所填內容是否和短文的時態(tài)和人稱一致等。題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型3題型1題型2題型31.Itgets

totraveltoallcornersoftheworld.

答案:easierandeasier2.AnAmericanusuallyshakesyourhandand

atthesametime.

答案:looksintoyoureyes3.InJapan,themorerespectyouwanttoshow,thedeeper

.

答案:youshouldbow題型1題型2題型34.InKorea,youshould

whenenteringahouse.

答案:takeoffyourshoes5.

,peopleholdabusinessmeetingoverbreakfast.

答案:InBritain題型1題型2題型3典例4KatieSpotzisa22-year-oldgirlfromAmerica.ShewantstocrosstheAtlanticOceanbyboat.Ifshesucceeds,she’llbetheyoungestandthefirstAmericantofinishthe2,500-miletrip.Spotzbegansailingwhenshewasatuniversity,butshehasnevertriedtosailsuchalongwaybefore.Itwillbeagreatchallengeforher.Inrecentyears,shehasswumallthewaydownthe325-mileAlleghenyRiverandtraveledbybikefromSeattletoWashington.Spotzknowsthatshemayseesomedangerousthingsduringthetrip.Itwillbeverydangerousifshemeetsverybadweatherinthemiddleofthesea.Butshebelievesthatshecandealwithallthedifficulties.“IneverthoughtIcouldrun26miles,”shesaid.“ButonceIfinishedit,IrealizedthatmaybeIcoulddosomethingevenmoredifficult.”題型1題型2題型3Spotzwantstocollectmoneybygoingonthist