1．1．家和理查德的敵人tudors有關(guān)，朵朵想瓦解理查德統(tǒng)治之類2tusksofnarwhals(NarwhalsNarwhile)functions獨(dú)角鯨頭上獨(dú)角的Piercethroughthickicesheettobreathe的，因?yàn)楠?dú)角鯨待的地方在冰層下面不好呼吸，還說有eyewitnesssee曾經(jīng)有獨(dú)角鯨冰層。獨(dú)角malenarwhalsCompetefor此角與鯨的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)相連，可以起到—個sensor的作用，感知oceanpropertiestemperatureetc),importantinnarwhalsBendmanydirections，所以說獨(dú)角根本就穿一個icesheethavealreadybeguntobreak的地方。會發(fā)現(xiàn)，其實(shí)獨(dú)角録在gentlyrubeachother，這是它們的一種交流方式她說Femalenarwhalsdon'thavetusks，那如果這玩意在narwhalsurvival里真的很importantlivelongerthanThetopicisaboutthefunctionalityofNarwhal'stusks;Narwhalsakindofwhaleinocean;however,perspectivesinbothreadingandlisteningcontentaredifferentforthefunctionofthetusk.Firstofall,thelecturerindicatesthatthetuskcannotbetobreakicesheetsintheoceanbecausethetusksarebendableandnothardenoughtopiercethroughthethickice.Eventhoughsomepeoplewitnessedtheice-breakingphenomenonNarwhalsdidasthereadingexplains;itistruepartlybecausetheicesheethavealreadybrokeintosmalleronesorthinnerones,whichmakesitmucheasiertobreak.Secondly,thereadinginsiststhatthetuskisasweaponsformaleNarwhalstocompeteterritoryforsuperiormatingopportunities.Likewisethisstandpointisrefutedbythespeakerwhotusksthatobservationfromadistancemakespeopleconfusedaboutwhattheyactuallyweredoing.Theywerecommunicating,notfightingeachother.MaleNarwhalsrubtogetherasawayofLastly,ifthetusk,Theywerecommunicating,notfightingeachother.MaleNarwhalsrubtogetherasawayofLastly,ifthetusk,possessedmostlybymale,isreallyessentialinthesurvivalgameforsuchcreatureintheocean,thelifespanofmaleshouldbelongerthanthatofthefemalethatrarelyhavetusks.HoweverthefactinthatfemaleNarwhalshavelongerlifespanthanmaleNarwhals.ThereadingsaystuskscanbeusedtosensethechangesoftheirlivingenvironmentandarevitaltoalltheNarwhals.Sothisdoesnotmakesense.Asabovementioned,thereadingandthelisteningcontentsare1solarenergy沒有othersources帶來的pollutant,比如沒有fossilfuel的pollutantnuclearenergyradioactive聽力反駁：使用solarenergy需要大量佔(zhàn)地NY25%的土地面積來建thousandsofpanels，而在土地越來越珍貴的今天，大量佔(zhàn)用土地也是一種environmentalproblem2solarenergyisalwaysavailableandplentifulbeminedwithgreateffort,而且可以store起來等沒陽光的日子用!陽能的使用也會被effectedbynature3Solarenergyremotelocationsmountainsandshipssolarenergyisacomplextechnology.CITY里，solarenergy的設(shè)備壞了，修起來還方便；如果在邊遠(yuǎn)地方，那就要花很長時間來修，也很困難。所以邊遠(yuǎn)gasoline好，easytothehohokam人類的滅絕原因（3）受到外來者（navajogroups（3）受到外來者（navajogroups）fence可以證明。thehohokam有休耕的概念，加上雨水沖刷，所以土地應(yīng)該可以在幾年后變得肥沃；再說在那以前1000年他們一直用得好好的，咋就一下沒了？ThereadingproposesthreeexplanationsastowhytheHohokanculturedisappearedsuddenlyinthe15thcentury,whiletheprofessorrefutestheseexplanations.Firstofall,thereadingarguesthatthelocalirrigationsystemistobeblamed.ThewaterthatHohokanpeopleusedtoirrigatetheircropscontainedalotofalkaline,whichwouldformsaltdeposit,makingthesoilinfertileandunfittogrowfood.However,theprofessorsaysthattheHohokanpeoplewereabletomanagethesaltdepositbecausetheywouldletthefieldrestforafewgrowingseasonsafterplantingcropsforoneseason.Whenthefieldswereresting,thefallingrainwouldwashthesaltaway.Second,thereadingarguesthatthelocalpeoplehadcutdowntoomanytrees,whichwasthenaturalhabitatandfoodsourcesofmanybirdsandanimals.Withthesebirdsandanimalsgone,thelocalpeoplehadnofoodsources.Theprofessorrefutesthispointbysayingthatthemesquitetreecouldgrowandreproduceveryquickly.Itisimpossibleforthemtocutdownallthetreesforthemtobereplacedbynewgrowth.Thirdly,thereadingsaysthatbasedonthehilltopfortification,theHohokanpeoplemayhavegoneintoconflictwithinvadingnewcomers.TheprofessorcastsdoubtonthispointbysayingthattheveryexistenceofhilltopfortificationindicatesthatHohokanpeoplearefullypreparedforWhat’smore,iftherewereindeedoccupation,therewouldhavebeenevidencesuchremainsofweapons,burntdwellings,buttheyarenotfoundwhereHohokanpeopleonce6.ReadingBiopolymer的袋子比一般的塑料袋好,不產(chǎn)生垃圾，廉價(jià)、環(huán)保、容易保存食物；Lecture里說不廉價(jià)，不環(huán)保，因?yàn)檫@種東西用農(nóng)作物制成，所以費(fèi)錢，而且農(nóng)durable,容易7【康老師，J2ThetopicdebatedisaboutThetopicdebatedisaboutwhetherornotsettingupahydroelectric-powerplantaroundTheGreatLakesisasoundsuggestionforpeoplelivingaroundtomakebetteruseofwaterresource;thespeakerandtheauthorholdadifferentperspectiveonit.Thefirstreasonfromthewritingisregardingbuildingupahydroelectric-powerplantintheGreatLakeswillincreasetheemploymentratesincethisisabigconstructionandmachinetooperate.However,fromthelistening,thespeakerthinksthatfortheplant‘sinvestors,theyallwanttheirmoneyrecoveredsoon,sotheywillnothiremanypeoplespendingtoomuchmoneyonlaborcost.Inaddition,foraswiftwayofgettingtheirmoneyback,sotheelectricitypricewillbeSecondly,fromthespeaker,thefreshwaterisidealforbuildingupthehydroelectric-powerplantforsurebecausefreshwaterisnotashighlycorrosiveasthesaltywater.Nevertheless,freshwatergetsfrozeneasily;inthelakearea,thewinterissevereandlong,sothecostwillnotbebroughtdownasthereadingsays.Additionally,intheperiodofwintertimeinFiveLakes,itislongsothecostofpowergenerationcouldbeincreasedaswellduetotheshortworkingHowever,fromthespeaker,newtechnologyisgreat,yetitdoesnotguaranteeafullstopofoilleakage.Inaddition,iftheoilleakagedoeshappen,theinfluencewillbewayserious.Thus,itisindeednotasagaciousideatoestablishahydroelectric-powerplantneartheGreatLakes.Onceithappens,theleakagewilldisperseveryrapidlyandcauseveryseriouspollutiontothewatersandtheimportanthabitatforanimal,plantsandFortheabovereasonsindetails,thereadingandthelisteningcontentaboutthisissuearecontradictory.Lastbutnotleast,fromthereading,wearenowabletousethelatesttechnologytopreventoilleakageofhydroelectric-powerplant,whichisadeadly8Harappancivilizationdecline的三個第一個閱讀認(rèn)為有外敵入侵；聽力說不可能有那麼largescale有另外倆Civilization他們都有辦法供給他們自己的食物所以H不會有這麼大的Decline然后教師說，同時期的埃及同樣也受climatechange影響，但沒事!!H的人都是很好的工程師他們在設(shè)計(jì)的是時候肯定會注意一個叫C的問題不會導(dǎo)致疾病大規(guī)模傳播ThereadingpassageputsforwardthreehypothesestoexplainthedeclineoftheHarappancivilization.However,thelecturerchallengesthesehypothesesandusesevidencetoprovethatallofthemarebasedonflawedspeculations.ThefirsthypothesisisthatthedeclineofHarappancivilizationwascausedbyinvasionfromanomadictribe.However,thelecturearguesthattheHarappanculturecoveredahugeexpanseofterritory,soevenThereadingpassageputsforwardthreehypothesestoexplainthedeclineoftheHarappancivilization.However,thelecturerchallengesthesehypothesesandusesevidencetoprovethatallofthemarebasedonflawedspeculations.ThefirsthypothesisisthatthedeclineofHarappancivilizationwascausedbyinvasionfromanomadictribe.However,thelecturearguesthattheHarappanculturecoveredahugeexpanseofterritory,soevenifthenomadpeopleinvadedHarappanland,suchinvasionwasconfinedtoasmallnumberofHarappancitiesonly,soit’sunlikelytohaveledtothetotaldestructionoftheHarappanThesecondhypothesisisthatclimatechangehadledtothecollapseofHarappanagriculture.Withnofoodavailable,theHarappanpeoplehadtoabandontheirhome.Reasonableasitmaysound,thereareflawsinthisargumenttoo,because,asthelectureindicates,theEgyptiancivilization,acontemporaryoftheHarappancivilization,wasabletomakeadjustmenttoitsagricultureandmanagedtocopedwiththesameunhospitableclimatechanges.ThereisnoreasonwhytheHarappanpeoplecouldnothavealsoadaptedsuccessfullytoclimatechange.Thethirdhypothesisputstheblameonwatercontamination,suspectingthatawater-bornediseasehadforcedtheHarappanpeopletomigratetootherlocations,leadingtothedeclineoftheentirecivilization.Thistheoryisnotvalidaccordingtothelecture.TheprofessorexplainsthatHarappanpeoplewereexcellentengineerswhohadcreatedadvancedcanalsystemsthatshouldbecapableofpreventingthetransmissionofdiseasethrough9centralnervesystem帶來一系列病。Fromthereadingmaterial,ithaslistedthreereasonsnottouseamalgamasmaterialtomakedentures.However,theprofessorinthelectureputsforwarddifferentevidencetoargueagainstvalidityofthoseTobeginwith,althoughitiswidelyknownthatamalgamistoxicduetotracesofmercury,yetquantityweapplyinmoldingadentureisnotsomuchastocausedetrimentaleffectonhumanbeings,butonlyasmallnumberofpatientsallergictomercurywhichisveryrare.However,thereadingsaystheingredientsreadingsaystheingredientsamalgamfillingsusedhurtshumanbeingsinnervesrelatedSecondly,amalgamdidcontaminateenvironment.However,inthelightofthemandatoryadaptationofseparationtechnology,thisdefecthasbeenthuseliminated.Alltheamalgamwillbefilteredoutthroughthisprocess,regulatingclinicalorlaboratorytestsdemanding95-99%separatingefficiency.Withsuchtechnologyandlawenforcement,therewillbenoenvironmentconcernsoversuchmaterialissue,whichiscontrarytothereadingthatindicatesitisharmfultoourenvironmentandthewildlifeasawhole.Finally,amalgamfillingsarestillconsideredthebestmaterialfordentalfillings.Allthepossiblesubstitutesforamalgamareeithernotefficientorcostly.Itisthusnotpracticalatalltoactuallyusethosereplacements,suchasgoldorsilver.Besidesthosecompositematerialsdoesnotlastlonganditstainseasily.Yet,theauthorthinksthattherearemanyalternativematerialsforthisharmfulamalgamfilling.Weixin:Inanutshell,allthepointsstatedinreadingmaterialshavebeenprovedunsubstantiatedbythelecturerinlisteningmaterial.Amalgamissuitabletobethematerialfordentureandthisviewcontradictorytothereadingpebblebedreactorregularslowwork，以保持normaltemperature，不會有危險(xiǎn)；nuclear【J22】2【J22】2redrain，三個原因，1volcaniceruption,2meteoricexplosive，3sporesofclouds,clouds會飄走，若發(fā)生了explosion，下雨應(yīng)該是在另一個地方；第三種情況，lichens住在地面，只能影響到閱讀：naturalgas1）太貴.2）有污染.3）光對眼睛不好。cfl燈有這個問題,cflphosphor混合了.所以光不單theamericanburyingtheamericanburyingbeetlepopulation其他類似棲息地的beetle這種americanburyingbeetle有發(fā)達(dá)的嗅覺系統(tǒng)，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)狠遠(yuǎn)地方的食物，IF（ironfertilIF（ironfertilizationiron倒入海中幫助一種phytoplankton生長，吸收更多的二氧化碳，從而減緩全球變暖。Thepassagedisagreeswiththiswayforthreereasons.1)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明IFeffective過多的iron 導(dǎo)致過多的phytoplankton，造成oceantoxin，對環(huán)境也不利。對ecologicalsystemintheocean 會造成不好的影響。教授反對：如果某個 的 就taketheriskThelecturerejectsviewspresentedinthereadingpassageregardingtheeffectivenessofironfertilization.Contrarytowhatthereadingsays,thelecturerarguesthatironfertilizationisapromisingsolutiontoglobalFirst,thereadingcriticizesthatironfertilizationisanineffectivesolutionbecauseexperimentsshowthatonlyasmallamountofcarbondioxidecanbeabsorbed.Yetthelecturerrejectsthiscriticism,arguingthatexperimentslasttooshort(onlyamonth)fortheeffectofironfertilizationtobevisible.IncreasedCO2absorptionwouldonlybesignificantinthe2ndor3rdSecond,thereadingwarnsusthattoxicchemicalsreleasedintheprocessofironfertilizationwillharmlocalfisheryaswellashumanswhoeatcontaminatedfish.However,thelecturerarguesthatcontaminationislimitedwithincertainareasonly.BypracticingironfertilizationinisolatedareasawayfromthefishpopulationwouldhelptoreducesuchFinally,regardingthereading’sworrythatironfertilizationmaycauseunpredictabledamagetoaregion’smarineeco-system,thelecturerarguesthatsuchriskisworthtakingbecauseironfertilizationaddressamoreimportantissue–globalwarming,whichcausesamuchhigherlevelofrisktotheoceanenvironmentacrosstheentireglobe.Soironfertilizationiscompletelytheshapeoftheheadofhammershapedsharks.3【1】the3【1】theimprovedturningspeed,【2thesensitivitytoelectricityfield,【3weaponprey,說這種造型的頭能被用來做武器3【1】教授說這種鯊魚，hammer-shapedsharks的確轉(zhuǎn)身速度很快，但是是來自于其他bonesjoints里面，都是younger鯊魚，所以可能是因?yàn)轷忯~年輕更有活力，轉(zhuǎn)身速度才快。距離目標(biāo)30centimeter的地方探測刀致眼睛變成盲的，就算能做武器，也沒有證據(jù)被發(fā)現(xiàn)來證明說鯊魚用頭做武器是一種regular的行為Thehammerheadsharksarenamedaftertheirunusualanddistinctiveheads,whichareshapedlikeahammer.Therearedebatesoverwhyhammerheadsharkshavesuchweirdlyshapedheads.ThereadingpassageproposesthreehypotheseswhilethelecturerrejectseachofThefirsthypothesisisthatthehammerheadcouldincreasetheshark’sturningspeed,asisshowninanexperiment.However,thelecturerarguesthattheincreasedturningspeedmaybetheresultofotherfactorssuchastheshark’svertebratebonesandjoints.Furthermore,thelecturerpointsoutthatintheexperimentmentionedinthereading,thehammerheadsharksweremostlyyoungsharks,sotheincreasedspeedmightsimplybeduetoyoungshark’naturalflexibility.Second,thereadingstatesthatthehammerheadcouldimprovetheshark’sensitivitytoelectromagneticfield,soitcouldbetterlocateprey.Thelectureroffershiscounter-argumenttothishypothesis.He(she)citesanexperimentinvolvingdifferentspeciesofsharksinapoolwithelectromagneticfield.Itisfoundthatthehammerheadandotherspeciesofsharksappeartoshowthesamesensitivity.Theydetecttheirpreyelectromagneticallywhentheyareabout30centimetersaway.Thethirdhypothesis,proposedbythereading,isthatthehammerheadmaybeusedasaweapontooverwhelmtheshark’sprey.Thisisalsorefutedbytheprofessor,whoarguesthatthisishighlyunlikelybecausethehammerheadshark’seyesarepositionedonthesidesofitshead,sotheycanbeeasilydamagediftheheadwereusedasaweapon.Eveniftheheadcanbeusedasaweapon,theprofessorargues,thereisnoevidenceshowingthatthisisaregular【J2背景是一些高中要求學(xué)生們每周做兩個小時的志愿者。1Paragraph裡面說，這樣是沒有用的，因?yàn)椋?學(xué)生們可以取巧，在自己的家長或者祖父母那裡乾活然后作為匯報(bào)，只有自己匯報(bào)沒有其他東西來證明；2會讓學(xué)生們以后遠(yuǎn)離志愿者，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在是學(xué)校要求，他們Lecture說，paragraph裡面說的是沒有道理的，因?yàn)椋?學(xué)生自己的工作匯報(bào)只是檢驗(yàn)工作的一部分，我們和學(xué)生工作的地方的人聯(lián)繫，專業(yè)的機(jī)構(gòu)(authority)還有官方的文件記載(officialdocumentofthecity)來保證；2學(xué)生們喜歡作者愿者，比如那些在醫(yī)院和幫助過小Somehighschoolsrequirestudentstoparticipateinvolunteeractivitiesforatleast2hourseveryweek.Thereadingpassageclaimsthatsuchrequirementisnotmeaningful,whilethelecturearguesthatvolunteerworkisbeneficialtohighschoolstudentsandthereforejustified.Firstly,thereadingsaysthatsomehighschoolstudentscaneasilyfulfilthisrequirementbyreportingthattheyhavedonesomeworkinplacesliketheirgrandparents’gardens.Thereisnowaytheschoolcanmonitortheirwork.However,thelecturersaysthatstudents’ownreportisonlypartoftheevaluation.Theschoolalsocheckswithrelevantlocalauthoritiesatthestudents’placeofwork,askingforofficialdocumentasproofofthestudent’srecordofvolunteerservice.Secondly,thereadingraisestheconcernthatvolunteerworkmandatedbytheschoolmayinstillaconceptinstudents’mindthatvolunteerworkisactuallytiedwithsomeformsofbenefits.Thismaypreventstudentsfromparticipatinginvolunteerworkinthefuturewhenthereisnosuchbenefit.Yetthelecturerexplainsthatmanystudentswhohavedonesometypesofvolunteerworksuchasworkinginthehospitalregardsuchexperienceasverypowerfulandrewarding.Theyfeelmotivatedtocontinuedoingvolunteerworkinthefuture.Weixin:tfxxxwxFinally,accordingtothereadingpassage,requiringstudentstodovolunteerworkisaviolationofstudent’freedomandrights,whichisillegal.Thelecturer,however,drawsananalogybetweenvolunteerworkandacademiccurricula.Hearguesthatifthereisnothingwrongwithschoolsrequiringstudentstotakeacademiccoursessuchasmath,thentheyarenotviolatinganystudent’srightwhentheydemandthestudenttodosomevolunteer1閱讀：小額貸款（microcredit）poorthe1閱讀：小額貸款（microcredit）poorthepoorbusiness的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，即使借錢給他們，也不會成功；增加銀行administrativecost；這樣的話政府投資給pooreducatethem,India,teachthemhowtofinance,howtoasmallofgroup,insteadofeachpersoncostinternational機(jī)構(gòu)中獲得貸款之后，governmentsavemoneybridgesroadInthelecture,thespeakermakesseveralpointsabouttheadvantagesofmicrocredit,awayusedtohelpthepoorforasuccessfulfuture;thismethodhoweverissupportedbythereadingpassage.Thefirstpointisaboutifmicrocreditreallyhelpsthepoorinbusiness.Fromthereading,itsaysthatborrowerscanonlybenefitfromsuchloanswhentheyhavetheknowledgeoffinanceandbusinesssettingupexperience.However,thisisdifferentfromthelisteninginthatmanyfinancialagenciesprovidebasicfinancialeducationtocustomerswhentheyaskfortakingoutsuchloans,suchashowtobudgewisely,howtokeepcostsdownandtheforth.Moreover,fromthereadingpassage,microloansarenoteffectivebecausetheyarecostlytoprocess,addingupburdentothebank.However,theprofessorassertsthatmicrocreditbenefitsthepoor.Forinstance,banksdonotneedtorespondtotheentireindividualrequest.Inotherwords,fourorfivecustomerscantakeoutaloantogetherandsharetheadministrativecosts.Finally,theprofessorpointsoutthatmicrocreditcouldensurethegovernmenttobeinvestingthemoneysavedintootherfields.Forexample,governmentscanusethismoneytobuildinfrastructuresuchasroads,bridges,orpowerlines.Thosethingsareallhelpingthecitizens.However,thereadingsaysthatgovernmentcanpasstheofhelpingthepoorontothesideofbank.Inconclusion,microfinancingisnotagreatideatohelpthepoortogetridoftheirpovertyanddifficultyinlife.Thus,thereadingpassageandthecontentarecontradictoryonstandsheldtowardthis2stonesmuddywritermuddywriter的理論，muddy里，沒有人能做到不留痕跡。而現(xiàn)Thereadingpassagetriestoexplainwhysomestonesindesertareasshowsignsofmovingslowlyacrossthesurface.However,allthethreetheoriesproposedinthereadingarerefutedbythelecturer.Thefirsttheoryisthatthestonesaremovedbytheforcesofwinds.Thisismadepossiblebypowerfulwindstormsinthevalleyandmuddyandslipperysurfacesonrainydays.However,theprofessorarguesthatwindsstrongenoughtomovearockhaveneverbeenrecordedonEarth.Furthermore,there’sevidenceshowingthatpartofthestonesisbeneaththemuddysurface,indicatingthatthestonesarenotslidingonthesurface.Thesecondtheoryisthattherocksmovebecauseofthefloatingicesheetsthatsurroundtherocks.However,thistheoryisalsonotpossiblebecause,asthespeakersays,thedesertareaisextremelydry,soitlackstheamountofwatertoformlargeicesheets.Eventhoughicecouldpossiblyformduringthenightwhenthetemperaturedrops,duringthedaytheicewouldmelt.Therefore,icesheetscouldnothavebeentheforcesatplay.Finally,thereisthepossibilitythathumanoranimalinterventionratherthannaturalforcesmadethishappen.However,ifthisweretrue,theprofessorsays,thentherewouldhavebeentracesleftofhumansoranimalsmovingtherocks,andthesetraceswouldnothavebeeneasilyremovedinsuchmuddyplaces.Yetthefactisthatneitherthetracesofhumansnorthoseofhorsesexistnearthemovingrocks.Sothehumaninterventiontheoryishighly3congestionpricingcity中的某個區(qū)域收費(fèi)，這樣就能緩這樣做可以improvetime(主要就是說節(jié)省時間可以改善環(huán)境improvethatarea'sfeerevenuethecitylecture中，professor否定在收費(fèi)區(qū)里面環(huán)境可能會好點(diǎn)，但是周圍的車相對就會增多，noiseandair就會多。所以不是整個city有的人不能afford這個費(fèi)用了，就會去坐subwaysubway，Thepolicyofcongestionpricingisenforcedinsomeurbanareasinordertoalleviatetrafficcongestion.ThereadingpassageexplainsThepolicyofcongestionpricingisenforcedinsomeurbanareasinordertoalleviatetrafficcongestion.Thereadingpassageexplainsthebenefitsofcongestionpricing,whilethelecturewarnsthatthispolicyhasanumberofnegativeeffects.Thereadingsuggeststhatcongestionpricingreducestrafficsodriverscanreachtheirdestinationinlesstime.However,thelecturercontendsthatnotallpeoplewillfindittime-saving.Somedriverswillgoroundthepricingzoneinordertoavoidcongestionsurcharges.Forexample,deliverydriverswilltakealongerroutetoavoidthisadditionalcost,sothedeliverytimeisincreased.Thesecondbenefitmentionedinthereadingisthatcongestionpricingimprovesurbanenvironment.However,thelecturerpointsoutthatthismaybetrueforareaswithinthechargingzonebecausethereislesstrafficthere.Butinthesurroundingareas,pollutionandnoisemaybecomeworseasaresultofincreasedleveloftrafficthatmovestothoseareas.Finally,accordingtothereading,congestionchargesareasourceofcityrevenuewhichcanbeusedbythegovernmenttoimprovepublicfacilitiessuchasroadsandbridges.Yetthelecturerarguesthatthispolicywillleadsomepeopletoswitchfromdrivingtousingpublictransportationsuchasthesubway.Thiswillentailanadditionalcostforsubwaymaintenance,whichmayevenexceedtherevenuefromcongestionpricing.Thereforethepolicywillnothelpimproveroadsand41.本地食物更好吃有營養(yǎng)， 本地食物對環(huán)境好3.本地食物對當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)可以進(jìn)Lecture逐一批駁1.因?yàn)檗r(nóng)業(yè)科技的發(fā)展外地和本地食物基本差不多了，2.在最合適的地方種水果可以減少土地開墾，對環(huán)境有好處.3大公司發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì).外地Thereadingandlisteningmaterialscomparetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesbetweeneatinglocalfoodandotherplacesfood.Thereadingmaterialgivesthreepointstoclaimthatthelocalfoodisbetter,whiletheprofessorinthelisteninggivesoppositeopinion.Accordingtothereadingmaterial,firstofall,thelocalfoodismorenutritionalandtastesbetter,becausefarmerswhoarebornandliveinthelocalareawillputmoreenergyandpaymoreattentiontothecultivation.Secondly,eatinglocalfooddolessharmtotheenvironment.Itisknownthattotransportfoodneedtodrivealongwaywhichmeanslargequantityoffossilfuelswillbeburnt.Thirdly,purchasinglocalfoodwillbenefitthelocaleconomy,however,thecompaniesfromtheotherplacesdon’tconcernaboutthelocaldevelopment.Onthecontrast,theprofessorillustratesthreereasonstodisputethereadingmaterial.Tobeginwith,becauseofthedevelopmentofagriculturetechnology,thefoodisalmostthesamealloverthecountry.Soitmakesnosensetosaythatthelocalfoodismorenutritional.Besides,althoughtransportingmaysomehowimpacttheenvironment,thesuitabilityoffarmlandshouldalsobetakenintoaccount.Togrowplantsinthemostsuitablelandscanreducethelandwhichcanbebeneficialtotheenvironmentwhichcanbebeneficialtotheenvironmentaswell.Finally,bigcompaniescanpromotedevelopment.Companiesfromotherplaceswillincreasetherevenueforlocalgovernment,whichinturnhelpsthewholearea.5AsiancarpGreat【1】constructwallsinGreat【2electricalchargeddevicetoeliminateAsian【3】two-stepmeasure.First,nativespecies.通過toxic把所有的魚毒死。 再引【1shipping有影響，cargoreload【2】這樣無法覆蓋全面，carpotherside【3這種做法unpredictable，dangerous.而且利用toxicchemical ThereadingpassageintroducesthreemethodstopreventtheAsiancarpfromenteringtheGreatLakesarea.However,thelecturepointstotheproblemsassociatedwitheachmethod.ThefirstmethodistoconstructwallsintheGreatLakestoblockthepassageoftheAsiancarp.However,thelecturepointsoutthatthiswouldnegativelyinfluencetheshippingindustryintheareabecausecargoshipswouldalsobeblockedandhavetounloadthecargoatonesideofthewallandreloadthecargoattheotherside,significantlyincreasingcostoftransportation.ThesecondmethodistouseelectricaldevicestoeliminatetheAsiancarp.However,accordingtothelecture,thismethodwouldnotworksuccessfullybecausesmallfishcouldstillswimthroughthedevice,andcontinuetogrowandreproduceintheothersideofthelake.Thethirdmethodisatwo-stepapproachinvolvingthepoisoningoftheAsiancarpfirstandthentheintroductionofnewspecies.Yettheprofessorarguesthatthismeasureistoodrasticandcouldhaveunpredictableresults.Thetoxicchemicalsreleasedwouldleadtochangesinthewholeecosystemthataredangeroustothefishpopulationinthe6T-Rex恐龍能跑嗎？MTMMT（1）TT（1）TT恐龍能聞到他們（2）T恐龍的強(qiáng)壯的多，T恐龍腿骨的結(jié)構(gòu)太脆弱，如果跑的話，很容易損壞；（3）MTTMTherehasbeensomecontroversyoverwhetherornotT.rexcouldrunfast.ThereadingprovidesthreepiecesofevidencetoprovethatT.rexwasafastrunner.However,thearguesthatnoneoftheevidenceisFirst,thereadingsuggeststhatT.rexmusthavebeenacapablerunnerbecauseitfedonherbivorousanimalwhichcouldrunveryfast.However,thelecturerarguesthatthismaynotserveasvalidproof,becauseT.rexhadveryacutesenseofsmellsotheycoulddetectandscavengeonthedeadbodiesofsmallanimalsinsteadofhavingtochasethem.Secondly,thereadingdrawscomparisonbetweenthelegbonesofT.rexandafastrunningtiger.Yetthelecturerrejectssuchcomparison.Hearguesthatinspiteofthesimilarity,thebonesofT.rexweretoofragiletosustainthehighpressurecausedbyhigh-speedrunning.Finally,fossilevidenceshowsthatT.rexhadtwopowerfullegsandlargetoes.RelativesoftheT.rexthatsharedthesefeatures,likethe[M-],werefastrunners.Againthisisdisprovedbytheprofessor,whoarguesthatinordertorun,aT.rexwouldhaveneededtocarry86%ofitshugebodymassassupportivemusclesinitslegs,whichcouldnothavebeen7【3】科學(xué)家已經(jīng)在找到方法通過recyclewater Thereadingpassagecriticizesfishfarmsforcausinganumberofproblemstothelocalenvironment.However,inthelecture,theprofessorarguesthatsolutionshavealreadybeenfoundtoaddresseachproblem.Thefirstproblemfishthatgrowinfishfarmsmayproducelargequantitiesofby-productswastesthatmaycontaminatethesurroundingwater.Inthelecture,theprofessorpointsoutthatakindofbacteriahasbeenintroducedinfishfarmstoeffectivelybreakdownthewaste.Thesecondproblemisthatwhenthefishescapefromthefarmsandbreedwiththeirwildrelatives,theycouldproduceoffspringwithThesecondproblemisthatwhenthefishescapefromthefarmsandbreedwiththeirwildrelatives,theycouldproduceoffspringwithgeneticweaknessandlowviability.However,accordingtothelecture,domesticationhasmadefishinthefarmsgeneticallydifferent,andtheirreproductiveabilitymuchlowerthanthatofthewildfish,sosuccessfulbreadingfortheescapedfishinthewildishighlyunlikely.Thethirdproblemconcernstheoverconsumptionoffreshwaterresourcesinfishfarms.Toaddressthisproblem,thelecturesays,scientistshaveinventedawaterrecyclingsystem,inwhichwateriscontinuousfilteredandrecycledsotheamountofwaterneededtorunalarge-scalefishfarmisminimized.Furthermore,atypeofplantcalled[一種植物的名字]canbegrowninsaltwatertohelpwiththecleaning8閱讀：GM 【3】可以讓大米里含更多維生素a，防止維聽力部分認(rèn)為 【2】農(nóng)民往往用去年的種子播種，用gm 【3】含維生素a 的蔬菜有的是，含量還比這種gm ThearticleintroducedakindofplantwhichcalledGM(GeneModification)IthasthreemajorItisgoodfortheenvironmentbecauseithastheresisit-gene.UsingGMcropcanreducetheuseofpesticide.Itcanhelppoorfarmersaroundtheworld.GMcropcanalsohavegoodyieldindryseasonwhichwillprofitthefarmer.GMplantcanaddmissingnutrientsforpeopleinspecificarea.ForexamplepeopleeatingalotricelackofVitaminA,soGMricewhichhadaddedVitaminAinitcanhelppeoplegainwhattheymissed.Thelexturetotallydisagreedinthosethreetotheenvironment.thoseGMcropcannothelpfarmerseconomicallybecauseth